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    Spirocard

    Spironolactone
    Tablet 100 mg Allopathic Potassium-sparing diuretics

    Indications

    Severe congestive heart failure

    Indication detailsView
    Spironolactone is indicated in Congestive heart failure, Hepatic cirrhosis with ascites and oedema, Nephrotic syndrome, Primary hyperaldosteronism, Essential hypertension, For the treatment of patients with hypokalemia
    Therapeutic classView
    Potassium-sparing diuretics, Potassium-sparing diuretics & Aldosterone antagonists
    PharmacologyView
    Spironolactone is a specific pharmacologic antagonist of aldosterone, acting primarily through competitive binding of receptors at the aldosterone-dependent sodium-potassium exchange site in the distal convoluted renal tubule. Spironolactone causes increased amounts of sodium and water to be excreted, while potassium is retained. Spironolactone acts both as a diuretic and as an antihypertensive drug by this mechanism. It may be given alone or with other diuretic agents which act more proximally in the renal tubule. Aldosterone interacts with a cytoplasmic mineralocorticoid receptor to enhance the expression of the Na+ K+ ATPase and the Na+ channel involved in a Na+ K+ transport in the distal tubule . Spironolactone bind to this mineralcorticoid receptor, blocking the actions of aldosterone on gene expression. Aldosterone is a hormone; its primary function is to retain sodium and excrete potassium in the kidneys.
    DosageView
    Edema in adults (congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, or nephrotic syndrome): An initial daily dosage of 100 mg of Spironolactone administered in either single or divided doses is recommended, but may range from 25 to 200 mg daily. Combined therapy with other diuretics is indicated when more rapid diuresis is desired.

    Primary hyperaldosteronism: After the diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism has been established, Spironolactone may be administered in doses of 100 to 400 mg daily in preparation for surgery. For patients who are considered unsuitable for surgery, Spironolactone may be employed for long-term maintenance therapy at the lowest effective dosage determined for the individual patient.

    Essential hypertension: For adults, an initial daily dosage of 50 to 100 mg of Spironolactone administered in either single or divided doses is recommended.

    Hypokalemia: Spironolactone in a dosage ranging from 25 mg to 100 mg daily is useful in treating a diuretic-induced hypokalemia.
    Side effectsView
    Gynaecomastia may develop in association with the use of Spironolactone. Other adverse reactions are: GI symptoms including cramping and diarrhoea, drowsiness, lethargy, headache, urticaria, mental confusion, impotence, irregular menses or amenorrhoea and post-menopausal bleeding.
    ContraindicationsView
    Spironolactone is contraindicated in patients with acute renal insufficiency, significant impairment of renal function, anuria, hyperkalaemia or sensitivity to Spironolactone.
    PrecautionsView
    All patients receiving diuretic therapy should be observed for evidence of fluid or electrolyte imbalance. Hyperkalemia may occur in patients with impaired renal function or excessive potassium intake and can cause cardiac irregularities, which may be fatal.
    InteractionsView
    ACE inhibitors: Concomitant administration of ACE inhibitors with potassium-sparing diuretics has been associated with severe hyperkalemia.

    Alcohol, barbiturates, or narcotics: Potentiation of orthostatic hypotension may occur.

    Corticosteroids, ACTH: Intensified electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia, may occur.
     
    Lithium: Lithium generally should not be given with diuretics. Diuretic agents reduce the renal clearance of lithium and add a high risk of lithium toxicity.

    Digoxin: Spironolactone has been shown to increase the half-life of digoxin.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: Spironolactone should not be used during pregnancy

    Lactation: Canrenone, an active metabolite of Spironolactone, appears in breast milk. If use of the drug is deemed essential an alternative method of infant feeding should be instituted.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms of overdosage include drowsiness, mental confusion, dizziness, diarrhea and vomiting etc. Patients should induce vomiting or evacuate the stomach by lavage during Spironolactone overdoasge.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool and dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children.

    Spirocard

    Spironolactone
    Tablet 25 mg Allopathic Potassium-sparing diuretics

    Indications

    Severe congestive heart failure

    Indication detailsView
    Spironolactone is indicated in Congestive heart failure, Hepatic cirrhosis with ascites and oedema, Nephrotic syndrome, Primary hyperaldosteronism, Essential hypertension, For the treatment of patients with hypokalemia
    Therapeutic classView
    Potassium-sparing diuretics, Potassium-sparing diuretics & Aldosterone antagonists
    PharmacologyView
    Spironolactone is a specific pharmacologic antagonist of aldosterone, acting primarily through competitive binding of receptors at the aldosterone-dependent sodium-potassium exchange site in the distal convoluted renal tubule. Spironolactone causes increased amounts of sodium and water to be excreted, while potassium is retained. Spironolactone acts both as a diuretic and as an antihypertensive drug by this mechanism. It may be given alone or with other diuretic agents which act more proximally in the renal tubule. Aldosterone interacts with a cytoplasmic mineralocorticoid receptor to enhance the expression of the Na+ K+ ATPase and the Na+ channel involved in a Na+ K+ transport in the distal tubule . Spironolactone bind to this mineralcorticoid receptor, blocking the actions of aldosterone on gene expression. Aldosterone is a hormone; its primary function is to retain sodium and excrete potassium in the kidneys.
    DosageView
    Edema in adults (congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, or nephrotic syndrome): An initial daily dosage of 100 mg of Spironolactone administered in either single or divided doses is recommended, but may range from 25 to 200 mg daily. Combined therapy with other diuretics is indicated when more rapid diuresis is desired.

    Primary hyperaldosteronism: After the diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism has been established, Spironolactone may be administered in doses of 100 to 400 mg daily in preparation for surgery. For patients who are considered unsuitable for surgery, Spironolactone may be employed for long-term maintenance therapy at the lowest effective dosage determined for the individual patient.

    Essential hypertension: For adults, an initial daily dosage of 50 to 100 mg of Spironolactone administered in either single or divided doses is recommended.

    Hypokalemia: Spironolactone in a dosage ranging from 25 mg to 100 mg daily is useful in treating a diuretic-induced hypokalemia.
    Side effectsView
    Gynaecomastia may develop in association with the use of Spironolactone. Other adverse reactions are: GI symptoms including cramping and diarrhoea, drowsiness, lethargy, headache, urticaria, mental confusion, impotence, irregular menses or amenorrhoea and post-menopausal bleeding.
    ContraindicationsView
    Spironolactone is contraindicated in patients with acute renal insufficiency, significant impairment of renal function, anuria, hyperkalaemia or sensitivity to Spironolactone.
    PrecautionsView
    All patients receiving diuretic therapy should be observed for evidence of fluid or electrolyte imbalance. Hyperkalemia may occur in patients with impaired renal function or excessive potassium intake and can cause cardiac irregularities, which may be fatal.
    InteractionsView
    ACE inhibitors: Concomitant administration of ACE inhibitors with potassium-sparing diuretics has been associated with severe hyperkalemia.

    Alcohol, barbiturates, or narcotics: Potentiation of orthostatic hypotension may occur.

    Corticosteroids, ACTH: Intensified electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia, may occur.
     
    Lithium: Lithium generally should not be given with diuretics. Diuretic agents reduce the renal clearance of lithium and add a high risk of lithium toxicity.

    Digoxin: Spironolactone has been shown to increase the half-life of digoxin.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: Spironolactone should not be used during pregnancy

    Lactation: Canrenone, an active metabolite of Spironolactone, appears in breast milk. If use of the drug is deemed essential an alternative method of infant feeding should be instituted.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms of overdosage include drowsiness, mental confusion, dizziness, diarrhea and vomiting etc. Patients should induce vomiting or evacuate the stomach by lavage during Spironolactone overdoasge.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool and dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children.

    Spirocard Plus

    Furosemide + Spironolactone
    Tablet 20 mg+50 mg Allopathic Potassium-sparing diuretics

    Indications

    Hypertension

    Indication detailsView
    Frusemide & Spironolactone combination is indicated in-
    • Essential hypertension
    • Chronic congestive heart failure
    • Hepatic cirrhosis, with collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites)
    • Swelling due to excess fluid retention (edema)
    • Hyperaldosteronism
    • Resistant edema associated with secondary hyperaldosteronism
    Therapeutic classView
    Potassium-sparing diuretics, Potassium-sparing diuretics & Aldosterone antagonists
    PharmacologyView
    Spironolactone (potassium sparing diuretic) and Furosemide (loop diuretic) have different but complementary mechanisms and sites of action. Therefore, when given together they produce additive or synergistic diuretic. The Furosemide component inhibits the Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter in the ascending Loop of Henle and blocks the reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride ions; thereby increasing the quantity of sodium and the volume of water excreted in the urine. This characteristically induces potassium loss. The spironolactone component inhibits the reabsorption of sodium in exchange for potassium at the distal tubule by antagonising the action of aldosterone so that sodium excretion is greatly favoured and the excess loss of potassium, induced by the Furosemide, is reduced
    DosageView
    Furosemide 20 and spironolactone 50 mg: 1 to 4 tablets daily (20 to 80 mg of Furosemide and 50 to 200 mg of spironolactone) according to the patient’s response.

    Furosemide 40 and spironolactone 50 mg: For previously stabilized patients requiring a higher dosage of spironolactone and Furosemide, This tablet can be used at a dose of one to two tablets daily (Furosemide 40 to 80 mg and spironolactone 50 to 100 mg).

    Use in children: Spironolactone and Furosemide is not suitable for use in children. Spironolactone and Furosemide may both be excreted more slowly in the elderly.
    Side effectsView
    Spironolactone may give rise to headache and drowsiness and gastrointestinal distress, including cramp and diarrhoea. Ataxia, mental confusion, and skin rashes have been reported as side effect. Gynaecomastia is not uncommon and in rare cases breast enlargement may persist. Other endocrine disorders including hirsutism, deepening of the voice, menstrual irregularities and impotence. Transient increase in blood-urea-nitrogen concentrations may occur and mild acidosis has been reported. Spironolactone may cause hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Excessive diuresis may result in dehydration and reduction in blood volume with circulatory collapse with the possibility of vascular thrombosis and embolism particularly in elderly patients. Serious depletion of potassium and magnesium may lead to cardiac arrhythmias.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in patients with anuria, acute renal insufficiency, rapidly deteriorating or severe impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min), hyperkalaemia, Addison's disease and in patients who are hypersensitive to Spironolactone, Furosemide or sulphonamides.
    PrecautionsView
    Caution should be taken in patients liable to electrolyte deficiency. This preparation should also be used with caution in diabetes, enlarged prostate, hypotension and in hypovolemia.
    InteractionsView
    When taken together with ACE inhibitors or potassium salts there is an increased risk of hyperkalemia. Spironolactone increases the levels of cardiac glycosides such as digoxin in the blood and this may result in digitalis toxicity. Corticosteroids may cause hypokalemia if they are used with Spironolactone. The blood pressure lowering and diuretic effects of Furosemide may be reduced or abolished when used together with indomethacin and possibly other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Furosemide may increase the ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Simultaneous administration of sucralfate and Furosemide may reduce the natriuretic and anti-hypertensive effect of Furosemide.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: Spironolactone and its metabolites may cross the placental barrier. The use of spironolactone in pregnant women requires that the anticipated benefit be weighed against the possible hazards to the mother and fetus. Animal teratology studies indicate that Furosemide may cause fetal abnormalities. Therefore, Furosemide should only be used in women in child bearing age when appropriate contraceptive measures are taken or if the potential benefits justify the potential risks to the fetus.

    Lactation: Metabolites of Spironolactone have been detected in breast milk. If use of Spironolactone is considered essential, an alternative method of infant feeding should be instituted. Furosemide is excreted in breast milk and breast-feeding should be discontinued if treatment is essential.
    StorageView
    Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Spiromid

    Furosemide + Spironolactone
    Tablet 20 mg+50 mg Allopathic Potassium-sparing diuretics

    Indications

    Hypertension

    Indication detailsView
    Frusemide & Spironolactone combination is indicated in-
    • Essential hypertension
    • Chronic congestive heart failure
    • Hepatic cirrhosis, with collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites)
    • Swelling due to excess fluid retention (edema)
    • Hyperaldosteronism
    • Resistant edema associated with secondary hyperaldosteronism
    Therapeutic classView
    Potassium-sparing diuretics, Potassium-sparing diuretics & Aldosterone antagonists
    PharmacologyView
    Spironolactone (potassium sparing diuretic) and Furosemide (loop diuretic) have different but complementary mechanisms and sites of action. Therefore, when given together they produce additive or synergistic diuretic. The Furosemide component inhibits the Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter in the ascending Loop of Henle and blocks the reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride ions; thereby increasing the quantity of sodium and the volume of water excreted in the urine. This characteristically induces potassium loss. The spironolactone component inhibits the reabsorption of sodium in exchange for potassium at the distal tubule by antagonising the action of aldosterone so that sodium excretion is greatly favoured and the excess loss of potassium, induced by the Furosemide, is reduced
    DosageView
    Furosemide 20 and spironolactone 50 mg: 1 to 4 tablets daily (20 to 80 mg of Furosemide and 50 to 200 mg of spironolactone) according to the patient’s response.

    Furosemide 40 and spironolactone 50 mg: For previously stabilized patients requiring a higher dosage of spironolactone and Furosemide, This tablet can be used at a dose of one to two tablets daily (Furosemide 40 to 80 mg and spironolactone 50 to 100 mg).

    Use in children: Spironolactone and Furosemide is not suitable for use in children. Spironolactone and Furosemide may both be excreted more slowly in the elderly.
    Side effectsView
    Spironolactone may give rise to headache and drowsiness and gastrointestinal distress, including cramp and diarrhoea. Ataxia, mental confusion, and skin rashes have been reported as side effect. Gynaecomastia is not uncommon and in rare cases breast enlargement may persist. Other endocrine disorders including hirsutism, deepening of the voice, menstrual irregularities and impotence. Transient increase in blood-urea-nitrogen concentrations may occur and mild acidosis has been reported. Spironolactone may cause hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Excessive diuresis may result in dehydration and reduction in blood volume with circulatory collapse with the possibility of vascular thrombosis and embolism particularly in elderly patients. Serious depletion of potassium and magnesium may lead to cardiac arrhythmias.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in patients with anuria, acute renal insufficiency, rapidly deteriorating or severe impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min), hyperkalaemia, Addison's disease and in patients who are hypersensitive to Spironolactone, Furosemide or sulphonamides.
    PrecautionsView
    Caution should be taken in patients liable to electrolyte deficiency. This preparation should also be used with caution in diabetes, enlarged prostate, hypotension and in hypovolemia.
    InteractionsView
    When taken together with ACE inhibitors or potassium salts there is an increased risk of hyperkalemia. Spironolactone increases the levels of cardiac glycosides such as digoxin in the blood and this may result in digitalis toxicity. Corticosteroids may cause hypokalemia if they are used with Spironolactone. The blood pressure lowering and diuretic effects of Furosemide may be reduced or abolished when used together with indomethacin and possibly other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Furosemide may increase the ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Simultaneous administration of sucralfate and Furosemide may reduce the natriuretic and anti-hypertensive effect of Furosemide.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: Spironolactone and its metabolites may cross the placental barrier. The use of spironolactone in pregnant women requires that the anticipated benefit be weighed against the possible hazards to the mother and fetus. Animal teratology studies indicate that Furosemide may cause fetal abnormalities. Therefore, Furosemide should only be used in women in child bearing age when appropriate contraceptive measures are taken or if the potential benefits justify the potential risks to the fetus.

    Lactation: Metabolites of Spironolactone have been detected in breast milk. If use of Spironolactone is considered essential, an alternative method of infant feeding should be instituted. Furosemide is excreted in breast milk and breast-feeding should be discontinued if treatment is essential.
    StorageView
    Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Spirucap

    Spirulina
    Capsule 500 mg Herbal Herbal and Nutraceuticals

    Indications

    Runny nose

    Indication detailsView
    Spirulina is used for the treatment and prevention of malnutrition, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, hyperglycemia, anemia, allergic rhinitis and to enhance immunity. Spirulina helps to maintain healthy eyes and skin.
    Therapeutic classView
    Herbal and Nutraceuticals
    PharmacologyView
    Spirulina has such positive TTutritionafcontent that it is called the world's richest whole-food which can be found naturally. It is very high in protein with low calorie content (only coming in at 2.9 calories per gram) using this as a supplement for protein specifically this is less than % the amount of calories in protein per gram, Spirulina is the highest source of B-12, essential for healthy nerves and tissue, especially for vegetarians. Due to large amount of iron in spirulina, it helps to promote the creation of new red blood cells too. Not only does spirulina contain high protein content within it, but it also has nutrients in it which increase the body's ability to absorb protein, This means that it even makes any other protein being consumed by the person more effective than if they had just consumed the protein alone. ln this way, spirulina may even be a better source of protein than most meal. Spirulina contains a concentration of very single amino acid as well. These are amino acids that the body cannot survive without, but we cannot produce ourselves which means we have to get them through other dietary means. Spirulina contains approximately 100 nutrients and minerals. Furthermore it has fatty acids that help reduce bad cholesterol in our body and antioxidants that help strengthen our immune system, fight free radicals and slow down the aging process. It is recommended to people whose intake of nutritious food is anadequate.

    How does it work-
    • About 60% of spirulina dry weight is protein which is essential for growth and cell regeneration. Besides this it had sufficient vitamins and minerals within, With its high digestibility, spirulina has proven to fight malnutrition in impoverished communities by helping the body absorb nutrients when it has lost its ability to absorb normal forms of food.
    • Every 10 grams of spirulina can supply up to 70% of the minimum daily requirements for iron. Being rich in iron, magnesium and trace minerals spirulina is easier to absorb than iron supplements to fight anemia effectively.
    • Spirulina is rich in gamma-linolenic acid or GLA, a compound found in breast milk that helps develop healthier babies.
    • Another health benefit of spirulina is that it stimulates beneficial flora like lactobacillus and bifidobacterial in our digestive tract to promote healthy digestion and proper bowel function. It acts as a natural cleanser by eliminating mercury and other deadly toxins commonly ingested by the body.
    DosageView
    2 to 4 capsules daily or as advised by the physician.
    Side effectsView
    Spirulina is generally well tolerated. Occasional diarrhea, gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea have been reported. Also there are few reports of allergic reactions to spirulina containing supplements.
    ContraindicationsView
    Spirulina is contraindicated in those who are hypersensitive to any component of this product.
    PrecautionsView
    Before taking spirulina pregnant or breast-feeding women should talk to the physician.
    InteractionsView
    There are no reports suggesting that spirulina interacts with any conventional medication.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Before taking spirulina pregnant or breast-feeding women should talk to the physician.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of the children.

    Splendora

    Minoxidil
    Scalp Solution 2% Allopathic Other scalp preparations

    Indications

    Male pattern baldness

    Indication detailsView
    Minoxidil is indicated in the treatment of androgenic alopecia in males and females and stabilisation of hair loss in patients with androgenic alopecia, and also of alopecia areata.
    Therapeutic classView
    Other scalp preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Minoxidil stimulates hair growth by increasing oxygen, blood and nutrients supply to the hair follicle by widening blood vessels and inhibiting androgen hormone to affect hair follicles.

    Following topical application, an average of about 1.4% of the total applied dose is absorbed from the normal intact scalp. Topical Minoxidil absorption is increased by increasing the  dose applied, increasing the frequency of dosing and decreasing the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Serum Minoxidil levels and systemic effects resulting from the administration of topical Minoxidil are governed by the drug’s absorption rate through the skin. Following cessation of topical dosing, approximately 95% of the systemically absorbed drug is eliminated within 4 days. Minoxidil and its metabolites are excreted principally in the urine.
    DosageView
    Minoxidil topical solution is for external use only and should be applied when the hair and scalp are clean and dry. Apply 1 ml (7 sprays) of Minoxidil topical solution twice daily at 12-hour intervals to the scalp, beginning at the centre of the affected area and spreading the solution out to cover the entire affected area. The total daily application dose should not exceed 2 ml.

    For the best results, Minoxidil topical solution should be allowed to remain on the scalp for about 4 hours before washing. The night-time application should be done 2-4 hours before going to bed to allow the solution to dry out. Minoxidil topical solution should not be massaged into the scalp, but applied lightly. A hair dryer should not be used to speed up the drying of the solution as it may decrease the effectiveness. Minoxidil topical solution should not be mixed with any hair oil. The drug should not be used more than two times a day, or be taken orally or applied to any other part of the body to avoid the risk of adverse effects and unwanted hair growth. More frequent use or longer application time have no effect on hair growth. In case of missing any daily applications of Minoxidil topical solution, the patient should continue with the next application.

    Hands should be washed immediately if Minoxidil topical solution is applied with the fingertips. Clinical experience with Minoxidil indicates that twice-daily applications for 4 months or more may be required before there is evidence of hair growth. To arrest hair fall, Minoxidil topical solution should be used for not less than 45 days. Depending upon the severity of hair loss or type and extent of baldness, particular strength of Minoxidil topical solution may be selected.
    Side effectsView
    Commonly encountered side effects in clinical trials with Minoxidil topical solution were minor dermatological reactions. Dermatitis or hypertrichosis may occur. These incidences may occur in 0.1–5% of patients.
    ContraindicationsView
    • Patients with cardiac abnormalities
    • Children below 18 years of age
    • Patients using occlusive dressings or other medicines on the scalp
    • Patients with red, inflamed infection, or irritated or painful scalp (including psoriasis & sunburn)
    PrecautionsView
    Minoxidil topical solution is more likely to cause scalp irritation. If scalp irritation continues or worsen, use of Minoxidil topical solution should be stopped.
    InteractionsView
    Minoxidil topical solution should not be used along with other topical agents known to alter the stratum corneum barrier such as tretinoin or dithranol, due to the enhanced absorption of Minoxidil. Although there is no clinical evidence, there exists the theoretical possibility of absorbed Minoxidil potentiating orthostatic hypotension caused by peripheral vasodilators.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Minoxidil topical solution should not be used during pregnancy and lactation.
    Overdose effectsView
    Increased systemic absorption of Minoxidil may potentially occur if higher-than-recommended doses of Minoxidil are applied to larger surface areas of the body or areas other than the scalp. There are no known cases of Minoxidil overdosage resulting from topical administration of Minoxidil.

    Signs and symptoms of Minoxidil overdosage would primarily be cardiovascular effects associated with sodium and water retention, and tachycardia. Fluid retention can be managed with appropriate diuretic therapy. Clinically significant tachycardia can be controlled by administration of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent.
    StorageView
    Store at a cool and dry place, protected from light. Keep out of the reach of the children.

    Splendora

    Minoxidil
    Scalp Solution 5% Allopathic Other scalp preparations

    Indications

    Male pattern baldness

    Indication detailsView
    Minoxidil is indicated in the treatment of androgenic alopecia in males and females and stabilisation of hair loss in patients with androgenic alopecia, and also of alopecia areata.
    Therapeutic classView
    Other scalp preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Minoxidil stimulates hair growth by increasing oxygen, blood and nutrients supply to the hair follicle by widening blood vessels and inhibiting androgen hormone to affect hair follicles.

    Following topical application, an average of about 1.4% of the total applied dose is absorbed from the normal intact scalp. Topical Minoxidil absorption is increased by increasing the  dose applied, increasing the frequency of dosing and decreasing the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Serum Minoxidil levels and systemic effects resulting from the administration of topical Minoxidil are governed by the drug’s absorption rate through the skin. Following cessation of topical dosing, approximately 95% of the systemically absorbed drug is eliminated within 4 days. Minoxidil and its metabolites are excreted principally in the urine.
    DosageView
    Minoxidil topical solution is for external use only and should be applied when the hair and scalp are clean and dry. Apply 1 ml (7 sprays) of Minoxidil topical solution twice daily at 12-hour intervals to the scalp, beginning at the centre of the affected area and spreading the solution out to cover the entire affected area. The total daily application dose should not exceed 2 ml.

    For the best results, Minoxidil topical solution should be allowed to remain on the scalp for about 4 hours before washing. The night-time application should be done 2-4 hours before going to bed to allow the solution to dry out. Minoxidil topical solution should not be massaged into the scalp, but applied lightly. A hair dryer should not be used to speed up the drying of the solution as it may decrease the effectiveness. Minoxidil topical solution should not be mixed with any hair oil. The drug should not be used more than two times a day, or be taken orally or applied to any other part of the body to avoid the risk of adverse effects and unwanted hair growth. More frequent use or longer application time have no effect on hair growth. In case of missing any daily applications of Minoxidil topical solution, the patient should continue with the next application.

    Hands should be washed immediately if Minoxidil topical solution is applied with the fingertips. Clinical experience with Minoxidil indicates that twice-daily applications for 4 months or more may be required before there is evidence of hair growth. To arrest hair fall, Minoxidil topical solution should be used for not less than 45 days. Depending upon the severity of hair loss or type and extent of baldness, particular strength of Minoxidil topical solution may be selected.
    Side effectsView
    Commonly encountered side effects in clinical trials with Minoxidil topical solution were minor dermatological reactions. Dermatitis or hypertrichosis may occur. These incidences may occur in 0.1–5% of patients.
    ContraindicationsView
    • Patients with cardiac abnormalities
    • Children below 18 years of age
    • Patients using occlusive dressings or other medicines on the scalp
    • Patients with red, inflamed infection, or irritated or painful scalp (including psoriasis & sunburn)
    PrecautionsView
    Minoxidil topical solution is more likely to cause scalp irritation. If scalp irritation continues or worsen, use of Minoxidil topical solution should be stopped.
    InteractionsView
    Minoxidil topical solution should not be used along with other topical agents known to alter the stratum corneum barrier such as tretinoin or dithranol, due to the enhanced absorption of Minoxidil. Although there is no clinical evidence, there exists the theoretical possibility of absorbed Minoxidil potentiating orthostatic hypotension caused by peripheral vasodilators.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Minoxidil topical solution should not be used during pregnancy and lactation.
    Overdose effectsView
    Increased systemic absorption of Minoxidil may potentially occur if higher-than-recommended doses of Minoxidil are applied to larger surface areas of the body or areas other than the scalp. There are no known cases of Minoxidil overdosage resulting from topical administration of Minoxidil.

    Signs and symptoms of Minoxidil overdosage would primarily be cardiovascular effects associated with sodium and water retention, and tachycardia. Fluid retention can be managed with appropriate diuretic therapy. Clinically significant tachycardia can be controlled by administration of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent.
    StorageView
    Store at a cool and dry place, protected from light. Keep out of the reach of the children.

    Sporin

    Cephradine
    Pediatric Drops 125 mg/1.25 ml Allopathic First generation Cephalosporins

    Indications

    Urinary tract infection

    Indication detailsView
    Cephradine is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by sensitive Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These include-
    • Undesirable Upper respiratory tract infections: sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngo-tracheo bronchitis and otitis media, and also
    • Lower respiratory tract infections: bronchitis (acute and chronic), lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia.
    • Urinary tract infections: cystitis, urethritis and pyelonephritis.
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: abscess, cellulitis, furunculosis and impetigo.
    The following microorganisms are susceptible, in vitro to Cephradine:
    • Gram-positive: Staphylococci (both penicillin sensitive and resistant strains and penicillinase-producing species), Streptococci, Streptococci pyogenes (beta haemolytic), Streptococcus pneumonia.
    • Gram-negative: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenza, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp (including Salmonella typhi), Neisseria spp Many strains of E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus that produce the enzyme penicillinase and thus are ampicillin resistant, are susceptible to Cephradine which is unaffected by this enzyme.
    Therapeutic classView
    First generation Cephalosporins
    PharmacologyView
    Cephradine is a semisynthetic broad spectrum bactericidal antibiotic, it is active against infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Both penicillinase producing and nonproducing staphylococci are sensitive to Cephradine. The main site of action of Cephradine is the cell wall of bacteria. Cell wall of sensitive organism contains peptidoglycan. Cephradine inhibits cross-linking process and as a result cell wall with many pores are formed, thus lysis of bacteria occur due to external osmotic pressure.
    DosageView
    For oral administration-
    Adults:
    • Urinary tract infections: 500mg four times daily or 1g twice daily. Infections which are severe or chronic may necessitate the administration of higher doses. Where complications arise including prostatitis and epididymitis continued intensive treatment is required.
    • Respiratory tract infections: 250 to 500mg four times daily or 500mg to 1g twice daily, dependent on the site and severity of the infection.
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: 250 to 500mg four times daily or 500mg to 1g twice daily, again dependent on the site and severity of the infection.
    Children:
    • Total daily dose of 25 to 50mg/kg given in two or four equally divided doses.
    • Otitis media: Total daily dose of 75 to 100mg/kg given in divided doses 6 to 12 hourly.
    • Maximum daily dosage: 4 gm
    Elderly: The normal adult dose is appropriate. Patients with impaired renal or hepatic function should be monitored during treatment.

    For injectable administration-
    • Adult: The usual dose is 2-4 gm daily in four equally divided doses up to 8 gm daily. For prophylaxis a single preoperative dose of 1-2 gm intramuscularly or intravenously is given.
    • Children: The dose is 50-100 mg/kg daily in four equally divided doses, up to 300 mg/kg daily in severe infection.
    Side effectsView
    Limited essentially to gastro-intestinal disturbances and on occasions to hypersensitivity phenomena. The latter are more likely to occur in individuals, who have previously demonstrated hypersensitivity and thos with a history of allergy, asthma, hay fever or urticaria. Skin reactions have occasionally been reported. Rare- Glossitis, heartburn, dizziness, tightness in the chest, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vaginitis, candida overgrowth. Skin and hypersensitivity reactions include urticaria, skin rashes, joint pains, oedema.
    • Blood and lymphatic system disorders- Unknown: blood disorders (including thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia and haemolytic anaemia)
    • Immune system disorders- Unknown: Fever, serum sickness like reactions, anaphylaxis
    • Psychiatric disorders- Unknown: Confusion, sleep disturbances
    • Nervous system disorders- Unknown: hyperactivity, hypertonia, dizziness, nervousness; Rarely: Headache
    • Hepatobiliary disorders- Frequency unknown: Liver, enzyme disturbances, transient hepatitis, cholestatic jaundice
    • Renal and urinary disorders- Unknown: Reversible interstitial nephritis
    • Investigations- Unknown: Elevation of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase.
    ContraindicationsView
    Cephradine should not be used in patients with known or suspected hypersensitivity to cephalosporins.
    PrecautionsView
    • Prolonged use of an anti-infective may result in the development of superinfection due to the emergence of resistant organisms.
    • Cephradine should be administered with care to patients hypersensitive to penicillins because of the risk of cross-sensitivity between beta-lactam antibiotics.
    • Cephalosporin antibiotics may cause a positive result in Coombs’ testing. When Coombs testing is performed on neonates whose mothers received cephalosporins prior to labour, it should be noted that a positive result may be due to the drug.
    • Cephradine may cause a false positive urine glucose result when Benedict’s or Fehling’s solutions or tablets such as Clinitest are used in the testing. This does not occur with enzyme-based tests (e.g. Clinistix, Diastix).
    • Dosage adjustment is necessary in renal impairment.
    • This product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
    InteractionsView
    The concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides with Cefradine may increase the risk of kidney damage. Diuretics (e.g. frusemide, ethacrynic acid) and probenecid enhanced the possibility of renal toxicity.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Although animal studies have not demonstrated any teratogenicity, safety in pregnancy has not been established. Cephradine is excreted in breast milk and should be used with caution in lactating mothers. Since the medicine may cause dizziness, patients should be cautioned about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles.
    Pediatric usageView
    Renal Impairment: The following doses are recommended (based on 500 mg every 6 hours) for patients not on haemodialysis:
    • CrCl: >20 ml/min: 500 mg every 6 hours
    • CrCl: 5-20 ml/min: 250 mg every 6 hours
    • CrCl: <5 ml/min: 250 mg every 50-70 hours.
    Recommendations for patients on chronic, intermittent haemodialysis:
    • 250 mg at the start of haemodialysis
    • 250 mg 6 to 12 hours after the start
    • 250 mg 36 to 48 hours after the start
    • 250 mg at the start of the next haemodialysis session if more than 30 hours have elapsed since the last dose.
    Additional Information for all patients Regardless of patient age or weight, higher doses of up to 1 gm four times daily may be required for infections which are chronic or severe. Treatment should continue for at least 2 to 3 days after symptoms have resolved or bacteria have been eradicated. To reduce the possibility of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis resulting from infections with haemolytic streptococci, treatment should be continued for at least 10 days. Throughout treatment of chronic urinary tract infections and for several months thereafter, regular bacteriological and clinical monitoring is required.

    Doses below those recommended above should not be prescribed. Paediatric dosages should not exceed those specified for adults, regardless of severity of infection. It may be necessary to continue Cephradine therapy for several weeks in persistent infections. Patients may be transferred from intramuscular/intravenous Cephradine therapy to oral treatment at the same dosage level.
    Overdose effectsView
    The symptoms of Sefrad overdose are non-specific and are generally nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and gastric upsets. Treatment is mainly supportive although gastric lavage will be necessary if a large amount has been ingested.
    StorageView
    Cephradine Suspension should be freshly prepared. Reconstituted Suspension should be used within 7 days if kept at room temperature or within 14 days, if kept in a refrigerator. Cephradine Injection solutions should be used within 2 hours when kept at room temperature. When stored at 5°C, solutions retain potency for 12 hours. Reconstituted solutions may vary in colour from light to straw yellow; however, this does not affect the potency. Do not use later than the date of expiry. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children. To be dispensed only on the prescription of a registered physician

    Sporin

    Cephradine
    Powder for Suspension 125 mg/5 ml Allopathic First generation Cephalosporins

    Indications

    Urinary tract infection

    Indication detailsView
    Cephradine is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by sensitive Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These include-
    • Undesirable Upper respiratory tract infections: sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngo-tracheo bronchitis and otitis media, and also
    • Lower respiratory tract infections: bronchitis (acute and chronic), lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia.
    • Urinary tract infections: cystitis, urethritis and pyelonephritis.
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: abscess, cellulitis, furunculosis and impetigo.
    The following microorganisms are susceptible, in vitro to Cephradine:
    • Gram-positive: Staphylococci (both penicillin sensitive and resistant strains and penicillinase-producing species), Streptococci, Streptococci pyogenes (beta haemolytic), Streptococcus pneumonia.
    • Gram-negative: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenza, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp (including Salmonella typhi), Neisseria spp Many strains of E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus that produce the enzyme penicillinase and thus are ampicillin resistant, are susceptible to Cephradine which is unaffected by this enzyme.
    Therapeutic classView
    First generation Cephalosporins
    PharmacologyView
    Cephradine is a semisynthetic broad spectrum bactericidal antibiotic, it is active against infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Both penicillinase producing and nonproducing staphylococci are sensitive to Cephradine. The main site of action of Cephradine is the cell wall of bacteria. Cell wall of sensitive organism contains peptidoglycan. Cephradine inhibits cross-linking process and as a result cell wall with many pores are formed, thus lysis of bacteria occur due to external osmotic pressure.
    DosageView
    For oral administration-
    Adults:
    • Urinary tract infections: 500mg four times daily or 1g twice daily. Infections which are severe or chronic may necessitate the administration of higher doses. Where complications arise including prostatitis and epididymitis continued intensive treatment is required.
    • Respiratory tract infections: 250 to 500mg four times daily or 500mg to 1g twice daily, dependent on the site and severity of the infection.
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: 250 to 500mg four times daily or 500mg to 1g twice daily, again dependent on the site and severity of the infection.
    Children:
    • Total daily dose of 25 to 50mg/kg given in two or four equally divided doses.
    • Otitis media: Total daily dose of 75 to 100mg/kg given in divided doses 6 to 12 hourly.
    • Maximum daily dosage: 4 gm
    Elderly: The normal adult dose is appropriate. Patients with impaired renal or hepatic function should be monitored during treatment.

    For injectable administration-
    • Adult: The usual dose is 2-4 gm daily in four equally divided doses up to 8 gm daily. For prophylaxis a single preoperative dose of 1-2 gm intramuscularly or intravenously is given.
    • Children: The dose is 50-100 mg/kg daily in four equally divided doses, up to 300 mg/kg daily in severe infection.
    Side effectsView
    Limited essentially to gastro-intestinal disturbances and on occasions to hypersensitivity phenomena. The latter are more likely to occur in individuals, who have previously demonstrated hypersensitivity and thos with a history of allergy, asthma, hay fever or urticaria. Skin reactions have occasionally been reported. Rare- Glossitis, heartburn, dizziness, tightness in the chest, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vaginitis, candida overgrowth. Skin and hypersensitivity reactions include urticaria, skin rashes, joint pains, oedema.
    • Blood and lymphatic system disorders- Unknown: blood disorders (including thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia and haemolytic anaemia)
    • Immune system disorders- Unknown: Fever, serum sickness like reactions, anaphylaxis
    • Psychiatric disorders- Unknown: Confusion, sleep disturbances
    • Nervous system disorders- Unknown: hyperactivity, hypertonia, dizziness, nervousness; Rarely: Headache
    • Hepatobiliary disorders- Frequency unknown: Liver, enzyme disturbances, transient hepatitis, cholestatic jaundice
    • Renal and urinary disorders- Unknown: Reversible interstitial nephritis
    • Investigations- Unknown: Elevation of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase.
    ContraindicationsView
    Cephradine should not be used in patients with known or suspected hypersensitivity to cephalosporins.
    PrecautionsView
    • Prolonged use of an anti-infective may result in the development of superinfection due to the emergence of resistant organisms.
    • Cephradine should be administered with care to patients hypersensitive to penicillins because of the risk of cross-sensitivity between beta-lactam antibiotics.
    • Cephalosporin antibiotics may cause a positive result in Coombs’ testing. When Coombs testing is performed on neonates whose mothers received cephalosporins prior to labour, it should be noted that a positive result may be due to the drug.
    • Cephradine may cause a false positive urine glucose result when Benedict’s or Fehling’s solutions or tablets such as Clinitest are used in the testing. This does not occur with enzyme-based tests (e.g. Clinistix, Diastix).
    • Dosage adjustment is necessary in renal impairment.
    • This product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
    InteractionsView
    The concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides with Cefradine may increase the risk of kidney damage. Diuretics (e.g. frusemide, ethacrynic acid) and probenecid enhanced the possibility of renal toxicity.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Although animal studies have not demonstrated any teratogenicity, safety in pregnancy has not been established. Cephradine is excreted in breast milk and should be used with caution in lactating mothers. Since the medicine may cause dizziness, patients should be cautioned about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles.
    Pediatric usageView
    Renal Impairment: The following doses are recommended (based on 500 mg every 6 hours) for patients not on haemodialysis:
    • CrCl: >20 ml/min: 500 mg every 6 hours
    • CrCl: 5-20 ml/min: 250 mg every 6 hours
    • CrCl: <5 ml/min: 250 mg every 50-70 hours.
    Recommendations for patients on chronic, intermittent haemodialysis:
    • 250 mg at the start of haemodialysis
    • 250 mg 6 to 12 hours after the start
    • 250 mg 36 to 48 hours after the start
    • 250 mg at the start of the next haemodialysis session if more than 30 hours have elapsed since the last dose.
    Additional Information for all patients Regardless of patient age or weight, higher doses of up to 1 gm four times daily may be required for infections which are chronic or severe. Treatment should continue for at least 2 to 3 days after symptoms have resolved or bacteria have been eradicated. To reduce the possibility of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis resulting from infections with haemolytic streptococci, treatment should be continued for at least 10 days. Throughout treatment of chronic urinary tract infections and for several months thereafter, regular bacteriological and clinical monitoring is required.

    Doses below those recommended above should not be prescribed. Paediatric dosages should not exceed those specified for adults, regardless of severity of infection. It may be necessary to continue Cephradine therapy for several weeks in persistent infections. Patients may be transferred from intramuscular/intravenous Cephradine therapy to oral treatment at the same dosage level.
    Overdose effectsView
    The symptoms of Sefrad overdose are non-specific and are generally nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and gastric upsets. Treatment is mainly supportive although gastric lavage will be necessary if a large amount has been ingested.
    StorageView
    Cephradine Suspension should be freshly prepared. Reconstituted Suspension should be used within 7 days if kept at room temperature or within 14 days, if kept in a refrigerator. Cephradine Injection solutions should be used within 2 hours when kept at room temperature. When stored at 5°C, solutions retain potency for 12 hours. Reconstituted solutions may vary in colour from light to straw yellow; however, this does not affect the potency. Do not use later than the date of expiry. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children. To be dispensed only on the prescription of a registered physician

    Sporin

    Cephradine
    Capsule 500 mg Allopathic First generation Cephalosporins

    Indications

    Urinary tract infection

    Indication detailsView
    Cephradine is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by sensitive Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These include-
    • Undesirable Upper respiratory tract infections: sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngo-tracheo bronchitis and otitis media, and also
    • Lower respiratory tract infections: bronchitis (acute and chronic), lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia.
    • Urinary tract infections: cystitis, urethritis and pyelonephritis.
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: abscess, cellulitis, furunculosis and impetigo.
    The following microorganisms are susceptible, in vitro to Cephradine:
    • Gram-positive: Staphylococci (both penicillin sensitive and resistant strains and penicillinase-producing species), Streptococci, Streptococci pyogenes (beta haemolytic), Streptococcus pneumonia.
    • Gram-negative: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenza, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp (including Salmonella typhi), Neisseria spp Many strains of E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus that produce the enzyme penicillinase and thus are ampicillin resistant, are susceptible to Cephradine which is unaffected by this enzyme.
    Therapeutic classView
    First generation Cephalosporins
    PharmacologyView
    Cephradine is a semisynthetic broad spectrum bactericidal antibiotic, it is active against infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Both penicillinase producing and nonproducing staphylococci are sensitive to Cephradine. The main site of action of Cephradine is the cell wall of bacteria. Cell wall of sensitive organism contains peptidoglycan. Cephradine inhibits cross-linking process and as a result cell wall with many pores are formed, thus lysis of bacteria occur due to external osmotic pressure.
    DosageView
    For oral administration-
    Adults:
    • Urinary tract infections: 500mg four times daily or 1g twice daily. Infections which are severe or chronic may necessitate the administration of higher doses. Where complications arise including prostatitis and epididymitis continued intensive treatment is required.
    • Respiratory tract infections: 250 to 500mg four times daily or 500mg to 1g twice daily, dependent on the site and severity of the infection.
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: 250 to 500mg four times daily or 500mg to 1g twice daily, again dependent on the site and severity of the infection.
    Children:
    • Total daily dose of 25 to 50mg/kg given in two or four equally divided doses.
    • Otitis media: Total daily dose of 75 to 100mg/kg given in divided doses 6 to 12 hourly.
    • Maximum daily dosage: 4 gm
    Elderly: The normal adult dose is appropriate. Patients with impaired renal or hepatic function should be monitored during treatment.

    For injectable administration-
    • Adult: The usual dose is 2-4 gm daily in four equally divided doses up to 8 gm daily. For prophylaxis a single preoperative dose of 1-2 gm intramuscularly or intravenously is given.
    • Children: The dose is 50-100 mg/kg daily in four equally divided doses, up to 300 mg/kg daily in severe infection.
    Side effectsView
    Limited essentially to gastro-intestinal disturbances and on occasions to hypersensitivity phenomena. The latter are more likely to occur in individuals, who have previously demonstrated hypersensitivity and thos with a history of allergy, asthma, hay fever or urticaria. Skin reactions have occasionally been reported. Rare- Glossitis, heartburn, dizziness, tightness in the chest, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vaginitis, candida overgrowth. Skin and hypersensitivity reactions include urticaria, skin rashes, joint pains, oedema.
    • Blood and lymphatic system disorders- Unknown: blood disorders (including thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia and haemolytic anaemia)
    • Immune system disorders- Unknown: Fever, serum sickness like reactions, anaphylaxis
    • Psychiatric disorders- Unknown: Confusion, sleep disturbances
    • Nervous system disorders- Unknown: hyperactivity, hypertonia, dizziness, nervousness; Rarely: Headache
    • Hepatobiliary disorders- Frequency unknown: Liver, enzyme disturbances, transient hepatitis, cholestatic jaundice
    • Renal and urinary disorders- Unknown: Reversible interstitial nephritis
    • Investigations- Unknown: Elevation of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase.
    ContraindicationsView
    Cephradine should not be used in patients with known or suspected hypersensitivity to cephalosporins.
    PrecautionsView
    • Prolonged use of an anti-infective may result in the development of superinfection due to the emergence of resistant organisms.
    • Cephradine should be administered with care to patients hypersensitive to penicillins because of the risk of cross-sensitivity between beta-lactam antibiotics.
    • Cephalosporin antibiotics may cause a positive result in Coombs’ testing. When Coombs testing is performed on neonates whose mothers received cephalosporins prior to labour, it should be noted that a positive result may be due to the drug.
    • Cephradine may cause a false positive urine glucose result when Benedict’s or Fehling’s solutions or tablets such as Clinitest are used in the testing. This does not occur with enzyme-based tests (e.g. Clinistix, Diastix).
    • Dosage adjustment is necessary in renal impairment.
    • This product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
    InteractionsView
    The concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides with Cefradine may increase the risk of kidney damage. Diuretics (e.g. frusemide, ethacrynic acid) and probenecid enhanced the possibility of renal toxicity.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Although animal studies have not demonstrated any teratogenicity, safety in pregnancy has not been established. Cephradine is excreted in breast milk and should be used with caution in lactating mothers. Since the medicine may cause dizziness, patients should be cautioned about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles.
    Pediatric usageView
    Renal Impairment: The following doses are recommended (based on 500 mg every 6 hours) for patients not on haemodialysis:
    • CrCl: >20 ml/min: 500 mg every 6 hours
    • CrCl: 5-20 ml/min: 250 mg every 6 hours
    • CrCl: <5 ml/min: 250 mg every 50-70 hours.
    Recommendations for patients on chronic, intermittent haemodialysis:
    • 250 mg at the start of haemodialysis
    • 250 mg 6 to 12 hours after the start
    • 250 mg 36 to 48 hours after the start
    • 250 mg at the start of the next haemodialysis session if more than 30 hours have elapsed since the last dose.
    Additional Information for all patients Regardless of patient age or weight, higher doses of up to 1 gm four times daily may be required for infections which are chronic or severe. Treatment should continue for at least 2 to 3 days after symptoms have resolved or bacteria have been eradicated. To reduce the possibility of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis resulting from infections with haemolytic streptococci, treatment should be continued for at least 10 days. Throughout treatment of chronic urinary tract infections and for several months thereafter, regular bacteriological and clinical monitoring is required.

    Doses below those recommended above should not be prescribed. Paediatric dosages should not exceed those specified for adults, regardless of severity of infection. It may be necessary to continue Cephradine therapy for several weeks in persistent infections. Patients may be transferred from intramuscular/intravenous Cephradine therapy to oral treatment at the same dosage level.
    Overdose effectsView
    The symptoms of Sefrad overdose are non-specific and are generally nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and gastric upsets. Treatment is mainly supportive although gastric lavage will be necessary if a large amount has been ingested.
    StorageView
    Cephradine Suspension should be freshly prepared. Reconstituted Suspension should be used within 7 days if kept at room temperature or within 14 days, if kept in a refrigerator. Cephradine Injection solutions should be used within 2 hours when kept at room temperature. When stored at 5°C, solutions retain potency for 12 hours. Reconstituted solutions may vary in colour from light to straw yellow; however, this does not affect the potency. Do not use later than the date of expiry. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children. To be dispensed only on the prescription of a registered physician

    Sporium

    Cyclosporine (Ophthalmic)
    Ophthalmic Emulsion 0.05% Allopathic Drugs for Dry eyes

    Indications

    Scleritis

    Indication detailsView
    Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion is indicated to increase tear production in patients whose tear production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca).

    In addition to this, several clinical studies have showed that cyclosporine is effective in the management of different eye diseases like vernal keratoconjunctivitis, posterior blepharitis, non-infectious uveitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis and meibomian gland diseases.
    Therapeutic classView
    Drugs for Dry eyes
    PharmacologyView
    Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive agent when administered systemically. In patients whose tear production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, topical Cyclosporine is thought to act as a partial immunomodulator.
    DosageView
    One drop of Cyclosporine eye drop should be instilled twice a day in each eye approximately 12 hours apart. Cyclosporine eye drop can be used concomitantly with artificial tears, allowing a 15-minute interval between products.
    Side effectsView
    The most common adverse event was ocular burning. Other events reported included conjunctival hyperemia, discharge, epiphora, eye pain, foreign body sensation, pruritus, stinging, and visual disturbance (most often blurring).
    ContraindicationsView
    Cyclosporine is contraindicated in patients with active ocular infections and in patients with known or suspected hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients in the formulation.
    PrecautionsView
    Cyclosporine eye drop should not be administered while wearing contact lenses. Patients with decreased tear production typically should not wear contact lenses. If contact lenses are worn, they should be removed prior to the administration of this formulation. Lenses may be reinserted 15 minutes following administration of Cyclosporine eye drop.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion in pregnant women. It should be administered to pregnant women if clearly needed.

    Lactation: Cyclosporine is known to be excreted in human milk following systemic administration but excretion in human milk after topical treatment has not been investigated. Although blood concentrations are undetectable after topical administration of Cyclosporine eye drop, caution should be exercised when Cyclosporine is administered to a nursing woman.

    Sporium

    Cyclosporine
    Syrup 100 mg/ml Allopathic Vaccines, Anti-sera & Immunoglobulin

    Indications

    Urticaria

    Indication detailsView

    Transplantation indications: Solid organ transplantation, Bone marrow transplantation

    Non-transplantation indications: Endogenous uveitis, Nephrotic syndrome, Rheumatoid arthritis, Psoriasis, Atopic dermatitis.

    Therapeutic classView
    Immunosuppressant, Vaccines, Anti-sera & Immunoglobulin
    PharmacologyView
    Cyclosporine binds to cyclophilin. The complex then inhibits calcineurin which is normally responsible for activating transcription of interleukin 2. Cyclosporine also inhibits lymphokine production and interleukin release. In ophthalmic applications, the precise mechanism of action is not known. Cyclosporine emulsion is thought to act as a partial immunomodulator in patients whose tear production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
    DosageView

    Solid organ transplantation: Initially 10 to 15 mg/kg given in 2 divided doses starting 12 hours before surgery and to continue for 1 to 2 weeks post-operatively. Maintenance dose should be gradually reached to 2 to 6 mg/kg given in 2 divided doses.


    Bone marrow transplantation: Initially 12.5 to 15 mg/kg given in 2 divided doses, starting on the day before transplantation. Maintenance treatment of 12.5 mg/Kg in 2 divided doses should be continued for at least 3 months (and preferably for 6 months) before the dose is gradually decreased to zero by 1 year after transplantation.

    Endogenous uveitis: Initially 5 mg/kg per day orally given in 2 divided doses are recommended. For maintenance treatment, the dose should be slowly reduced to the lowest effective level.

    Nephrotic syndrome: Initially 5 mg/kg for adults and 6 mg/kg for children given in 2 divided doses. In case of renal impairement, the initial dose should not exceed 2.5 mg/kg per day. For maintenance treatment, the dose should be slowly reduced to the lowest effective level.

    Rheumatoid arthritis: For the first 6 weeks, the recommended dose is 3 mg/kg per day in 2 divided doses. To achieve full effectiveness, up to 12 weeks of Cyclosporine therapy may be required. For maintenance treatment, the dose has to be titrated individually according to tolerability.

    Psoriasis & Atopic dermatitis: Initially 2.5 mg/kg per day orally given in 2 divided doses and 5 mg/kg per day for patients whose condition requires rapid improvement. For maintenance treatment, doses have to be titrated individually to the lowest effective level.
    Side effectsView
    Renal dysfunction; Hypertension; Tremor, headache, paraesthesia; Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, gingival hyperplasia and hepatic dysfunction; Hyperlipidaemia, hyperuricaemia, hyperkalaemia, hypomagnesaemia; Muscle cramps, myalgia and rarely muscle weakness, myopathy; Usually uncommon but anaemia, thrombocytopenia can occur; Hypertrichosis and allergic rashes.
    ContraindicationsView
    Hypersensitivity to Cyclosporine or to any of the excipients of Cyclosporine.
    PrecautionsView
    Cyclosporine increases the risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly those of the skin. So patients should be warned to avoid excess ultraviolet light exposure.

    Cyclosporine may develop bacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral infections. So therapeutic strategies should be employed for long-term immunosuppressive therapy.

    A reversible increase in serum creatinine and urea may occur during the first few weeks of Cyclosporine therapy and usually responding to dose reduction. In elderly patients, renal function should be monitored with particular care.

    Regular monitoring of blood pressure is required during Cyclosporine therapy; if hypertension develops, appropriate antihypertensive treatment must be instituted.

    Cyclosporine enhances the risk of hyperkalaemia, especially in patients with renal dysfunction. Caution is also required when Cyclosporine is co-administered with potassium sparing drugs. Cyclosporine enhances the clearance of magnesium. If considered necessary, magnesium supplementation should be given. Caution should be observed in treating patients with hyperuricaemia. During treatment with Cyclosporine, vaccination may be less effective; the use of live-attenuated vaccines should be avoided.

    Non-transplant patients with impaired renal function, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled infections, or any kind of malignancy should not receive Cyclosporine.
    InteractionsView
    Drugs that decrease Cyclosporine levels: Barbiturates, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, nafcillin, sulfadimidine i.v., rifampicin, octreotide, probucol, orlistat, hypericum perforatum, ticlopidine, sulfinpyrazone, terbinafine, bosentan.

    Drugs that increase Cyclosporine levels: Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin), ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, diltiazem, nicardipine, verapamil, lercanidipine, metoclopramide, oral contraceptives, danazol, methylprednisolone (high dose), allopurinol, amiodarone, cholic acid and derivatives, protease inhibitors, imatinib, colchicine.

    Other relevant drug interactions: Cyclosporine may reduce the clearance of digoxin, colchicine, prednisolone and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins).
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women and, therefore, Cyclosporine should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the foetus.

    Lactation: Cyclosporine passes into breast milk. Mothers receiving treatment with Cyclosporine should not breast-feed.
    Overdose effectsView
    Renal dysfunction, which resolve following drug withdrawal, may occur. Elimination can be achieved only by nonspecific measures, including gastric lavage, as Cyclosporine is not dialyzable to any great extent, nor is it cleared well by charcoal hemoperfusion.
    StorageView
    Sporium oral solution should be used within 2 months of opening the bottle and be stored between 15 to 30° C, preferably not below 20° C for prolonged periods, as it contains oily components which tend to solidify at low temperatures. A jelly-like formation may occur below 20° C, which is reversible at temperatures up to 30° C. Slight sediment may still be observed which does not affect the efficacy and safety of the product.

    Sporium Max

    Cyclosporine (Ophthalmic)
    Ophthalmic Solution 0.90% Allopathic Drugs for Dry eyes

    Indications

    Scleritis

    Indication detailsView
    Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion is indicated to increase tear production in patients whose tear production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca).

    In addition to this, several clinical studies have showed that cyclosporine is effective in the management of different eye diseases like vernal keratoconjunctivitis, posterior blepharitis, non-infectious uveitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis and meibomian gland diseases.
    Therapeutic classView
    Drugs for Dry eyes
    PharmacologyView
    Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive agent when administered systemically. In patients whose tear production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, topical Cyclosporine is thought to act as a partial immunomodulator.
    DosageView
    One drop of Cyclosporine eye drop should be instilled twice a day in each eye approximately 12 hours apart. Cyclosporine eye drop can be used concomitantly with artificial tears, allowing a 15-minute interval between products.
    Side effectsView
    The most common adverse event was ocular burning. Other events reported included conjunctival hyperemia, discharge, epiphora, eye pain, foreign body sensation, pruritus, stinging, and visual disturbance (most often blurring).
    ContraindicationsView
    Cyclosporine is contraindicated in patients with active ocular infections and in patients with known or suspected hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients in the formulation.
    PrecautionsView
    Cyclosporine eye drop should not be administered while wearing contact lenses. Patients with decreased tear production typically should not wear contact lenses. If contact lenses are worn, they should be removed prior to the administration of this formulation. Lenses may be reinserted 15 minutes following administration of Cyclosporine eye drop.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion in pregnant women. It should be administered to pregnant women if clearly needed.

    Lactation: Cyclosporine is known to be excreted in human milk following systemic administration but excretion in human milk after topical treatment has not been investigated. Although blood concentrations are undetectable after topical administration of Cyclosporine eye drop, caution should be exercised when Cyclosporine is administered to a nursing woman.

    Spotclen

    Hydroquinone
    Cream 4% Allopathic Hydroquinone Preparations

    Indications

    Senile lentigines

    Indication detailsView
    Hydroquinone is indicated -
    • For the gradual bleaching of hyperpigmented skin conditions such as chloasma, melasma, freckles, senile lentigines and other unwanted areas of melanin hyperpigmentation.
    • To reduce hyperpigmentation caused by photosensitization associated with inflammation or with the use of certain cosmetics.
    Therapeutic classView
    Hydroquinone Preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Hydroquinone is a topical depigmentating agent that produces a reversible depigmentation of the skin by inhibiting enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and suppressing melanocyte metabolic processes.
    DosageView
    Apply a thin film of Hydroquinone Cream to the effected area once daily, at least 30 minutes before bedtime. Gently wash the face and neck with a mild cleanser. Rinse and pat the skin dry. Apply Hydroquinone Cream to the hyperpigmented areas of melasma including about ½ inch of normal appearing skin surrounding each lesion. Rub lightly and uniformly into the skin.

    Therapy should be discontinued when control is achieved. During the day, use a sunscreen of SPF 30, and wear protective clothing. Avoid sunlight exposure. Patients may use moisturizers and/or cosmetics during the day. Hydroquinone Cream is for topical use only. It is not for oral, ophthalmic, or intravaginal use.
    Side effectsView
    No systemic adverse reactions have been reported. Occasional hypersensitivity (localized contact dermatitis) may occur in which case the medication should be discontinued.
    ContraindicationsView
    Hydroquinone is contraindicated to patients with prior history of hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to hydroquinone or other ingredients in the preparation.
    PrecautionsView
    Hydroquinone is a skin bleaching agent which may produce unwanted cosmetic effects if not used as directed. The physician should be familiar with the contents of this insert before prescribing or dispensing this medication.

    Test for skin sensitivity before using by applying a small amount to an unbroken patch of skin to check in 24 hours. Minor redness is not a contraindication, but where there is itching or vesicle formation or excessive inflammatory response, further treatment is not advised. If no bleaching or lightening effect is noted after 2 months of treatment, the medication should be discontinued.

    Contact with the eyes and lips should be avoided. Hydroquinone should not be applied to cut or abraded skin.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy Category C. Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the foetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.

    Lactation: It is not known whether topical hydroquinone is absorbed or excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when topical hydroquinone is used by a nursing mother.
    Overdose effectsView
    There have been no systemic reactions from the use of topical hydroquinone. Some patients may experience a transient reddening of skin and mild burning sensation which does not preclude treatment.
    StorageView
    Store between 20-25° C. Protect from light.

    Spotclen Plus

    Hydroquinone + Octyldimethyl + Dioxybenzone + Oxybenzone
    Cream 40 mg+80 mg+30 mg+20 mg Allopathic Sunblock Preparation

    Indications

    Senile lentigines

    Indication detailsView
    Hydroquinone is indicated -
    • For the gradual bleaching of hyperpigmented skin conditions such as chloasma, melasma, freckles, senile lentigines and other unwanted areas of melanin hyperpigmentation.
    • To reduce hyperpigmentation caused by photosensitization associated with inflammation or with the use of certain cosmetics.
    Therapeutic classView
    Sunblock Preparation
    PharmacologyView
    Hydroquinone is a topical depigmentating agent used in hyperpigmentation conditions by suppressing melanocyte metabolic processes. It also increases melanin excretion from melanocytes and prevents its production.

    Octyldimethyl P-aminobenzoate is used topically as a sunscreen. It is used to prevent sunburn, but unlikely to prevent drug-related or other photosensitivity reactions associated with UVA light.

    Dioxybenzone (benzophenone-8) is an organic compound used in sunscreen to block UVB and short-wave UVA (ultraviolet) rays. It is a derivative of benzophenone. It is a yellow powder with a melting point of 68 °C. It is insoluble in water, but moderately soluble in ethanol and isopropanol.

    Oxybenzone: Although benzophenones are primarily UV-B absorbers, oxybenzone absorbs well through UV-A II. Oxybenzone can be considered a broad-spectrum absorber. It significantly augments UV-B protection when used in a given formula.
    DosageView
    Adult: This cream should be applied to the affected area and rubbed in well twice daily or as directed by a physician. Most discolorations begin to lighten after 3 or 4 weeks of treatment but it may take longer. After desired bleaching, use only as needed to maintain results of treatment. After reduction of hyperpigmentation, use of sunscreen agents and/or protective clothing should continue on bleached skin to prevent repigmentation.

    Children: Safety and efficacy in paediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established.
    Side effectsView
    Transient erythema, mild burning sensations; hyperpigmentation. Staining and corneal opacities. Tremors and convulsions after systemic absorption. Occasionally, hypersensitivity.
    ContraindicationsView
    Hydroquinone is contraindicated to patients with prior history of hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to hydroquinone or other ingredients in the preparation. Sunburn or depilatory usage. Children <12 yr.
    PrecautionsView
    Test for skin sensitivity before using by applying a small amount to an unbroken patch of skin to check in 24 hours. Minor redness is not a contraindication, but where there is itching or vesicle formation or excessive inflammatory response, further treatment is not advised. If no bleaching or lightening effect is noted after 2 months of treatment, the medication should be discontinued.Contact with the eyes and lips should be avoided. Hydroquinone should not be applied to cut or abraded skin. Avoid contact with eyes and on abraded or sunburnt skin.

    Avoid unnecessary exposure to sunlight. Limit application to area no larger than face and neck or hands and arms. Not advised to use when itching, vesicle formation, or excessive inflammation occurs. Discontinue application if there is no improvement after 2 mth of treatment.
    InteractionsView
    There are no known drug interactions and none well documented.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy Category-C. It is not known whether this cream can cause fetal harm when used topically on a pregnant woman or affect reproductive capacity. It is not known to what degree, if any, topical hydroquinone is absorbed systemically. Topical hydroquinone should be used in pregnant woman only when clearly indicated.

    Lactation: It is not known whether topical hydroquinone is absorbed or excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when topical hydroquinone is used by a nursing mother.

    Spotless

    Hydroquinone
    Cream 4% Allopathic Hydroquinone Preparations

    Indications

    Senile lentigines

    Indication detailsView
    Hydroquinone is indicated -
    • For the gradual bleaching of hyperpigmented skin conditions such as chloasma, melasma, freckles, senile lentigines and other unwanted areas of melanin hyperpigmentation.
    • To reduce hyperpigmentation caused by photosensitization associated with inflammation or with the use of certain cosmetics.
    Therapeutic classView
    Hydroquinone Preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Hydroquinone is a topical depigmentating agent that produces a reversible depigmentation of the skin by inhibiting enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and suppressing melanocyte metabolic processes.
    DosageView
    Apply a thin film of Hydroquinone Cream to the effected area once daily, at least 30 minutes before bedtime. Gently wash the face and neck with a mild cleanser. Rinse and pat the skin dry. Apply Hydroquinone Cream to the hyperpigmented areas of melasma including about ½ inch of normal appearing skin surrounding each lesion. Rub lightly and uniformly into the skin.

    Therapy should be discontinued when control is achieved. During the day, use a sunscreen of SPF 30, and wear protective clothing. Avoid sunlight exposure. Patients may use moisturizers and/or cosmetics during the day. Hydroquinone Cream is for topical use only. It is not for oral, ophthalmic, or intravaginal use.
    Side effectsView
    No systemic adverse reactions have been reported. Occasional hypersensitivity (localized contact dermatitis) may occur in which case the medication should be discontinued.
    ContraindicationsView
    Hydroquinone is contraindicated to patients with prior history of hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to hydroquinone or other ingredients in the preparation.
    PrecautionsView
    Hydroquinone is a skin bleaching agent which may produce unwanted cosmetic effects if not used as directed. The physician should be familiar with the contents of this insert before prescribing or dispensing this medication.

    Test for skin sensitivity before using by applying a small amount to an unbroken patch of skin to check in 24 hours. Minor redness is not a contraindication, but where there is itching or vesicle formation or excessive inflammatory response, further treatment is not advised. If no bleaching or lightening effect is noted after 2 months of treatment, the medication should be discontinued.

    Contact with the eyes and lips should be avoided. Hydroquinone should not be applied to cut or abraded skin.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy Category C. Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the foetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.

    Lactation: It is not known whether topical hydroquinone is absorbed or excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when topical hydroquinone is used by a nursing mother.
    Overdose effectsView
    There have been no systemic reactions from the use of topical hydroquinone. Some patients may experience a transient reddening of skin and mild burning sensation which does not preclude treatment.
    StorageView
    Store between 20-25° C. Protect from light.

    Spotnil

    Fluocinolone Acetonide + Hydroquinone + Tretinoin
    Cream 0.01%+4%+0.05% Allopathic Hydroquinone Preparations

    Indications

    Melasma

    Indication detailsView
    This cream is indicated for the short-term treatment of moderate to severe melasma of the face, after starting the treatment avoid presence of sun. Use a sunscreen of at least SPF 30 or more.
    Therapeutic classView
    Hydroquinone Preparations
    PharmacologyView
    This cream contains three active ingredients Fluocinolone Acetonide, Hydroquinone and Tretinoin. All of them are used to treat melasma. However, the mechanism of action of the active ingredients in This cream in the treatment of melasma is unknown but Fluocinolone Acetonide is a corticosteroid for topical dermatological use and is classified therapeutically as an anti-inflammatory. Hydroquinone is classified therapeutically as a depigmenting agent, which may interrupt one or more steps in the tyrosine-tyrosinase pathway of melanin synthesis. Tretinoin is classified therapeutically as a keratolytic agent.
    DosageView
    This cream should be applied once daily at night. It should be applied at least 30 minutes before bedtime. Gently wash the face and neck with a mild cleanser. Rinse and pat the skin dry. Apply a thin film of the cream to the hyperpigmented areas of melasma including about ½ inch of normal-appearing skin surrounding each lesion. Rub lightly and uniformly into the skin. During the day, use sunscreen and wear protective clothing. Avoid sunlight exposure. Patients may use moisturizers and/or cosmetics during the day.

    Pediatric Use: The safety and effectiveness of this cream in pediatric patients have not been established.
    Side effectsView
    A very few patients may get severe allergic reactions from this cream. They may have trouble breathing or severe asthma attacks. While patients use this cream, skin may develop mild to moderate redness, peeling, burning, dryness or itching.
    ContraindicationsView
    This cream is contraindicated in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity, allergy or intolerance to this product or any of its components.
    PrecautionsView
    This cream contains Hydroquinone and Tretinoin that may cause mild to moderate irritation. Local irritation, such as skin reddening, peeling, mild burning sensation, dryness and pruritus may be expected at the site of application. Transient skin reddening or mild burning sensation does not preclude treatment. If a reaction suggests hypersensitivity or chemical irritation, the use of the medication should be discontinued. This cream also contains the corticosteroid Fluocinolone Acetonide. Systemic absorption of topical corticosteroids can produce reversible Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis suppression with the potential for glucocorticosteroid insufficiency after withdrawal of treatment. Manifestations of Cushing's syndrome, hyperglycemia and glucosuria can also be produced by systemic absorption of topical corticosteroid while on treatment. If HPA axis suppression is noted, the use of this cream should be discontinued. Recovery of HPA axis function generally occurs upon discontinuation of topical corticosteroids.
    InteractionsView
    Avoid use of medicated or abrasive soaps, cleansers, soaps, cosmetics with drying effects, products with high concentration of alcohol, astringent & other irritants or keratolytic drugs. Also avoid concomitant use of medications with photosensitizing effects.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy Category C. This cream contains the teratogen, tretinoin, which may cause embryo-fetal death, altered fetal growth, congenital malformations and potential neurologic deficits. It is difficult to interpret the animal studies on teratogenicity with this cream, because the availability of the dermal applications in these studies cannot be assured and comparison with clinical dosing is not possible. There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. This cream should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

    Lactation: Corticosteroids, when systemically administered, the drug appear in human milk. It is not known whether topical application of this cream could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities of Fluocinolone Acetonide, Hydroquinone or Tretinoin in human milk. Because many drugs are secreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when this cream is administered to nursing women.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool & dry place, protected from light. Do not freeze. Keep out of reach of children.

    Spulyt

    Bromhexine Hydrochloride
    Syrup 4 mg/5 ml Allopathic Cough expectorants & mucolytics

    Indications

    Bronchitis

    Indication detailsView
    Bromhexine is indicated in the treatment of respiratory tract disorders associated with productive cough. This include-
    • Tracheobronchitis
    • Bronchitis with emphysema
    • Bronchiectasis
    • Bronchitis with bronchospasm
    • Chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions and
    • Pneumoconiosis.
    Therapeutic classView
    Cough expectorants & mucolytics
    PharmacologyView
    Bromhexine Hydrochloride is an oral mucolytic agent. It disrupts the structure of acid mucopolysaccharide fibres in mucoid sputum and produces less viscous mucus, which makes easier the expectoration. It is rapidly & completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is widely distributed into the body tissues.
    DosageView
    The recommended doses for adults and children are stated below:
    • Adult & Children over 12 years: 10 ml (2 teaspoons) 3 times daily
    • Children 6-12 years: 5 ml (1 teaspoon) 3 times daily
    • Children 2-6 years: 2.5 ml (1/2 teaspoon) 3 times daily
    • Bromhexine Hydrochloride is not recommended for children under 2 years of age without advice.
    Side effectsView
    Gastrointestinal side effects may occur occasionally. A transient rise in serum aminotransferase values has been reported. Other reported side effects include-headache, vertigo (dizziness) and allergic reactions.
    ContraindicationsView
    It is contraindicated in known hypersensitivity to Bromhexine Hydrochloride or any of the ingredients of this product.
    PrecautionsView
    Since mucolytics may disrupt the gastric mucosa bromhexine should be used with care in patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease. Care is also advisable in asthmatic patients. Clearance of bromhexine and its metabolites may be reduced in patients with severe hepatic or renal impairment.
    InteractionsView
    There are no known significant interactions with other drugs.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Use in Pregnancy: Special care is recommended during pregnancy. The benefits of bromhexine must be assessed against possible effects on children.

    Use in Lactation: Bromhexine is expected to enter breast milk. Therefore it is not recommended that bromhexine be taken by lactating mothers.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of reach of children.

    Spulyt

    Bromhexine Hydrochloride
    Tablet 8 mg Allopathic Cough expectorants & mucolytics

    Indications

    Bronchitis

    Indication detailsView
    Bromhexine is indicated in the treatment of respiratory tract disorders associated with productive cough. This include-
    • Tracheobronchitis
    • Bronchitis with emphysema
    • Bronchiectasis
    • Bronchitis with bronchospasm
    • Chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions and
    • Pneumoconiosis.
    Therapeutic classView
    Cough expectorants & mucolytics
    PharmacologyView
    Bromhexine Hydrochloride is an oral mucolytic agent. It disrupts the structure of acid mucopolysaccharide fibres in mucoid sputum and produces less viscous mucus, which makes easier the expectoration. It is rapidly & completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is widely distributed into the body tissues.
    DosageView
    The recommended doses for adults and children are stated below:
    • Adult & Children over 12 years: 10 ml (2 teaspoons) 3 times daily
    • Children 6-12 years: 5 ml (1 teaspoon) 3 times daily
    • Children 2-6 years: 2.5 ml (1/2 teaspoon) 3 times daily
    • Bromhexine Hydrochloride is not recommended for children under 2 years of age without advice.
    Side effectsView
    Gastrointestinal side effects may occur occasionally. A transient rise in serum aminotransferase values has been reported. Other reported side effects include-headache, vertigo (dizziness) and allergic reactions.
    ContraindicationsView
    It is contraindicated in known hypersensitivity to Bromhexine Hydrochloride or any of the ingredients of this product.
    PrecautionsView
    Since mucolytics may disrupt the gastric mucosa bromhexine should be used with care in patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease. Care is also advisable in asthmatic patients. Clearance of bromhexine and its metabolites may be reduced in patients with severe hepatic or renal impairment.
    InteractionsView
    There are no known significant interactions with other drugs.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Use in Pregnancy: Special care is recommended during pregnancy. The benefits of bromhexine must be assessed against possible effects on children.

    Use in Lactation: Bromhexine is expected to enter breast milk. Therefore it is not recommended that bromhexine be taken by lactating mothers.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of reach of children.

    Spusoft

    Erdosteine
    Capsule 300 mg Allopathic Cough expectorants & mucolytics

    Indications

    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

    Indication detailsView
    Erdosteine is a mucolytic drug used in the treatment of acute and chronic respiratory diseases. It also improves the symptoms associated with short episodes of chronic bronchitis.
    Therapeutic classView
    Cough expectorants & mucolytics
    PharmacologyView
    Erdosteine is a prodrug that is metabolised into N-thiodiglycolyl-homocysteine whereby free thiol groups are formed leading to the opening of the disulphide bonds of the bronchial mucoproteins, thus reducing the viscosity of mucus and purulent sputum. It also antagonises the local formation of free radicals and inhibits elastase enzyme activity and bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells.
    DosageView
    The usual dose of elderly patients and adults above 18 years is 1 capsule twice daily for 10 days. But study shows that in chronic cases Erdosteine can be given up to 12 months or as directed by the physician. Erdosteine capsule may be taken with or without food.
    Side effectsView
    Common side effect is epigastric pain. Other side effects include headache, cold, taste alterations, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, angioedema and other skin allergic reactions.
    ContraindicationsView
    It is contraindicated to patients who have hypersensitivity to Erdosteine. It should not be used in patients with creatinine clearance <25 ml/min, or with severe liver failure.
    PrecautionsView
    It should be used with caution in mild liver failure. In that case, should not exceed a dose of 300 mg per day.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    The use of Erdosteine in pregnant or breast-feeding women is not recommended.
    Pediatric usageView
    Renal Impairment: CrCl <25 ml/min: Contraindicated.

    Hepatic Impairment:
    • Mild to moderate: Max: 300 mg daily.
    • Severe: Contraindicated.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of reach of children