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Tetracomb
Triamcinolone + Neomycin + Nystatin + Gramicidin
Tetracomb
Triamcinolone + Neomycin + Nystatin + Gramicidin
Indications
Superficial bacterial infections
Indication detailsView
This medication is a combination antibiotic and steroid used on the skin to treat an infection and relieve associated itching and swelling.
Therapeutic classView
Triamcinolone & Combined preparations
PharmacologyView
Triamcinolone is a fluorinated corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and anti-allergic actions.
Nystatin, a polyene antifungal antibiotic, binds to ergosterol and interferes with the permeability of cell membrane of susceptible fungi e.g Candida spp.
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside, often used topically in the infections against susceptible staphylococci and other organisms.
Gramicidin, an antibacterial substance extracted from tyrothricin, is active against many Grampositive bacteria. Used together, this combination provides a wide coverage against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and yeast which are responsible for most of the skin infections.
Nystatin, a polyene antifungal antibiotic, binds to ergosterol and interferes with the permeability of cell membrane of susceptible fungi e.g Candida spp.
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside, often used topically in the infections against susceptible staphylococci and other organisms.
Gramicidin, an antibacterial substance extracted from tyrothricin, is active against many Grampositive bacteria. Used together, this combination provides a wide coverage against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and yeast which are responsible for most of the skin infections.
DosageView
This medication is for use on the skin only. Wash your hands before using. Avoid getting this product in your eyes or inside the mouth. If this occurs, wipe off the medication and rinse thoroughly with water. Do not use inside the nose unless directed by your doctor.
Clean and dry the affected area as directed. Apply a small amount of medication in a thin layer on the skin and rub in gently, usually 2 to 3 times daily or as directed by your doctor. Wash your hands after use.
Do not bandage, wrap, or cover the treated area unless you are instructed to do so by your doctor. If this medication is applied to the groin area, do not use tight-fitting plastic pants/diapers/garments for incontinence (loss of control of your bladder or bowels). Doing so may increase the absorption of this product through the skin and increase the risk for side effects.
Do not use large amounts of this medication, apply it more often, or use it for a longer time than directed. Your condition may not improve faster, and the risk for side effects may be increased.
Use this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, use it at the same times each day.
Tell your doctor if your condition does not improve or if it worsens after 1 week.
Clean and dry the affected area as directed. Apply a small amount of medication in a thin layer on the skin and rub in gently, usually 2 to 3 times daily or as directed by your doctor. Wash your hands after use.
Do not bandage, wrap, or cover the treated area unless you are instructed to do so by your doctor. If this medication is applied to the groin area, do not use tight-fitting plastic pants/diapers/garments for incontinence (loss of control of your bladder or bowels). Doing so may increase the absorption of this product through the skin and increase the risk for side effects.
Do not use large amounts of this medication, apply it more often, or use it for a longer time than directed. Your condition may not improve faster, and the risk for side effects may be increased.
Use this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, use it at the same times each day.
Tell your doctor if your condition does not improve or if it worsens after 1 week.
Side effectsView
Prolonged use may cause sensitivity reactions, impaired wound healing, thinning of skin, striae, telangiectasia, hirsutism, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, Cushing's syndrome.
ContraindicationsView
Tuberculous, viral lesions of the skin (e.g. herpes simplex and varicella); fungal lesions not susceptible to nystatin, facial rosacea, acne vulgaris or perioral dermatitis. Not to be applied to the external auditory canal in patients with perforated tympanic membranes. Do not use on extensive areas to reduce risk of systemic absorption and neomycin-induced ototoxicity. Not recommended for <1 yr.
PrecautionsView
Patients with established hearing loss. Avoid occlusive dressing and prolonged or recurrent use. Avoid contact with eyes or mucous membranes. If there is no clinical improvement after 7 days, discontinue use as the infection may be masked by the steroid. Limit use to 5 days if used on the face or on children <1 yr. Use with caution and sparingly on inflamed or damaged skin (e.g extensive burns, trophic ulceration). Pregnancy.
InteractionsView
Your doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring you for them. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with your doctor or pharmacist first.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products you may use, especially of:
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products you may use, especially of:
- other products for the skin (e.g., corticosteroids/antiseptics)
- aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin)
- corticosteroids taken by mouth (e.g., prednisone)
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category- Not Classified. FDA has not yet classified the drug into a specified pregnancy category.
StorageView
Store at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C, away from heat. Check the expiration date on the tube and discard any expired medication.
Tetracomb
Triamcinolone + Neomycin + Nystatin + Gramicidin
Tetracomb
Triamcinolone + Neomycin + Nystatin + Gramicidin
Indications
Superficial bacterial infections
Indication detailsView
This medication is a combination antibiotic and steroid used on the skin to treat an infection and relieve associated itching and swelling.
Therapeutic classView
Triamcinolone & Combined preparations
PharmacologyView
Triamcinolone is a fluorinated corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and anti-allergic actions.
Nystatin, a polyene antifungal antibiotic, binds to ergosterol and interferes with the permeability of cell membrane of susceptible fungi e.g Candida spp.
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside, often used topically in the infections against susceptible staphylococci and other organisms.
Gramicidin, an antibacterial substance extracted from tyrothricin, is active against many Grampositive bacteria. Used together, this combination provides a wide coverage against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and yeast which are responsible for most of the skin infections.
Nystatin, a polyene antifungal antibiotic, binds to ergosterol and interferes with the permeability of cell membrane of susceptible fungi e.g Candida spp.
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside, often used topically in the infections against susceptible staphylococci and other organisms.
Gramicidin, an antibacterial substance extracted from tyrothricin, is active against many Grampositive bacteria. Used together, this combination provides a wide coverage against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and yeast which are responsible for most of the skin infections.
DosageView
This medication is for use on the skin only. Wash your hands before using. Avoid getting this product in your eyes or inside the mouth. If this occurs, wipe off the medication and rinse thoroughly with water. Do not use inside the nose unless directed by your doctor.
Clean and dry the affected area as directed. Apply a small amount of medication in a thin layer on the skin and rub in gently, usually 2 to 3 times daily or as directed by your doctor. Wash your hands after use.
Do not bandage, wrap, or cover the treated area unless you are instructed to do so by your doctor. If this medication is applied to the groin area, do not use tight-fitting plastic pants/diapers/garments for incontinence (loss of control of your bladder or bowels). Doing so may increase the absorption of this product through the skin and increase the risk for side effects.
Do not use large amounts of this medication, apply it more often, or use it for a longer time than directed. Your condition may not improve faster, and the risk for side effects may be increased.
Use this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, use it at the same times each day.
Tell your doctor if your condition does not improve or if it worsens after 1 week.
Clean and dry the affected area as directed. Apply a small amount of medication in a thin layer on the skin and rub in gently, usually 2 to 3 times daily or as directed by your doctor. Wash your hands after use.
Do not bandage, wrap, or cover the treated area unless you are instructed to do so by your doctor. If this medication is applied to the groin area, do not use tight-fitting plastic pants/diapers/garments for incontinence (loss of control of your bladder or bowels). Doing so may increase the absorption of this product through the skin and increase the risk for side effects.
Do not use large amounts of this medication, apply it more often, or use it for a longer time than directed. Your condition may not improve faster, and the risk for side effects may be increased.
Use this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, use it at the same times each day.
Tell your doctor if your condition does not improve or if it worsens after 1 week.
Side effectsView
Prolonged use may cause sensitivity reactions, impaired wound healing, thinning of skin, striae, telangiectasia, hirsutism, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, Cushing's syndrome.
ContraindicationsView
Tuberculous, viral lesions of the skin (e.g. herpes simplex and varicella); fungal lesions not susceptible to nystatin, facial rosacea, acne vulgaris or perioral dermatitis. Not to be applied to the external auditory canal in patients with perforated tympanic membranes. Do not use on extensive areas to reduce risk of systemic absorption and neomycin-induced ototoxicity. Not recommended for <1 yr.
PrecautionsView
Patients with established hearing loss. Avoid occlusive dressing and prolonged or recurrent use. Avoid contact with eyes or mucous membranes. If there is no clinical improvement after 7 days, discontinue use as the infection may be masked by the steroid. Limit use to 5 days if used on the face or on children <1 yr. Use with caution and sparingly on inflamed or damaged skin (e.g extensive burns, trophic ulceration). Pregnancy.
InteractionsView
Your doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring you for them. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with your doctor or pharmacist first.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products you may use, especially of:
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and nonprescription/herbal products you may use, especially of:
- other products for the skin (e.g., corticosteroids/antiseptics)
- aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin)
- corticosteroids taken by mouth (e.g., prednisone)
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category- Not Classified. FDA has not yet classified the drug into a specified pregnancy category.
StorageView
Store at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C, away from heat. Check the expiration date on the tube and discard any expired medication.
Tetracycline
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Tetracycline
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
Tetracycline
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Tetracycline
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
Tetracycline H
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Tetracycline H
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
Tetrafast
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Tetrafast
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
Tetram
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Tetram
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
Tetramet
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Tetramet
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
Tetramin
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Tetramin
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
Tetrasina
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Tetrasina
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
Tetrasina
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Tetrasina
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
Tetrasol
Monosulfiram
Tetrasol
Monosulfiram
Indications
Scabies
Indication detailsView
Monosulfiram solution is a parasiticide, active against the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of scabies.
Therapeutic classView
Parasiticidal preparations
PharmacologyView
Monosulfiram, is an ectoparasiticide used in the treatment and prevention of scabies.
DosageView
Before application Monosulfiram Solution should be diluted with two to three parts of water. The patient's body should be liberally washed with soap and water and thoroughly dried. Apart from face and scalp, the entire body should be painted with the dilute solution, which is rubbed well in and left to dry. About ten minutes is allowed for the skin to dry naturally and the patient then dresses. Application is suitable for use in clinics dealing with children. In difficult cases this routine may be repeated successively for two or three days. These instructions are applicable to adults and children.
Side effectsView
Very few side-effects occur with Monosulfiram Solution even in cases of undiluted application. A few cases of erythematous rash considered as idiosyncratic response have been reported.
ContraindicationsView
Known idiosyncratic response to its application. The solution should not be applied near a naked flame. Because of the close chemical relationship between monosulfiram and disulfiram, it is advisable to abstain from alcohol before and for at least 48 hours after the application of Monosulfiram
InteractionsView
There are no known drug interactions and none well documented.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category is not Classified. FDA has not yet classified the drug into a specified pregnancy category.
Overdose effectsView
The solution contains alcohol and monosulfiram, and if ingested this combination will produce a severe reaction with flushing, dyspnoea, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness or sleep. Tachycardia and hypotension may also occur and the resultant myocardial ischaemia may be fatal. Symptomatic measures are required supply of oxygen, if dysponea is excessive, and control of the blood pressure. Other treatment which has been found useful includes application of cardiac stimulants, intravenous iron, ascorbic acid and nicotinamide, adenine and intravenous sodium thiosulphate.
StorageView
Store at room temperature (below 35° C). Monosulfiram Solution should not be stored in a cold place as this causes deposition of crystals. These can be redissolved by immersing the bottle in warm water. The solution is flammable and should not be kept near naked flame. Water is a suitable diluents for Monosulfiram.
Tetrax
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Tetrax
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
Tetraxim
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Poliomyelitis Vaccine
Tetraxim
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Poliomyelitis Vaccine
Indications
Diphtheria
Indication detailsView
This vaccine is indicated for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis:
- for primary vaccination in infants from the age of 2 months, for booster vaccination, one year after primary vaccination during the second year of life,
- for booster vaccination between 5 and 13 years of age, according to official recommendations.
Therapeutic classView
Vaccines, Anti-sera & Immunoglobulin
DosageView
This vaccine must be administered according to the official recommendations in effect. Primary vaccination: 3 injections given at an interval of one month, i.e. according to the official schedule, at the age of 2, 3, 4 months.
Booster vaccination: 1 injection one year after primary vaccination, i.e. usually, between 16 and 18 months. Booster vaccination between 5 and 13 years of age: 1 injection. For primary vaccination and for the first booster dose, this vaccine may be administered by reconstituting the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Act-HIB) or administered at the same time as this vaccine, but at two separate injection sites.
Administer via the intramuscular route. Administration should preferably be performed in the antero-lateral side of the thigh (middle third) in infants and in the deltoid area in children
Booster vaccination: 1 injection one year after primary vaccination, i.e. usually, between 16 and 18 months. Booster vaccination between 5 and 13 years of age: 1 injection. For primary vaccination and for the first booster dose, this vaccine may be administered by reconstituting the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Act-HIB) or administered at the same time as this vaccine, but at two separate injection sites.
Administer via the intramuscular route. Administration should preferably be performed in the antero-lateral side of the thigh (middle third) in infants and in the deltoid area in children
Side effectsView
The safety profile is described below according to the clinical data generated in France, South Korea, Chile and Thailand. In clinical studies in children who received TETRAXIM as a primary series, stand alone or combined with the Act- HIB vaccine, the most frequently reported reactions are local injection-site reactions, abnormal crying, loss of appetite and irritability. These signs and symptoms usually occur within 48 hours following the vaccination and may continue for 48-72 hours. They resolve spontaneously without requiring specific treatment. The frequency of injection-site reactions tends to increase at booster vaccination compared with the frequency observed for primary series. The safety profile of TETRAXIM does not differ significantly according to age groups. However certain reactions (myalgia, malaise, headache) are specific to children aged 2 years or more.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity:
- to any of the active substances of this vaccine,
- to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1,
- to glutaraldehyde, neomycin, streptomycin, or polymyxin B (used during the manufacturing process and which may be present as traces)
- to a pertussis vaccine (acellular or whole cell).
PrecautionsView
The immunogenicity of this vaccine may be reduced by immunosuppressive treatment or immunodeficiency. It is then recommended to wait until the end of the treatment or disease before vaccinating. Nevertheless, vaccination of subjects with chronic immunodeficiency such as HIV infection is recommended even if the immune response may be limited. If Guillain-Barre syndrome or brachial neuritis has occurred in subjects following receipt of prior vaccine containing tetanus toxoid, the decision to give any vaccine containing tetanus toxoid should be based on careful consideration of the potential benefits and possible risks of vaccination. Vaccination is usually justified for infants whose primary immunization schedules are incomplete (i.e. fewer than three doses administered).
Do not inject via the intravascular route: make sure the needle does not penetrate a blood vessel. Do not inject via the intradermal route. As with all injectable vaccines, This vaccine must be administered with caution to subjects with thrombocytopenia or a bleeding disorder since bleeding may occur following an intramuscular administration to these subjects.
Do not inject via the intravascular route: make sure the needle does not penetrate a blood vessel. Do not inject via the intradermal route. As with all injectable vaccines, This vaccine must be administered with caution to subjects with thrombocytopenia or a bleeding disorder since bleeding may occur following an intramuscular administration to these subjects.
InteractionsView
This vaccine can be administered simultaneously with the M-M-RVAXPRO vaccine or with the HBVAXPRO vaccine, but in two separate sites This vaccine can be associated or combined with the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Act-HIB).
StorageView
Keep out of the reach and sight of children. Store at +2°C to +8°C. Transportation should also be at +2°C to +8 °C. Do not freeze. Discard solution if frozen. Protect from light.
Tetrazin
Tetrabenazine
Tetrazin
Tetrabenazine
Indications
Moderate to severe tardive dyskinesia
Indication detailsView
Tetrabenazine is indicated for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington's disease.
Therapeutic classView
Atypical neuroleptic drugs
PharmacologyView
Prolongation of the QTc interval has been observed at doses of 50 mg. In rats, it has been observed that tetrabenazine or its metabolites bind to melanin-containing tissues such as the eyes and skin. After a single oral dose of radiolabeled tetrabenazine, radioactivity was still detected in eye and fur at 21 days post dosing.
Tetrabenazine is a reversible human vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 inhibitor (Ki = 100 nM). It acts within the basal ganglia and promotes depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine from stores. It also decreases uptake into synaptic vesicles. Dopamine is required for fine motor movement, so the inhibition of its transmission is efficacious for hyperkinetic movement. Tetrabenazine exhibits weak in vitro binding affinity at the dopamine D2 receptor (Ki = 2100 nM).
Tetrabenazine is a reversible human vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 inhibitor (Ki = 100 nM). It acts within the basal ganglia and promotes depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine from stores. It also decreases uptake into synaptic vesicles. Dopamine is required for fine motor movement, so the inhibition of its transmission is efficacious for hyperkinetic movement. Tetrabenazine exhibits weak in vitro binding affinity at the dopamine D2 receptor (Ki = 2100 nM).
DosageView
General Dosing Considerations:
The chronic daily dose of Tetrabenazine used to treat chorea associated with Huntington's disease (HD) is determined individually for each patient. When first prescribed, Tetrabenazine therapy should be titrated slowly over several weeks to identify a dose of XENAXINE that reduces chorea and is tolerated. Tetrabenazine can be administered without regard to food.Individualization Of Dose:
Dosing Recommendations Up to 50 mg per day: The starting dose should be 12.5 mg per day given once in the morning. After one week, the dose should be increased to 25 mg per day given as 12.5 mg twice a day. Tetrabenazine should be titrated up slowly at weekly intervals by 12.5 mg daily, to allow the identification of a tolerated dose that reduces chorea. If a dose of 37.5 to 50 mg per day is needed, it should be given in a three times a day regimen. The maximum recommended single dose is 25 mg. If adverse reactions such as akathisia, restlessness, parkinsonism, depression, insomnia, anxiety or sedation occur, titration should be stopped and the dose should be reduced. If the adverse reaction does not resolve, consideration should be given to withdrawing Tetrabenazine treatment or initiating other specific treatment (e.g., antidepressants).Dosing Recommendations Above 50 mg per day: Patients who require doses of Tetrabenazine greater than 50 mg per day should be first tested and genotyped to determine if they are poor metabolizers (PMs) or extensive metabolizers (EMs) by their ability to express the drug metabolizing enzyme, CYP2D6. The dose of Tetrabenazine should then be individualized accordingly to their status as PMs or EMs
Extensive and Intermediate CYP2D6 Metabolizers:
Genotyped patients who are identified as extensive (EMs) or intermediate metabolizers (IMs) of CYP2D6, who need doses of Tetrabenazine above 50 mg per day, should be titrated up slowly at weekly intervals by 12.5 mg daily, to allow the identification of a tolerated dose that reduces chorea. Doses above 50 mg per day should be given in a three times a day regimen. The maximum recommended daily dose is 100 mg and the maximum recommended single dose is 37.5 mg. If adverse reactions such as akathisia, parkinsonism, depression, insomnia, anxiety or sedation occur, titration should be stopped and the dose should be reduced. If the adverse reaction does not resolve, consideration should be given to withdrawing Tetrabenazine treatment or initiating other specific treatment (e.g., antidepressants)Side effectsView
The following serious adverse reactions are Depression, Suicidality Akathisia, restlessness, and agitation, Parkinsonism, Dysphagia, Sedation and somnolence
ContraindicationsView
Tetrabenazine is contraindicated in patients:
- Who are actively suicidal, or in patients with untreated or inadequately treated depression
- With hepatic impairment
- Taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). XENAZINE should not be used in combination with an MAOI, or within a minimum of 14 days of discontinuing therapy with an MAOI
PrecautionsView
May exacerbate symptoms of parkinsonism. Caution to be exercised when driving or performing skilled tasks. Pregnancy.
InteractionsView
Tetrabenazine should not be given with or within 14 days of discontinuation of MAOI therapy. Blocks action of reserpine. Decreases effects of levodopa and worsen parkinsonism. Increased risk of extrapyramidal side effects when given with amantadine, metoclopramide, antipsychotics.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Tetrabenazine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether Tetrabenazine or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Since many drugs are excreted into human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Tetrabenazine, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue Tetrabenazine, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether Tetrabenazine or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Since many drugs are excreted into human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Tetrabenazine, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue Tetrabenazine, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: The safety and efficacy of Tetrabenazine in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use: The pharmacokinetics of Tetrabenazine and its primary metabolites have not been formally studied in geriatric subjects.
Hepatic Impairment: Because the safety and efficacy of the increased exposure to Tetrabenazine and other circulating metabolites are unknown, it is not possible to adjust the dosage of Tetrabenazine in hepatic impairment to ensure safe use. The use of Tetrabenazine in patients with hepatic impairment is contraindicated
Geriatric Use: The pharmacokinetics of Tetrabenazine and its primary metabolites have not been formally studied in geriatric subjects.
Hepatic Impairment: Because the safety and efficacy of the increased exposure to Tetrabenazine and other circulating metabolites are unknown, it is not possible to adjust the dosage of Tetrabenazine in hepatic impairment to ensure safe use. The use of Tetrabenazine in patients with hepatic impairment is contraindicated
Overdose effectsView
Three episodes of overdose occurred in the open-label trials performed in support of registration. Eight cases of overdose with Tetrabenazine have been reported in the literature. The dose of Tetrabenazine in these patients ranged from 100 mg to 1g. Adverse reactions associated with Tetrabenazine overdose include acute dystonia, oculogyric crisis, nausea and vomiting, sweating, sedation, hypotension, confusion, diarrhea, hallucinations, rubor, and tremor.
Treatment should consist of those general measures employed in the management of overdosage with any CNS-active drug. General supportive and symptomatic measures are recommended. Cardiac rhythm and vital signs should be monitored. In managing overdosage, the possibility of multiple drug involvement should always be considered. The physician should consider contacting a poison control center on the treatment of any overdose.
Treatment should consist of those general measures employed in the management of overdosage with any CNS-active drug. General supportive and symptomatic measures are recommended. Cardiac rhythm and vital signs should be monitored. In managing overdosage, the possibility of multiple drug involvement should always be considered. The physician should consider contacting a poison control center on the treatment of any overdose.
Tetrazin
Tetrabenazine
Tetrazin
Tetrabenazine
Indications
Moderate to severe tardive dyskinesia
Indication detailsView
Tetrabenazine is indicated for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington's disease.
Therapeutic classView
Atypical neuroleptic drugs
PharmacologyView
Prolongation of the QTc interval has been observed at doses of 50 mg. In rats, it has been observed that tetrabenazine or its metabolites bind to melanin-containing tissues such as the eyes and skin. After a single oral dose of radiolabeled tetrabenazine, radioactivity was still detected in eye and fur at 21 days post dosing.
Tetrabenazine is a reversible human vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 inhibitor (Ki = 100 nM). It acts within the basal ganglia and promotes depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine from stores. It also decreases uptake into synaptic vesicles. Dopamine is required for fine motor movement, so the inhibition of its transmission is efficacious for hyperkinetic movement. Tetrabenazine exhibits weak in vitro binding affinity at the dopamine D2 receptor (Ki = 2100 nM).
Tetrabenazine is a reversible human vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 inhibitor (Ki = 100 nM). It acts within the basal ganglia and promotes depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine from stores. It also decreases uptake into synaptic vesicles. Dopamine is required for fine motor movement, so the inhibition of its transmission is efficacious for hyperkinetic movement. Tetrabenazine exhibits weak in vitro binding affinity at the dopamine D2 receptor (Ki = 2100 nM).
DosageView
General Dosing Considerations:
The chronic daily dose of Tetrabenazine used to treat chorea associated with Huntington's disease (HD) is determined individually for each patient. When first prescribed, Tetrabenazine therapy should be titrated slowly over several weeks to identify a dose of XENAXINE that reduces chorea and is tolerated. Tetrabenazine can be administered without regard to food.Individualization Of Dose:
Dosing Recommendations Up to 50 mg per day: The starting dose should be 12.5 mg per day given once in the morning. After one week, the dose should be increased to 25 mg per day given as 12.5 mg twice a day. Tetrabenazine should be titrated up slowly at weekly intervals by 12.5 mg daily, to allow the identification of a tolerated dose that reduces chorea. If a dose of 37.5 to 50 mg per day is needed, it should be given in a three times a day regimen. The maximum recommended single dose is 25 mg. If adverse reactions such as akathisia, restlessness, parkinsonism, depression, insomnia, anxiety or sedation occur, titration should be stopped and the dose should be reduced. If the adverse reaction does not resolve, consideration should be given to withdrawing Tetrabenazine treatment or initiating other specific treatment (e.g., antidepressants).Dosing Recommendations Above 50 mg per day: Patients who require doses of Tetrabenazine greater than 50 mg per day should be first tested and genotyped to determine if they are poor metabolizers (PMs) or extensive metabolizers (EMs) by their ability to express the drug metabolizing enzyme, CYP2D6. The dose of Tetrabenazine should then be individualized accordingly to their status as PMs or EMs
Extensive and Intermediate CYP2D6 Metabolizers:
Genotyped patients who are identified as extensive (EMs) or intermediate metabolizers (IMs) of CYP2D6, who need doses of Tetrabenazine above 50 mg per day, should be titrated up slowly at weekly intervals by 12.5 mg daily, to allow the identification of a tolerated dose that reduces chorea. Doses above 50 mg per day should be given in a three times a day regimen. The maximum recommended daily dose is 100 mg and the maximum recommended single dose is 37.5 mg. If adverse reactions such as akathisia, parkinsonism, depression, insomnia, anxiety or sedation occur, titration should be stopped and the dose should be reduced. If the adverse reaction does not resolve, consideration should be given to withdrawing Tetrabenazine treatment or initiating other specific treatment (e.g., antidepressants)Side effectsView
The following serious adverse reactions are Depression, Suicidality Akathisia, restlessness, and agitation, Parkinsonism, Dysphagia, Sedation and somnolence
ContraindicationsView
Tetrabenazine is contraindicated in patients:
- Who are actively suicidal, or in patients with untreated or inadequately treated depression
- With hepatic impairment
- Taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). XENAZINE should not be used in combination with an MAOI, or within a minimum of 14 days of discontinuing therapy with an MAOI
PrecautionsView
May exacerbate symptoms of parkinsonism. Caution to be exercised when driving or performing skilled tasks. Pregnancy.
InteractionsView
Tetrabenazine should not be given with or within 14 days of discontinuation of MAOI therapy. Blocks action of reserpine. Decreases effects of levodopa and worsen parkinsonism. Increased risk of extrapyramidal side effects when given with amantadine, metoclopramide, antipsychotics.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Tetrabenazine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether Tetrabenazine or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Since many drugs are excreted into human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Tetrabenazine, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue Tetrabenazine, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether Tetrabenazine or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Since many drugs are excreted into human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Tetrabenazine, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue Tetrabenazine, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: The safety and efficacy of Tetrabenazine in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use: The pharmacokinetics of Tetrabenazine and its primary metabolites have not been formally studied in geriatric subjects.
Hepatic Impairment: Because the safety and efficacy of the increased exposure to Tetrabenazine and other circulating metabolites are unknown, it is not possible to adjust the dosage of Tetrabenazine in hepatic impairment to ensure safe use. The use of Tetrabenazine in patients with hepatic impairment is contraindicated
Geriatric Use: The pharmacokinetics of Tetrabenazine and its primary metabolites have not been formally studied in geriatric subjects.
Hepatic Impairment: Because the safety and efficacy of the increased exposure to Tetrabenazine and other circulating metabolites are unknown, it is not possible to adjust the dosage of Tetrabenazine in hepatic impairment to ensure safe use. The use of Tetrabenazine in patients with hepatic impairment is contraindicated
Overdose effectsView
Three episodes of overdose occurred in the open-label trials performed in support of registration. Eight cases of overdose with Tetrabenazine have been reported in the literature. The dose of Tetrabenazine in these patients ranged from 100 mg to 1g. Adverse reactions associated with Tetrabenazine overdose include acute dystonia, oculogyric crisis, nausea and vomiting, sweating, sedation, hypotension, confusion, diarrhea, hallucinations, rubor, and tremor.
Treatment should consist of those general measures employed in the management of overdosage with any CNS-active drug. General supportive and symptomatic measures are recommended. Cardiac rhythm and vital signs should be monitored. In managing overdosage, the possibility of multiple drug involvement should always be considered. The physician should consider contacting a poison control center on the treatment of any overdose.
Treatment should consist of those general measures employed in the management of overdosage with any CNS-active drug. General supportive and symptomatic measures are recommended. Cardiac rhythm and vital signs should be monitored. In managing overdosage, the possibility of multiple drug involvement should always be considered. The physician should consider contacting a poison control center on the treatment of any overdose.
Teviral
Entecavir
Teviral
Entecavir
Indications
Chronic hepatitis B
Indication detailsView
Entecavir is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in adults and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older with evidence of active viral replication and either evidence of persistent elevation in serum aminotransferases (ALT or AST) or histologically active disease.
Therapeutic classView
Hepatic viral infections (Hepatitis B)
PharmacologyView
By competing with the natural substrate deoxyguanosine triphosphate, entecavir functionally inhibits all three activities of the HBV polymerase (reverse transcriptase, rt):
- Base priming,
- Reverse transcription of the negative strand from the pregenomic messenger RNA, and
- Synthesis of the positive strand of HBV DNA. Upon activation by kinases, the drug can be incorporated into the DNA which has the ultimate effect of inhibiting the HBV polymerase activity.
DosageView
The recommended dose of Entecavir for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in nucleoside-treatment-naive adults and adolescents 16 years of age is 0.5 mg once daily. For Lamivudine-refractory or known Lamivudine or Telbivudine resistance mutations, the recommended dose of Entecavir is 1 mg once daily. For patients with decompensated liver disease (adult) the recommended dose of Entecavir is 1 mg once daily. Entecavir should be administered on an empty stomach (at least 2 hours after a meal or 2 hours before the next meal).
Missed Dose: If it is almost time for next dose, skip the missed dose and take the next dose at the proper time. Nobody should take a double dose to make up for the missed dose.
Missed Dose: If it is almost time for next dose, skip the missed dose and take the next dose at the proper time. Nobody should take a double dose to make up for the missed dose.
Side effectsView
The most common adverse events are headache, fatigue, dizziness and nausea.
ContraindicationsView
Entecavir is contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to Entecavir or any component of the product.
PrecautionsView
Lactic acidosis: Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination with antiretrovirals.
Exacerbations of hepatitis after discontinuation of treatment: Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B therapy, including Entecavir.
Exacerbations of hepatitis after discontinuation of treatment: Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B therapy, including Entecavir.
InteractionsView
Co-administration of Entecavir with Lamivudine or Adefovir dipivoxil did not result in significant drug interactions. The effects of co-administration of Entecavir with other drugs that are eliminated through renal or are known to affect renal function have not been evaluated and patients should be monitored closely for adverse events when coadministered with such drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no data on the effect of Entecavir on the transmission of HBV from mother to infant. Therefore, appropriate care should be taken. It is not known whether it is excreted in human milk. Mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are taking Entecavir.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric: Safety and effectiveness of Entecavir in pediatric patients below the age of 2 years have not been established.
Geriatric: Clinical studies of Entecavir did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. But care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Dose adjustment in renal impairment: Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with CrCl <50 ml/min including patients on hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) as shown below:
Geriatric: Clinical studies of Entecavir did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. But care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Dose adjustment in renal impairment: Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with CrCl <50 ml/min including patients on hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) as shown below:
- CrCl ≥50 ml/min: 0.5 mg every 24 hours
- CrCl 30 to <50 ml/min: 0.5 mg every 48 hours
- CrCl 10 to <30 ml/min: 0.5 mg every 72 hours
- CrCl <10 ml/min or Hemodialysis or CAPD: 0.5 mg every 7 days
Overdose effectsView
There is no experience of Entecavir overdosage reported in patients. Healthy subjects who received up to 20 mg daily for up to 14 days and single doses up to 40 mg had no unexpected adverse events. If overdosage occurs, the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity and standard supportive treatment as necessary.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place and store below 30°C. Protect from light and keep out of the reach of children.
Teviral
Entecavir
Teviral
Entecavir
Indications
Chronic hepatitis B
Indication detailsView
Entecavir is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in adults and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older with evidence of active viral replication and either evidence of persistent elevation in serum aminotransferases (ALT or AST) or histologically active disease.
Therapeutic classView
Hepatic viral infections (Hepatitis B)
PharmacologyView
By competing with the natural substrate deoxyguanosine triphosphate, entecavir functionally inhibits all three activities of the HBV polymerase (reverse transcriptase, rt):
- Base priming,
- Reverse transcription of the negative strand from the pregenomic messenger RNA, and
- Synthesis of the positive strand of HBV DNA. Upon activation by kinases, the drug can be incorporated into the DNA which has the ultimate effect of inhibiting the HBV polymerase activity.
DosageView
The recommended dose of Entecavir for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in nucleoside-treatment-naive adults and adolescents 16 years of age is 0.5 mg once daily. For Lamivudine-refractory or known Lamivudine or Telbivudine resistance mutations, the recommended dose of Entecavir is 1 mg once daily. For patients with decompensated liver disease (adult) the recommended dose of Entecavir is 1 mg once daily. Entecavir should be administered on an empty stomach (at least 2 hours after a meal or 2 hours before the next meal).
Missed Dose: If it is almost time for next dose, skip the missed dose and take the next dose at the proper time. Nobody should take a double dose to make up for the missed dose.
Missed Dose: If it is almost time for next dose, skip the missed dose and take the next dose at the proper time. Nobody should take a double dose to make up for the missed dose.
Side effectsView
The most common adverse events are headache, fatigue, dizziness and nausea.
ContraindicationsView
Entecavir is contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to Entecavir or any component of the product.
PrecautionsView
Lactic acidosis: Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination with antiretrovirals.
Exacerbations of hepatitis after discontinuation of treatment: Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B therapy, including Entecavir.
Exacerbations of hepatitis after discontinuation of treatment: Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B therapy, including Entecavir.
InteractionsView
Co-administration of Entecavir with Lamivudine or Adefovir dipivoxil did not result in significant drug interactions. The effects of co-administration of Entecavir with other drugs that are eliminated through renal or are known to affect renal function have not been evaluated and patients should be monitored closely for adverse events when coadministered with such drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no data on the effect of Entecavir on the transmission of HBV from mother to infant. Therefore, appropriate care should be taken. It is not known whether it is excreted in human milk. Mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are taking Entecavir.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric: Safety and effectiveness of Entecavir in pediatric patients below the age of 2 years have not been established.
Geriatric: Clinical studies of Entecavir did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. But care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Dose adjustment in renal impairment: Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with CrCl <50 ml/min including patients on hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) as shown below:
Geriatric: Clinical studies of Entecavir did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. But care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Dose adjustment in renal impairment: Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with CrCl <50 ml/min including patients on hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) as shown below:
- CrCl ≥50 ml/min: 0.5 mg every 24 hours
- CrCl 30 to <50 ml/min: 0.5 mg every 48 hours
- CrCl 10 to <30 ml/min: 0.5 mg every 72 hours
- CrCl <10 ml/min or Hemodialysis or CAPD: 0.5 mg every 7 days
Overdose effectsView
There is no experience of Entecavir overdosage reported in patients. Healthy subjects who received up to 20 mg daily for up to 14 days and single doses up to 40 mg had no unexpected adverse events. If overdosage occurs, the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity and standard supportive treatment as necessary.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place and store below 30°C. Protect from light and keep out of the reach of children.
Texa
Dexamethasone + Tobramycin
Texa
Dexamethasone + Tobramycin
Indications
Pink eye
Indication detailsView
This sterile Eye Suspension is indicated for steroid-responsive inflammatory ocular conditions for which a corticosteroid is indicated and where bacterial infection or a risk of bacterial ocular infection exists.
Therapeutic classView
Ophthalmic steroid - antibiotic combined preparations
PharmacologyView
Like other amino-glycosides, the bactericidal activity of Tobramycin is accomplished by specific inhibition of normal protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria, but at the present time, very little is known about this action. It is thought that inhibition of protein synthesis is due to an action on ribosome that causes bacterial misreading of messenger RNA. The action of Dexamethasone is to inhibit the phospholipase A2, the first step in prostaglandin synthesis. Also Dexamethasone inhibits the chemo-tactic infiltration of neutrophils into the site of inflammation. The result is that its anti-inflammatory activity is 25 times greater and its overall therapeutic effectiveness 8-10 times greater than that of hydrocortisone.
DosageView
Insert 1 drop into the conjunctival sac 3-5 times per day. During the initial 24 to 48 hours, the dosage may be increased to 1 drop every 2 hours.
Side effectsView
The most frequent side effects to topical ocular Tobramycin are localized ocular toxicity and hypersensitivity, including lid itching and swelling and conjuntival erythema. The reactions due to the steroid component are elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) with possible development of glaucoma and infrequent optic nerve damage, posterior subcapsule cataract formation.
ContraindicationsView
Epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), vaccinia, varicella and other viral disease of the cornea and conjunctiva. Mycobacterial infections of the eye caused by, but not limited to, acid-fast bacilli such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, or Mycobacterium avium. Fungal diseases of ocular structures. Untreated purulent infection of the eye. Hypersensitivity to any component of the medication.
PrecautionsView
Shake the bottle well before use. To prevent contamination do not touch the tip of the bottle to affected eye, eyelid or any surface of of the affected eye. Keep the bottle tightly closed after use.
InteractionsView
No specific interaction studies were performed with this combination eye drops. In case of concomitant therapy with other topical ophthalmic medicines, an interval of 10 minutes should be allowed between successive applications.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Safety for use during pregnancy and lactation in humans has not been established
Pediatric usageView
Use in paediatric: Safety and effectiveness in paediatric patients below 2 years have not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Overdose of this eye drops may be flushed from the eye(s) with lukewarm tap water.
StorageView
Store at room temperature. Close the bottle immediately after use. Do not use for longer than one month after opening the bottle.
Texamic
Tranexamic Acid
Texamic
Tranexamic Acid
Indications
Uterine bleeding
Indication detailsView
In medicine: Prophylaxis and therapy of hemophtoes, digestive hemorrhages, hemorrhagic syndromes in leukaemia, cirrhosis and hemophilia, thrombocytopenic purpura, accidents during thrombolytic therapy and transfusion.
In surgery: Prophylaxis and antihemorrhagic therapy during operations of any type and nature and particularly in pulmonary, cardiovascular and abdominal surgery and post-operative and traumatic shock.
In urology: Prophylaxis and antihemorrhagic therapy of prostatic, vesical and renal surgery. Hematurias.
In obstetrics: Prophylaxis and therapy of post-partum and puerperium hemorrhages, hemorrhagic metrophathies, functional menometrorrhagias, idiopathic or IUD(lntra uterine Device) induced menorrhagias, primitive hyperfibrinolysis (abruptio placentae, premature placenta detachment) and in cervical conization.
In otorhinolaryngology: Prophylaxis and antihemorrhagic therapy during a tonsillectomy, specialist surgery generally, epistaxis.
In stomatology: Prophylaxis and antihemorrhagic therapy during maxillofacial operations, tooth extractions.
In oncology (as supportive therapy): To promote the formation of a fibrin capsule to wall off and thereby inhibit the growth of ovarian tumors. To cause regression of ascites secondary to carcinoma. To reduce bleeding during surgical interventions.
In surgery: Prophylaxis and antihemorrhagic therapy during operations of any type and nature and particularly in pulmonary, cardiovascular and abdominal surgery and post-operative and traumatic shock.
In urology: Prophylaxis and antihemorrhagic therapy of prostatic, vesical and renal surgery. Hematurias.
In obstetrics: Prophylaxis and therapy of post-partum and puerperium hemorrhages, hemorrhagic metrophathies, functional menometrorrhagias, idiopathic or IUD(lntra uterine Device) induced menorrhagias, primitive hyperfibrinolysis (abruptio placentae, premature placenta detachment) and in cervical conization.
In otorhinolaryngology: Prophylaxis and antihemorrhagic therapy during a tonsillectomy, specialist surgery generally, epistaxis.
In stomatology: Prophylaxis and antihemorrhagic therapy during maxillofacial operations, tooth extractions.
In oncology (as supportive therapy): To promote the formation of a fibrin capsule to wall off and thereby inhibit the growth of ovarian tumors. To cause regression of ascites secondary to carcinoma. To reduce bleeding during surgical interventions.
Therapeutic classView
Anti-fibrinolytic drugs, Haemostatic drugs
PharmacologyView
This is a preparation of tranexamic acid (trans-4 aminomethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid). Tranexamic acid is a substance endowed with a strong antifibrinolytic action and both in vivo and in vitro it has proved to be 10 times more active than conventional hemostatics, depending on the test. The antihemorrhagic action of tranexamic acid is essentially due to an inhibition of the plasminogen activation of both exogenous activators like streptokinase and endogenous ones like urokinase and the plasminogen tissue activator. This fact is particularly important for the clinical use of Tranexamic Acid, because it ensures an antihemorrhagic activity with an antifibrinolytic mechanism under a variety of conditions.
The acute toxicity of Tranexamic Acid is extremely low and chronic toxicity almost non-existent. Tranexamic Acid is well absorbed by oral route and the effect is already seen 15-30 minutes after administration. It is excreted mainly by renal route but more slowly than conventional hemostatics. These features make the Tranexamic Acid effect more lasting than those conventional hemostatics. Considerably lower single doses of Tranexamic Acid can thus be administered at greater intervals without the drug plasma levels dropping to inefficient levels of antifibrinolytic activity between one dose and the other.
Tranexamic Acid at therapeutic doses does not interfere with clotting processes and even a prolonged administration has not been seen to be accompanied by any tendency to thrombophilia.
The acute toxicity of Tranexamic Acid is extremely low and chronic toxicity almost non-existent. Tranexamic Acid is well absorbed by oral route and the effect is already seen 15-30 minutes after administration. It is excreted mainly by renal route but more slowly than conventional hemostatics. These features make the Tranexamic Acid effect more lasting than those conventional hemostatics. Considerably lower single doses of Tranexamic Acid can thus be administered at greater intervals without the drug plasma levels dropping to inefficient levels of antifibrinolytic activity between one dose and the other.
Tranexamic Acid at therapeutic doses does not interfere with clotting processes and even a prolonged administration has not been seen to be accompanied by any tendency to thrombophilia.
DosageView
Adults-
- The usual dose: 500-1000 mg 3 times daily.
- For prophylaxis: The mean recommended daily doses are 0.5-1 gm orally, 500 mg by the parenteral (intravenous or intramuscular) route.
- For therapy of hemorrhagic manifestations: the oral dose increases to 1-3 gm given in divided doses: in cases of particular seriousness and urgency, begin by injecting an ampoule (500 mg) slowly by intravenous route and administer the necessary subsequent oral doses.
- For prophylaxis: For every kg of body weight from 5-10 mg are orally administered daily in divided doses.
- For therapeutic purposes: The oral doses are doubled (from 10 to 20 mg/kg), while the intravenous and intramuscular treatment is begun with 10 mg/kg (=0.5 ml every 5 kg) by the slow intravenous route, continuing the oral administration up to the required dose. Where it is more convenient (e.g. in small babies) the ampoules, diluted in a little sweetened water, maybe orally administered instead of the Capsules.
Side effectsView
- Tranexamic Acid is generally well tolerated; there may be infrequent cases of sense of fatigue, conjunctival irritation, nasal blockage, itching, skin reddening, exanthems.
- After oral administration there may be sign of nausea, diarrhea, gastric pyrosis.
- There are rare cases of postural hypotension.
- In the case of hypersensitivity to tranexamic acid, avoid or suspend treatment and start a suitable therapy.
ContraindicationsView
Known individual hypersensitivity to the product. Thromboembolic disease, arterial and venous thrombosis, endocavitary hemorrhages, serious kidney failure.
PrecautionsView
- Tranexamic Acid should be used in cases where there is hyperfibrinolysis. The prophylactic treatment must begin 24 hours before the operation and continue until 3-4 days after it.
- The therapy of hemorrhages must be prolonged for at least 24 hours after manifestations have disappeared.
- In hematuria, especially when this is not accompanied by any other hemorrhagic manifestations, reduce the doses to prevent formation of clots in the urinary tract.
- Tranexamic Acid must not be used in serious renal insufficiency or anuric syndromes and must only be used with caution in less serious renal dysfunctions.
- The administration of product requires particular care in cardiopathic and hepatopathic subjects.
InteractionsView
Tranexamic Acid is a synthetic Amino Acid that is incompatible with solutions containing penicillins (eg: Benzyl penicillin). Thrombolytic drugs like Streptokinase & Urokinase antagonise the antifibrinolytic action of Tranexamic Acid. The potential for thrombus formation may be increased by concomitant administration of estrogen containing drugs, like oral contraceptives. Direct admixture of Tranexamic Acid with whole blood should be avoided during Transfusion.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Since the transplacental passage of the drug and its possible effects on the fetus are unknown, Tranexamic Acid should not be administered during known and presumed pregnancy. Tranexamic Acid passes into breast milk to a concentration of approximately one hundredth of the concentration in the maternal blood. An antifibrinolytic effect in the infant is unlikely.
StorageView
Store in a dry place at 15-30°C, away from light and keep out of children's reach.