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Rezor
Olmesartan Medoxomil
Rezor
Olmesartan Medoxomil
Indications
Hypertension
Indication detailsView
Olmesartan Medoxomil is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.
Therapeutic classView
Angiotensin-ll receptor blocker
PharmacologyView
Angiotensin-II formed from angiotensin-I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Olmesartan blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin-II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin-II to the AT 1 receptor found in many tissues (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). In-vitro-binding studies indicate that Olmesartan is a reversible & competitive inhibitor of AT 1 receptor. Olmesartan does not inhibit ACE (kinase-I, the enzyme that converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II and degrades bradykinin).
DosageView
Dosage must be individualized. The usual recommended starting dose of Olmesartan is 20 mg once daily when used as monotherapy in patients who are not volume-contracted. For patients requiring further reduction in blood pressure after 2 weeks of therapy, the dose of Olmesartan may be increased to 40 mg. Doses above 40 mg do not appear to have a greater effect. Twice-daily dosing offers no advantage over the same total dose given once daily.
No initial dosage adjustment is recommended for elderly patients, for patients with moderate to marked renal impairment (creatinine clearance <40 ml/min) or with moderate to marked hepatic dysfunction. For patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume (e.g. patients treated with diuretics, particularly those with impaired renal function), Olmesartan should be initiated under close medical supervision and consideration should be given to use of a lower starting dose. Olmesartan may be administered with or without food.
No initial dosage adjustment is recommended for elderly patients, for patients with moderate to marked renal impairment (creatinine clearance <40 ml/min) or with moderate to marked hepatic dysfunction. For patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume (e.g. patients treated with diuretics, particularly those with impaired renal function), Olmesartan should be initiated under close medical supervision and consideration should be given to use of a lower starting dose. Olmesartan may be administered with or without food.
Side effectsView
Common: The most common side effects include Back pain, bronchitis, creatine phosphokinase increased, diarrhea, headache, hematuria, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, influenza-like symptoms, pharyngitis, rhinitis, and sinusitis.
Rare: Chest pain, peripheral edema, arthritis.
Rare: Chest pain, peripheral edema, arthritis.
ContraindicationsView
Olmesartan is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to any component of this product.
PrecautionsView
As a consequence of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, changes in renal function may be anticipated in susceptible individuals treated with olmesartan medoxomil. In patients whose renal function may depend upon the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (e.g. patients with severe congestive heart failure), treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists has been associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotemia and (rarely) with acute renal failure and/or death. Similar results may be anticipated in patients treated with olmesartan medoxomil.
InteractionsView
With medicine: No significant drug interactions were reported in which Olmesartan was co-administered.
With food & others: Food does not affect the bioavailability of Olmesartan.
With food & others: Food does not affect the bioavailability of Olmesartan.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy: When pregnancy is detected, discontinue this product as soon as possible. When used in pregnancy during the second and third trimesters, drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury and even death to the developing fetus.
Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether Olmesartan is excreted in human milk, but Olmesartan is secreted at low concentration in the milk of lactating rats. Because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether Olmesartan is excreted in human milk, but Olmesartan is secreted at low concentration in the milk of lactating rats. Because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Paediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in paediatric patients have not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: There is no experience of overdose with Olmesartan. The most likely effects of olmesartan medoxomil overdosage are hypotension and tachycardia; bradycardia could be encountered if parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation occurred.
Treatment: If intake is recent, gastric lavage or induction of emesis may be considered. Clinically significant hypotension due to an overdose of Olmesartan requires the active support of the cardiovascular system, including close monitoring of heart and lung function, the elevation of the extremities, and attention to circulating fluid volume and urine output.
Treatment: If intake is recent, gastric lavage or induction of emesis may be considered. Clinically significant hypotension due to an overdose of Olmesartan requires the active support of the cardiovascular system, including close monitoring of heart and lung function, the elevation of the extremities, and attention to circulating fluid volume and urine output.
StorageView
Store in cool & dry place below 30ºC, protect from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Rezor
Olmesartan Medoxomil
Rezor
Olmesartan Medoxomil
Indications
Hypertension
Indication detailsView
Olmesartan Medoxomil is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.
Therapeutic classView
Angiotensin-ll receptor blocker
PharmacologyView
Angiotensin-II formed from angiotensin-I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Olmesartan blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin-II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin-II to the AT 1 receptor found in many tissues (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). In-vitro-binding studies indicate that Olmesartan is a reversible & competitive inhibitor of AT 1 receptor. Olmesartan does not inhibit ACE (kinase-I, the enzyme that converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II and degrades bradykinin).
DosageView
Dosage must be individualized. The usual recommended starting dose of Olmesartan is 20 mg once daily when used as monotherapy in patients who are not volume-contracted. For patients requiring further reduction in blood pressure after 2 weeks of therapy, the dose of Olmesartan may be increased to 40 mg. Doses above 40 mg do not appear to have a greater effect. Twice-daily dosing offers no advantage over the same total dose given once daily.
No initial dosage adjustment is recommended for elderly patients, for patients with moderate to marked renal impairment (creatinine clearance <40 ml/min) or with moderate to marked hepatic dysfunction. For patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume (e.g. patients treated with diuretics, particularly those with impaired renal function), Olmesartan should be initiated under close medical supervision and consideration should be given to use of a lower starting dose. Olmesartan may be administered with or without food.
No initial dosage adjustment is recommended for elderly patients, for patients with moderate to marked renal impairment (creatinine clearance <40 ml/min) or with moderate to marked hepatic dysfunction. For patients with possible depletion of intravascular volume (e.g. patients treated with diuretics, particularly those with impaired renal function), Olmesartan should be initiated under close medical supervision and consideration should be given to use of a lower starting dose. Olmesartan may be administered with or without food.
Side effectsView
Common: The most common side effects include Back pain, bronchitis, creatine phosphokinase increased, diarrhea, headache, hematuria, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, influenza-like symptoms, pharyngitis, rhinitis, and sinusitis.
Rare: Chest pain, peripheral edema, arthritis.
Rare: Chest pain, peripheral edema, arthritis.
ContraindicationsView
Olmesartan is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to any component of this product.
PrecautionsView
As a consequence of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, changes in renal function may be anticipated in susceptible individuals treated with olmesartan medoxomil. In patients whose renal function may depend upon the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (e.g. patients with severe congestive heart failure), treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists has been associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotemia and (rarely) with acute renal failure and/or death. Similar results may be anticipated in patients treated with olmesartan medoxomil.
InteractionsView
With medicine: No significant drug interactions were reported in which Olmesartan was co-administered.
With food & others: Food does not affect the bioavailability of Olmesartan.
With food & others: Food does not affect the bioavailability of Olmesartan.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy: When pregnancy is detected, discontinue this product as soon as possible. When used in pregnancy during the second and third trimesters, drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury and even death to the developing fetus.
Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether Olmesartan is excreted in human milk, but Olmesartan is secreted at low concentration in the milk of lactating rats. Because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether Olmesartan is excreted in human milk, but Olmesartan is secreted at low concentration in the milk of lactating rats. Because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Paediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in paediatric patients have not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: There is no experience of overdose with Olmesartan. The most likely effects of olmesartan medoxomil overdosage are hypotension and tachycardia; bradycardia could be encountered if parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation occurred.
Treatment: If intake is recent, gastric lavage or induction of emesis may be considered. Clinically significant hypotension due to an overdose of Olmesartan requires the active support of the cardiovascular system, including close monitoring of heart and lung function, the elevation of the extremities, and attention to circulating fluid volume and urine output.
Treatment: If intake is recent, gastric lavage or induction of emesis may be considered. Clinically significant hypotension due to an overdose of Olmesartan requires the active support of the cardiovascular system, including close monitoring of heart and lung function, the elevation of the extremities, and attention to circulating fluid volume and urine output.
StorageView
Store in cool & dry place below 30ºC, protect from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Rezor Max
Amlodipine Besilate + Olmesartan Medoxomil
Rezor Max
Amlodipine Besilate + Olmesartan Medoxomil
Indications
Hypertension
Indication detailsView
Indicated for the treatment of hypertension alone or with other antihypertensive agents, to lower blood pressure. This combination drug is indicated as initial therapy in patients likely to need multiple antihypertensive agents to achieve their blood pressure goals. The decision to use a combination as initial therapy should be individualized and shaped by considerations such as baseline blood pressure, the target goal, and the incremental likelihood of achieving goal with a combination compared to monotherapy. Individual blood pressure goals may vary based upon the patient’s risk.
Therapeutic classView
Combined antihypertensive preparations
PharmacologyView
Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Amlodipine has a greater effect on vascular smooth muscle cells than on cardiac muscle cells. Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and reduction in blood pressure.
Angiotensin II formed from angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the Renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
Olmesartan Medoxomil blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor found in many tissues, (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). In vitro binding studies indicate that Olmesartan Medoxomil is a reversible, competitive inhibitor of the AT1 receptor. Olmesartan Medoxomil does not inhibit ACE (kinase II, the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and degrades bradykinin).
Angiotensin II formed from angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the Renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
Olmesartan Medoxomil blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor found in many tissues, (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). In vitro binding studies indicate that Olmesartan Medoxomil is a reversible, competitive inhibitor of the AT1 receptor. Olmesartan Medoxomil does not inhibit ACE (kinase II, the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and degrades bradykinin).
DosageView
Substitute individually titrated components for patients on Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil. This combination may also be given with increased amounts of Amlodipine, Olmesartan Medoxomil, or both, as needed.
Initial therapy: Initiate with 5/20 mg once daily for 1 to 2 weeks and titrate as needed up to a maximum of 10/40 mg once daily. Due to decreased clearance of Amlodipine among elderly patients the recommended starting dose of Amlodipine is 2.5 mg in patients 75 years. The lowest dose of the combination is 5/20 mg; therefore, initial therapy with this combination drug is not recommended in patients >75 years old.
Initial therapy: Initiate with 5/20 mg once daily for 1 to 2 weeks and titrate as needed up to a maximum of 10/40 mg once daily. Due to decreased clearance of Amlodipine among elderly patients the recommended starting dose of Amlodipine is 2.5 mg in patients 75 years. The lowest dose of the combination is 5/20 mg; therefore, initial therapy with this combination drug is not recommended in patients >75 years old.
Side effectsView
The most common side effects include peripheral edema, headache, flushing, and dizziness. It can also cause Intestinal problems known a sprue-like enteropathy.
ContraindicationsView
Cannot be co-administered with Aliskiren in patients with diabetes.
PrecautionsView
Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil combination should be used with caution because there is a risk for-
- Hypotension in volume- or salt depleted patients.
- Vasodilation in patients with severe aortic stenosis.
- Increased frequency, duration or severity of angina or acute Ml in patients with severe obstructive coronary artery disease.
InteractionsView
The antihypertensive effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including Olmesartan Medoxomil may be attenuated by NSAIDs including selective COX-2 inhibitors. Blood pressure, renal function and electrolytes should be closely monitored in patients on combination therapy and other agents that affect the RAS.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category D. Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil combination should not be used in 2nd and 3rd trimester because it can cause fetal death. When pregnancy is detected this combination should be discontinued as soon as possible. It is not known whether Olmesartan and Amlodipine are excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric use: The safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients.
Geriatric use: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between subjects 65 years of age or older and younger subjects.
Renal impairment: There are no studies in patients with renal impairment.
Hepatic impairment: Initial therapy is not recommended in hepatically impaired patients.
Overdose effectsView
There is no information on over dosage in humans.
StorageView
Do not store above 30°C. Keep away from light and out of the reach of children.
Rezor Max
Amlodipine Besilate + Olmesartan Medoxomil
Rezor Max
Amlodipine Besilate + Olmesartan Medoxomil
Indications
Hypertension
Indication detailsView
Indicated for the treatment of hypertension alone or with other antihypertensive agents, to lower blood pressure. This combination drug is indicated as initial therapy in patients likely to need multiple antihypertensive agents to achieve their blood pressure goals. The decision to use a combination as initial therapy should be individualized and shaped by considerations such as baseline blood pressure, the target goal, and the incremental likelihood of achieving goal with a combination compared to monotherapy. Individual blood pressure goals may vary based upon the patient’s risk.
Therapeutic classView
Combined antihypertensive preparations
PharmacologyView
Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Amlodipine has a greater effect on vascular smooth muscle cells than on cardiac muscle cells. Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and reduction in blood pressure.
Angiotensin II formed from angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the Renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
Olmesartan Medoxomil blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor found in many tissues, (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). In vitro binding studies indicate that Olmesartan Medoxomil is a reversible, competitive inhibitor of the AT1 receptor. Olmesartan Medoxomil does not inhibit ACE (kinase II, the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and degrades bradykinin).
Angiotensin II formed from angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the Renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
Olmesartan Medoxomil blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor found in many tissues, (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). In vitro binding studies indicate that Olmesartan Medoxomil is a reversible, competitive inhibitor of the AT1 receptor. Olmesartan Medoxomil does not inhibit ACE (kinase II, the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and degrades bradykinin).
DosageView
Substitute individually titrated components for patients on Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil. This combination may also be given with increased amounts of Amlodipine, Olmesartan Medoxomil, or both, as needed.
Initial therapy: Initiate with 5/20 mg once daily for 1 to 2 weeks and titrate as needed up to a maximum of 10/40 mg once daily. Due to decreased clearance of Amlodipine among elderly patients the recommended starting dose of Amlodipine is 2.5 mg in patients 75 years. The lowest dose of the combination is 5/20 mg; therefore, initial therapy with this combination drug is not recommended in patients >75 years old.
Initial therapy: Initiate with 5/20 mg once daily for 1 to 2 weeks and titrate as needed up to a maximum of 10/40 mg once daily. Due to decreased clearance of Amlodipine among elderly patients the recommended starting dose of Amlodipine is 2.5 mg in patients 75 years. The lowest dose of the combination is 5/20 mg; therefore, initial therapy with this combination drug is not recommended in patients >75 years old.
Side effectsView
The most common side effects include peripheral edema, headache, flushing, and dizziness. It can also cause Intestinal problems known a sprue-like enteropathy.
ContraindicationsView
Cannot be co-administered with Aliskiren in patients with diabetes.
PrecautionsView
Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil combination should be used with caution because there is a risk for-
- Hypotension in volume- or salt depleted patients.
- Vasodilation in patients with severe aortic stenosis.
- Increased frequency, duration or severity of angina or acute Ml in patients with severe obstructive coronary artery disease.
InteractionsView
The antihypertensive effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including Olmesartan Medoxomil may be attenuated by NSAIDs including selective COX-2 inhibitors. Blood pressure, renal function and electrolytes should be closely monitored in patients on combination therapy and other agents that affect the RAS.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category D. Amlodipine and Olmesartan Medoxomil combination should not be used in 2nd and 3rd trimester because it can cause fetal death. When pregnancy is detected this combination should be discontinued as soon as possible. It is not known whether Olmesartan and Amlodipine are excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric use: The safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients.
Geriatric use: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between subjects 65 years of age or older and younger subjects.
Renal impairment: There are no studies in patients with renal impairment.
Hepatic impairment: Initial therapy is not recommended in hepatically impaired patients.
Overdose effectsView
There is no information on over dosage in humans.
StorageView
Do not store above 30°C. Keep away from light and out of the reach of children.
Rezor Plus
Olmesartan Medoxomil + Hydrochlorothiazide
Rezor Plus
Olmesartan Medoxomil + Hydrochlorothiazide
Indications
Hypertension
Indication detailsView
Olmesartan Medoxomil & Hydrochlorothiazide combination is indicated for the treatment of hypertension.
Therapeutic classView
Combined antihypertensive preparations
PharmacologyView
Angiotensin-II formed from angiotensin-I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Olmesartan blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin-II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin-II to the AT 1 receptor found in many tissues (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). In-vitro-binding studies indicate that Olmesartan is a reversible & competitive inhibitor of AT 1 receptor. Olmesartan does not inhibit ACE (kinase-I, the enzyme that converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II and degrades bradykinin).
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic. Thiazides affect the renal tubular mechanisms of electrolyte reabsorption, directly increasing the excretion of Sodium and Chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Indirectly, the diuretic action of Hydrochlorothiazide reduces plasma volume with consequent increases in plasma renin activity, increases Aldosterone secretion & urinary Potassium loss and decreases serum Potassium. The renin-aldosterone link is mediated by angiotensin-II. So, co-administration of an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist tends to reverse the potassium loss associated with these diuretics.
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic. Thiazides affect the renal tubular mechanisms of electrolyte reabsorption, directly increasing the excretion of Sodium and Chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Indirectly, the diuretic action of Hydrochlorothiazide reduces plasma volume with consequent increases in plasma renin activity, increases Aldosterone secretion & urinary Potassium loss and decreases serum Potassium. The renin-aldosterone link is mediated by angiotensin-II. So, co-administration of an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist tends to reverse the potassium loss associated with these diuretics.
DosageView
Hypertension: The usual starting dose is 20/12.5 mg one tablet once daily. Dosing should be individualized. Depending on the blood pressure response, the dose may be titrated at intervals of 2-4 weeks to two tablets 40/25 once daily.
Side effectsView
The common side-effects are nausea, headache, dizziness, hyperuricemia, upper respiratory tract infection and urinary tract infection. Other adverse effects are chest pain, back pain, peripheral edema, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, diarrhea.
ContraindicationsView
The combination of Olmesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to any component of this product. Because of the Hydrochlorothiazide component, this product is contraindicated in patients with anuria or hypersensitivity to other sulfonamide-derived drugs.
PrecautionsView
- Periodic determination of serum electrolytes should be performed at appropriate intervals to detect possible electrolyte imbalance like hypokalemia, hyponatremia and hypochloremic alkalosis.
- Hyperuricemia may occur in certain patients receiving thiazide therapy.
- Impaired renal function.
InteractionsView
Olmesartan: No significant drug interactions were reported in studies in which Olmesartan Medoxomil was co-administered with hydrochlorothiazide, digoxin or warfarin in healthy volunteers. Olmesartan Medoxomil is not metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system and has no effects on P450 enzymes; thus, interactions with drugs that inhibit, induce or are metabolized by those enzymes are not expected.
Hydrochlorothiazide: When administered concurrently, the following drugs may interact with Thiazide diuretics:
Hydrochlorothiazide: When administered concurrently, the following drugs may interact with Thiazide diuretics:
- Alcohol, Barbiturates or Narcotics: Potentiation of orthostatic hypotension may occur.
- Antidiabetic drugs (oral agents and Insulin): Dosage adjustment of the antidiabetic drug may be required.
- Other antihypertensive drugs: Additive effect.
- Corticosteroids, ACTH.
- Lithium.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Safety and effectiveness in nursing mother & pregnancy have not been established. The drug should be discontinued during these conditions.
Pediatric usageView
Renal Impairment Patients: The usual regimens of therapy with this may be followed provided the patient's creatinine clearance is >30 ml/min. In patients with more severe renal impairment, loop diuretics are preferred to thiazides. So, this preparation is not recommended.
Hepatic Impairment Patients: No dosage adjustment is necessary with hepatic impairment.
Paediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in paediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric use: Clinical studies of Olmesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide combination did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious.
Hepatic Impairment Patients: No dosage adjustment is necessary with hepatic impairment.
Paediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in paediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric use: Clinical studies of Olmesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide combination did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious.
Overdose effectsView
Olmesartan: Limited data are available in regard to overdosage in humans. The most likely manifestation of overdosage would be hypotension and tachycardia. Supportive treatment should be instituted.
Hydrochlorothiazide: The most common signs and symptoms observed are those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and dehydration) resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered, hypokalemia may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias.
Hydrochlorothiazide: The most common signs and symptoms observed are those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and dehydration) resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered, hypokalemia may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place, protect from light and moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Rezor Plus
Olmesartan Medoxomil + Hydrochlorothiazide
Rezor Plus
Olmesartan Medoxomil + Hydrochlorothiazide
Indications
Hypertension
Indication detailsView
Olmesartan Medoxomil & Hydrochlorothiazide combination is indicated for the treatment of hypertension.
Therapeutic classView
Combined antihypertensive preparations
PharmacologyView
Angiotensin-II formed from angiotensin-I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Olmesartan blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin-II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin-II to the AT 1 receptor found in many tissues (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). In-vitro-binding studies indicate that Olmesartan is a reversible & competitive inhibitor of AT 1 receptor. Olmesartan does not inhibit ACE (kinase-I, the enzyme that converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II and degrades bradykinin).
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic. Thiazides affect the renal tubular mechanisms of electrolyte reabsorption, directly increasing the excretion of Sodium and Chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Indirectly, the diuretic action of Hydrochlorothiazide reduces plasma volume with consequent increases in plasma renin activity, increases Aldosterone secretion & urinary Potassium loss and decreases serum Potassium. The renin-aldosterone link is mediated by angiotensin-II. So, co-administration of an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist tends to reverse the potassium loss associated with these diuretics.
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic. Thiazides affect the renal tubular mechanisms of electrolyte reabsorption, directly increasing the excretion of Sodium and Chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Indirectly, the diuretic action of Hydrochlorothiazide reduces plasma volume with consequent increases in plasma renin activity, increases Aldosterone secretion & urinary Potassium loss and decreases serum Potassium. The renin-aldosterone link is mediated by angiotensin-II. So, co-administration of an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist tends to reverse the potassium loss associated with these diuretics.
DosageView
Hypertension: The usual starting dose is 20/12.5 mg one tablet once daily. Dosing should be individualized. Depending on the blood pressure response, the dose may be titrated at intervals of 2-4 weeks to two tablets 40/25 once daily.
Side effectsView
The common side-effects are nausea, headache, dizziness, hyperuricemia, upper respiratory tract infection and urinary tract infection. Other adverse effects are chest pain, back pain, peripheral edema, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, diarrhea.
ContraindicationsView
The combination of Olmesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to any component of this product. Because of the Hydrochlorothiazide component, this product is contraindicated in patients with anuria or hypersensitivity to other sulfonamide-derived drugs.
PrecautionsView
- Periodic determination of serum electrolytes should be performed at appropriate intervals to detect possible electrolyte imbalance like hypokalemia, hyponatremia and hypochloremic alkalosis.
- Hyperuricemia may occur in certain patients receiving thiazide therapy.
- Impaired renal function.
InteractionsView
Olmesartan: No significant drug interactions were reported in studies in which Olmesartan Medoxomil was co-administered with hydrochlorothiazide, digoxin or warfarin in healthy volunteers. Olmesartan Medoxomil is not metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system and has no effects on P450 enzymes; thus, interactions with drugs that inhibit, induce or are metabolized by those enzymes are not expected.
Hydrochlorothiazide: When administered concurrently, the following drugs may interact with Thiazide diuretics:
Hydrochlorothiazide: When administered concurrently, the following drugs may interact with Thiazide diuretics:
- Alcohol, Barbiturates or Narcotics: Potentiation of orthostatic hypotension may occur.
- Antidiabetic drugs (oral agents and Insulin): Dosage adjustment of the antidiabetic drug may be required.
- Other antihypertensive drugs: Additive effect.
- Corticosteroids, ACTH.
- Lithium.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Safety and effectiveness in nursing mother & pregnancy have not been established. The drug should be discontinued during these conditions.
Pediatric usageView
Renal Impairment Patients: The usual regimens of therapy with this may be followed provided the patient's creatinine clearance is >30 ml/min. In patients with more severe renal impairment, loop diuretics are preferred to thiazides. So, this preparation is not recommended.
Hepatic Impairment Patients: No dosage adjustment is necessary with hepatic impairment.
Paediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in paediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric use: Clinical studies of Olmesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide combination did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious.
Hepatic Impairment Patients: No dosage adjustment is necessary with hepatic impairment.
Paediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in paediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric use: Clinical studies of Olmesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide combination did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious.
Overdose effectsView
Olmesartan: Limited data are available in regard to overdosage in humans. The most likely manifestation of overdosage would be hypotension and tachycardia. Supportive treatment should be instituted.
Hydrochlorothiazide: The most common signs and symptoms observed are those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and dehydration) resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered, hypokalemia may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias.
Hydrochlorothiazide: The most common signs and symptoms observed are those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and dehydration) resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered, hypokalemia may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place, protect from light and moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Rezoven
Adefovir Dipivoxil
Rezoven
Adefovir Dipivoxil
Indications
Hepatitis B virus
Indication detailsView
Adefovir Dipivoxil is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with evidence of active viral replication and either evidence of persistent elevations in serum aminotransferases (ALT or AST) or histologically active disease.
Therapeutic classView
Hepatic viral infections (Hepatitis B)
PharmacologyView
Adefovir dipivoxil is a diester prodrug of adefovir. Adefovir is an acyclic nucleotide analog with activity against human hepatitis B virus (HBV). Adefovir is phosphorylated to the active metabolite, adefovir diphosphate, by cellular kinases. Adefovir diphosphate inhibits HBV DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine triphosphate and by causing DNA chain termination after its incorporation into viral DNA. The approximate oral bioavailability of adefovir from a 10 mg single dose is 59%. In vitro binding of adefovir to human plasma or human serum proteins is 4%. Adefovir is excreted through renal route by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion.
DosageView
The recommended dose of Adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with adequate renal function is 10 mg, once daily, taken orally, without regard to food.
Side effectsView
The most common side effects of adefovir dipivoxil are weakness, headache, stomach pain and nausea. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis have been reported in patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B therapy, including therapy with adefovir dipivoxil. In patients at risk of or having underlying renal dysfunction, chronic administration of adefovir dipivoxil may result in nephrotoxicity. Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs alone or in combination with other antiretrovirals.
ContraindicationsView
Adefovir dipivoxil is contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to any of the components of the product.
PrecautionsView
Patients who discontinued adefovir dipivoxil should be monitored at repeated intervals over a period of time for hepatic function. The patients at risk of or having underlying renal dysfunction should be monitored closely for renal function and may require dose adjustment.
InteractionsView
The pharmacokinetics of adefovir was unchanged when adefovir dipivoxil was coadministered with lamivudine, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole and acetaminophen. When adefovir dipivoxil was co-administered with ibuprofen (800 mg three times daily), increases in adefovir Cmax (33%), AUC (23%) and urinary recovery were observed due to higher oral bioavailability of adefovir.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Adefovir dipivoxil should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed and after careful consideration of the risks and benefits. It is not known whether adefovir is excreted in human milk. Mothers should be instructed not to breast-feed if they are taking adefovir dipivoxil.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric use: In general, caution should be exercised when prescribing to elderly patients since they have greater frequency of decreased renal or cardiac function due to concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Dose Adjustment in Renal Impairment: the dosing interval of Adefovir should be adjusted in patients with baseline creatinine clearance <50 ml/min using the following suggested guidelines:
Geriatric use: In general, caution should be exercised when prescribing to elderly patients since they have greater frequency of decreased renal or cardiac function due to concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Dose Adjustment in Renal Impairment: the dosing interval of Adefovir should be adjusted in patients with baseline creatinine clearance <50 ml/min using the following suggested guidelines:
- CrCl ≤ 50 ml/min: 10 mg
- CrCl 20-49 ml/min: 10 mg every 48 hours
- CrCl 10-19 ml/min: 10 mg every 72 hours
- Haemodialysis patients: 10 mg every 7 days following dialysis
Overdose effectsView
Doses of adefovir dipivoxil 500 mg daily for 2 weeks and 250 mg daily for 12 weeks have been associated with gastrointestinal side effects. If overdose occurs the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity and standard supportive treatment applied as necessary.
StorageView
Store at cool and dry place. Protect from light and moisture. Keep all the medicines out of the reach of children.
Rheuma
Aceclofenac
Rheuma
Aceclofenac
Indications
Spondylitis
Indication detailsView
Aceclofenac is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, toothache, trauma and lumbago.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
DosageView
Extended release tablet: The recommended dose in adults is one 200 mg Aceclofenac tablet daily or as prescribed by the physician.
Film coated tablet: The recommended dose in adults is 100 mg, twice daily.
Side effectsView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
ContraindicationsView
Aceclofenac is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to it or in whom aspirin or NSAIDs precipitate attacks of asthma.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised to patients with active or suspected peptic ulcer or gastro-intestinal bleeding moderate to severe hepatic impairment and cardiac or renal impairment. Caution should also be exercised in patients suffering from dizziness or urticaria.
InteractionsView
No significant drug interactions has not been observed but close monitoring of patients is required when it is used with:
- Lithium and Digoxin: may increase plasma concentration of lithium and digoxin.
- Diuretics: may interact the activity of diuretics.
- Anticoagulants: may enhance the activity of anticoagulant.
- Methotrexate: may increase the plasma level of methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The use of Aceclofenac should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
Pediatric usageView
There are no clinical data on the use of Aceclofenac in children.
StorageView
keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Rheumet
Indomethacin (Oral)
Rheumet
Indomethacin (Oral)
Indications
Rheumatoid arthritis
Indication detailsView
Indomethacin is indicated in-
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
- Gout
- Acute non-articular rheumatism (bursitis, synovitis, tendinitis).
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Indomethacin is NSAID having property of antipyretic and analgesic effect. A great number of pharmacological studies have proved that Indomethacin has strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Unlike the corticosteriods, the effect of Indomethacin is not related to the pituitary gland or the adrenals. Indomethacin is absorbed promptly following oral administration and peak plasma levels occur within 2 hours. Approximately two thirds of this amount is excreted in the urine and the remainder is excreted in the feces. About 90% of a single dose is excreted in 24-48 hours. In a number of controlled clinical trials, Indomethacin has proved to be of great value in the treatment of rheumatic diseases, It relieves pain, reduces joints swelling edema and improves joint mobility.
DosageView
75 mg sustained-release capsule:
- Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease): The initial dose is 75 mg sustained-release capsule once daily. If severe then twice daily is required.
- Acute attacks of gout: May control with a dose of 75 mg sustained-release capsule twice daily.
- Acute non-articular rheumatism (bursitis, synovitis, tendinitis): 1-2 sustained-release capsule daily according to the severity of this case.
- Rheumatic diseases: 50-200 mg daily in divided doses
- Acute gout: 150-200 mg daily in divided doses
- Dysmenorrhea: up to 75 mg daily
Side effectsView
Headaches, usually in the morning and kild vertigo may occur during the early weeks of therapy. These symptoms are transient and usually disappear with continued use or by reduction of the dose. Rare case of mild psychic disturbances was also reported which subsided after few days of treatment, Gastrointestinal reactions such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, epigastric and abdominal pain are often due to large doses of the drug and disappear when the dose is reduced. Administration of the capsule immediately after meals with an antacid it necessary, minimize the frequency and the severity of these untoward effects.
ContraindicationsView
Indomethacin is contraindicated in patients with ulcer, gastritis, active ulcerative colitis, and it should be used with caution in patients with a history of these disorders. In these cases, administration of Indomethacin suppositories should be preferred. It is also contraindicated in the previously hypersensitive patients.
PrecautionsView
Indomethacin capsule should be used with caution with psychiatric problems, epilepsy or parkinsonism since the drug may aggravate these conditions. It is not recommended for pregnant women, because at the present time clinical studies are insufficient. Indomethacin is not given nomally in neonates except when used to assist closure of a patent ductus arteriosus.
InteractionsView
It may interact with anticoagulants, Lithium, diuretics, antihypertensive drugs, diflunisal and sulfonylureas.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place protected from light. Keep out of the reach of children.
Rhine
Ranitidine Hydrochloride
Rhine
Ranitidine Hydrochloride
Indications
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Indication detailsView
Ranitidine is indicated in:
- Treatment of active duodenal ulcer
- Benign gastric ulcer
- Treatment & prevention of ulcer associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent
- Post operative stress ulcer.
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
- Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage from stress ulcer in seriously ill patient.
- Recurrent haemorrhage in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer.
- Before general anesthesia in patient considered to be at risk of acid aspiration particulary obstetric patients.
Therapeutic classView
H2 receptor antagonist
PharmacologyView
Ranitidine competitively blocks histamine at H2-receptors of the gastric parietal cells which inhibits gastric acid secretion. It does not affect pepsin secretion, pentagastrin-stimulated intrinsic factor secretion or serum gastrin.
DosageView
Ranitidine Tablet & Syrup:
Duodenal and gastric ulcer: The usual dosage is 150 mg twice daily taken in the morning and evening or 300 mg as a single daily dose at night for 4 to 8 weeks.Reflux oesophagitis: 150 mg twice daily or 300 mg at bed time for up to 8 weeks.
Zollinger Ellison syndrome: 150 mg 3 times daily and increased if necessary up to 6 g daily in divided doses. Dosage should be continued as long as clinically indicated.
Episodic dyspepsia: 150 mg twice daily or 300 mg at bed time for up to 6 weeks.
Maintenance: 150 mg at night for preventing recurrences.
Child (peptic ulcer): 2-4 mg/kg twice daily, maximum 300 mg daily.
Ranitidine IV injection & IV Infusion:
Ranitidine injection may be given either as a slow (over a period of at least two minutes) intravenous injection of 50 mg, after dilution to a volume of 20 ml per 50 mg dose, which may be repeated every six to eight hours; or as an intermittent intravenous infusion at a rate of 25 mg per hour for two hours; the infusion may be repeated at six to eight hour intervals; or as an intramuscular injection of 50 mg (2 ml) every six to eight hours. In the prophylaxis of haemorrhage from stress ulceration in seriously ill patients or the prophylaxis of recurrent haemorrhage in patients bleeding from peptic ulceration, parenteral administration may be continued until oral feeding commences.In the prophylaxis of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage from stress ulceration in seriously ill patient sapriming dose of 50 mg as low as intravenous injection followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of 0.125-0.250 mg/kg/hour may be preferred. In patients considered to be at risk of developing aspiration syndrome Ranitidine injection 50 mg may be given intramuscularly or by slow intravenous injection 45 to 60 minutes before induction of general anaesthesia.
Children: The recommended oral dose for the treatment of peptic ulcer in children is 2 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg twice daily to a maximum of 300 mg ranitidine per day. Safety and effectiveness of Ranitidine injection have not been established in case of children.
Side effectsView
Ranitidine is well tolerated and side effects are usually uncommon. Altered bowel habit, dizziness, rash, tiredness, reversible confusional states, headache, decreased blood counts, muscle or joint pain have rarely been reported.
ContraindicationsView
Patients hypersensitive to Ranitidine
PrecautionsView
Ranitidine should be given in reduced dosage to patients with impaired renal and hepatic function.
InteractionsView
Delayed absorption and increased peak serum concentration with propantheline bromide. Ranitidine minimally inhibits hepatic metabolism of coumarin anticoagulants, theophylline, diazepam and propanolol. May alter absorption of pH-dependent drugs (e.g. ketoconazole, midazolam, glipizide). May reduce bioavailability with antacids.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy: Ranitidine crosses the placenta. But there is no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the foetus due to Ranitidine. Like other drugs, Ranitidine should only be used during pregnancy if considered essential.
Lactation: Ranitidine is excreted in human breast milk. Caution should be exercised when the drug is administered to a nursing mother.
Lactation: Ranitidine is excreted in human breast milk. Caution should be exercised when the drug is administered to a nursing mother.
Pediatric usageView
Use in elderly patients: In clinical trial the ulcer healing rates have been found similar in patients age 65 and over with those in younger patients. Additionally, there was no difference in the incidence of adverse effects.
Overdose effectsView
Ranitidine is very specific in action and accordingly no particular problems are expected following overdosage with the drug. Symptomatic and supportive therapy should be given as appropriate. If required, the drug may be removed from the plasma by haemodiaiysis.
ReconstitutionView
Slow IV inj: Ranitidine 50 mg diluted to a concentration ≤2.5 mg/mL (e.g. total of 20 mL) with NaCl 0.9% inj or dextrose 5% or 10%, lactated Ringer's, Na bicarbonate 5% soln.
Intermittent slow IV infusion: Ranitidine 50 mg diluted to a concentration ≤0.5 mg/mL (e.g. total of 100 mL) of dextrose 5% inj or NaCl 0.9%, lactated Ringer's, Na bicarbonate 5% soln.
Continuous IV infusion: Ranitidine 150 mg diluted in 250 mL of dextrose 5% inj or NaCl 0.9%, lactated Ringer's, Na bicarbonate 5% soln.
Patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or other hypersecretory conditions: Ranitidine should be diluted to a concentration ≤2.5 mg/mL with dextrose 5% or NaCl 0.9%, lactated Ringer's, Na bicarbonate 5% soln.
Intermittent slow IV infusion: Ranitidine 50 mg diluted to a concentration ≤0.5 mg/mL (e.g. total of 100 mL) of dextrose 5% inj or NaCl 0.9%, lactated Ringer's, Na bicarbonate 5% soln.
Continuous IV infusion: Ranitidine 150 mg diluted in 250 mL of dextrose 5% inj or NaCl 0.9%, lactated Ringer's, Na bicarbonate 5% soln.
Patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or other hypersecretory conditions: Ranitidine should be diluted to a concentration ≤2.5 mg/mL with dextrose 5% or NaCl 0.9%, lactated Ringer's, Na bicarbonate 5% soln.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place. protect from light.
Rhinex
Desloratadine
Rhinex
Desloratadine
Indications
Watery eye
Indication detailsView
Desloratadine is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, such as sneezing, nasal discharge & itching, congestion or stuffiness, as well as ocular itching, tearing and redness, itching of palate and coughing. Desloratadine is also indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with chronic idiopathic urticaria such as the relief of itching and the size & number of hives.
Therapeutic classView
Non-sedating antihistamines
PharmacologyView
Desloratadine, the major active metabolite of Loratadine, is a non-sedating; long acting tricyclic histamine antagonist with selective H1-receptor histamine antagonist activity. Desloratadine also inhibits histamine release from human mast cell.
DosageView
Pediatric drops:
- Child 6-11 months of age: 2 ml drops once daily.
- Child 1-2 years of age: 2.5 ml drops once daily.
- Child 6-11 months of age: 2 ml once daily.
- Child 1-5 years of age: 2.5 ml once daily.
- Child 6-11 years of age: 5 ml once daily.
- Adults & >12 years of age: 10 ml once daily.
- Adults and children 12 years of age and over: 1 tablet daily
Side effectsView
Less common side effects may include headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, pharyngitis, dyspepsia and myalgia.
ContraindicationsView
Desloratadine is contraindicated in patients having hypersensitivity to this medication or to any of its ingredients or Loratadine.
PrecautionsView
In adult patients with liver or renal impairment: A starting dose of one 5 mg tablet every other day is recommended based on pharmacokinetic data. If the patient has medical or familial history of seizures.
InteractionsView
No clinically relevant drug interactions have been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. The safe use of Desloratadine during pregnancy has not been established. Therefore, Desloratadine is not to be used during pregnancy unless clearly indicated. Desloratadine passes into breast milk, therefore a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue Desloratadine taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Recommended in the use in children & adolescents.
Overdose effectsView
No clinically relevant adverse effects have been reported.
StorageView
Store in a cool & dry place, protected from light. Store below 30°C. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children.
Rhinil
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
Rhinil
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
It is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal & perennial allergic rhinitis. It is also indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergen induced asthma.
Therapeutic classView
Sedating Anti-histamine
PharmacologyView
Cetirizine Hydrochloride is a potent H1 receptor antagonist without any significant anticholinergic and antiserotonic effects. At pharmacologically active dose levels, it has almost no drowsiness effect and does not cause behavioral changes. It inhibits the histamine-mediated early phase of the allergic reaction and also reduces the migration of inflammatory cells and the release of mediators associated with the late phase of the allergic reaction.
Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
DosageView
Adults and Children 6 years and older: 1 tablet or 2 teaspoonfuls daily (or 1 teaspoonful twice daily).
Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.
Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.
Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
Side effectsView
The most common side effects that occurred more frequently on Cetirizine is somnolence.
ContraindicationsView
It is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to Cetirizine or hydroxyzine.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised when driving a car or operating a heavy machinery.
InteractionsView
No clinically significant drug interactions have been found with Theophylline, Azithromycin, Pseudoephedrine, Ketoconazole or Erythromycin and with other drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy Category of Cetirizine Hydrochloride is B. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Cetirizine Hydrochloride has been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Cetirizine Hydrochloride is administered to a nursing woman.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Rhinil
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
Rhinil
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
It is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal & perennial allergic rhinitis. It is also indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergen induced asthma.
Therapeutic classView
Sedating Anti-histamine
PharmacologyView
Cetirizine Hydrochloride is a potent H1 receptor antagonist without any significant anticholinergic and antiserotonic effects. At pharmacologically active dose levels, it has almost no drowsiness effect and does not cause behavioral changes. It inhibits the histamine-mediated early phase of the allergic reaction and also reduces the migration of inflammatory cells and the release of mediators associated with the late phase of the allergic reaction.
Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
DosageView
Adults and Children 6 years and older: 1 tablet or 2 teaspoonfuls daily (or 1 teaspoonful twice daily).
Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.
Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.
Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
Side effectsView
The most common side effects that occurred more frequently on Cetirizine is somnolence.
ContraindicationsView
It is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to Cetirizine or hydroxyzine.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised when driving a car or operating a heavy machinery.
InteractionsView
No clinically significant drug interactions have been found with Theophylline, Azithromycin, Pseudoephedrine, Ketoconazole or Erythromycin and with other drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy Category of Cetirizine Hydrochloride is B. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Cetirizine Hydrochloride has been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Cetirizine Hydrochloride is administered to a nursing woman.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Rhinocort
Budesonide (Nasal Spray)
Rhinocort
Budesonide (Nasal Spray)
Indications
Vasomotor rhinitis
Indication detailsView
- Prophylaxis and treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.
- Prophylaxis and treatment of vasomotor rhinitis.
- Symptomatic relief of nasal polyposis.
- Prevention against nasal polyps after polypectomy.
Therapeutic classView
Nasal Decongestants & Other Nasal Preparations, Respiratory corticosteroids
PharmacologyView
Budesonide is a synthetic corticosteroid having potent glucocorticoid activity and weak mineralocorticoid activity. It has approximately a 200-fold higher affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor and a 1000-fold higher topical anti-inflammatory potency than cortisol. Corticosteroids have been shown to have a wide range of inhibitory activities against multiple cell types (e.g. mast cell, eosinophil, neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte) and mediators (e.g. histamine, eicosanoids, leukotriene, and cytokine) involved in allergic mediated inflammation.
DosageView
Adults and children 6 years of age and older: 100 mcg per day administered as one spray per nostril once daily.
Adults (12 years of age and older): The maximum recommended dose is 400 mcg per day administered as four sprays per nostril once daily.
Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below 6 years of age have not been established.
Adults (12 years of age and older): The maximum recommended dose is 400 mcg per day administered as four sprays per nostril once daily.
Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below 6 years of age have not been established.
AdministrationView
How to use the Nasal Spray-
- Shake the bottle gently and remove the dust cover.
- Hold the spray with your forefinger and middle finger on either side of the nozzle and your thumb underneath the bottle. Press down until a fine spray appears. If using for the first time or if you have not used it for a week or more, press the nasal applicator several times until a fine moist comes out from the container.
- Gently blow the nose to clear the nostrils.
- Close one nostril and carefully insert the nasal applicator into the open nostril. Tilt your head forward slightly and keep the spray upright. Breathe in through your nose and while breathing in, press the white-collar of nasal applicator firmly down once to release a spray.
- Breathe out through your mouth.
- Repeat the above steps in the same/ other nostril for consecutive doses.
- Remove the dust cover.
- Gently pull off the nasal applicator.
- Wash the applicator and dust cover in warm water.
- Shake off the excess water and leave to dry in a normal place. Avoid to apply additional heat.
- Gently push the applicator back on the top of the bottle and re-fix the dust cover.
Side effectsView
Adverse local reactions following budesonide use are mild and usually transient. Systemic side effects have not been reported during clinical studies of budesonide nasal preparations. Sneezing, headache, sore throat, dry mouth, nausea etc. have been reported as the common side effects.
PrecautionsView
Budesonide nasal spray should be used with caution in patients with active or quiescent tuberculous infection, untreated fungal, bacterial, or systemic viral infections, or ocular herpes simplex infection. Patients with recent nasal septal ulcers, nasal surgery, or nasal trauma should not use a nasal corticosteroid.
InteractionsView
No significant drug interaction has been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy: Inhaled budesonide has been assigned to pregnancy category B by the FDA. Budesonide has not been shown to be teratogenic in animals when given in high doses by inhalation. Despite the animal findings, it would appear that the possibility of fetal harm is remote if the inhaled drug is used during pregnancy. Nevertheless, because the studies in humans cannot rule out the possibility of harm, inhaled budesonide should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Lactation: The amounts of inhaled budesonide excreted into breastmilk are minute and infant exposure is negligible. Reviewers and an expert panel consider inhaled corticosteroids acceptable to use during breastfeeding. When taken by mouth, budesonide is only about 9% bioavailable; bioavailability in the infant is likely to be similarly low for any budesonide that enters the breastmilk.
Lactation: The amounts of inhaled budesonide excreted into breastmilk are minute and infant exposure is negligible. Reviewers and an expert panel consider inhaled corticosteroids acceptable to use during breastfeeding. When taken by mouth, budesonide is only about 9% bioavailable; bioavailability in the infant is likely to be similarly low for any budesonide that enters the breastmilk.
Overdose effectsView
Like any other nasally administered corticosteroids, acute overdosing is unlikely in view of the total amount of active ingredient present. Clinically significant systemic adverse events would most likely not occurs if the entire contents of the bottle were administered all at once, via either oral or nasal application. Chronic overdosage may result in signs/symptoms of hypercorticism.
StorageView
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Rhinomist
Fluticasone Furoate
Rhinomist
Fluticasone Furoate
Indications
Perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis
Indication detailsView
Fluticasone Furoate Nasal Spray is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis in patients aged 2 years and older.
Fluticasone Furoate inhalation powder is indicated for the once-daily maintenance treatment of asthma as prophylactic therapy in patients aged 5 years and older. This is not indicated for the relief of acute bronchospasm.
Fluticasone Furoate inhalation powder is indicated for the once-daily maintenance treatment of asthma as prophylactic therapy in patients aged 5 years and older. This is not indicated for the relief of acute bronchospasm.
Therapeutic classView
Nasal Steroid Preparations
PharmacologyView
Fluticasone Furoate is a synthetic trifluorinated corticosteroid with potent anti inflammatory activity. Like other corticosteroids Fluticasone Furoate is found to have a wide range of actions on multiple cell types (e.g., mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes) and mediators (e.g.- histamine, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, cytokines) involved in inflammation.
DosageView
Fluticasone Furoate Nasal Spray:
The highest recommended daily dose in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older is 200 mcg. After asthma stability has been achieved, it is desirable to titrate to the lowest effective dosage to help reduce the possibility of side effects.
Pediatric Patients Aged 5 to 11 Years: The recommended dosage for children aged 5 to 11 years is 50 mcg administered once daily
- Adults & Children over 12 years: 2 sprays in each nostril once a day. In some cases 2 sprays into each nostril twice daily, not exceeding 4 sprays.
- Children under 12 years (2-11 Years): 1 spray in each nostril once a day. Patients should use Fluticasone Furoate nasal spray at regular intervals as directed since its effectiveness depends on its regular use.
- Children (under 2 years of age): There are no data to recommend use of Fluticasone Furoate Nasal Spray for the treatment of seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis in children under 2 years of age.
- Adults and Adolescents Aged 12 Years and Older: The starting dosage for Fluticasone Furoate should be based upon patients' asthma severity.
- The usual recommended starting dose for adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older not on an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) is 100 mcg.
- For other adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older, the starting dose should be based on previous asthma drug therapy and disease severity.
- For adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older who do not respond to Fluticasone Furoate 100 mcg after 2 weeks of therapy, replacement with Fluticasone Furoate 200 mcg may provide additional asthma control.
The highest recommended daily dose in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older is 200 mcg. After asthma stability has been achieved, it is desirable to titrate to the lowest effective dosage to help reduce the possibility of side effects.
Pediatric Patients Aged 5 to 11 Years: The recommended dosage for children aged 5 to 11 years is 50 mcg administered once daily
AdministrationView
How to use the Nasal Spray-
- Shake the bottle gently and remove the dust cover.
- Hold the spray with your forefinger and middle finger on either side of the nozzle and your thumb underneath the bottle. Press down until a fine spray appears. If using for the first time or if you have not used it for a week or more, press the nasal applicator several times until a fine moist comes out from the container.
- Gently blow the nose to clear the nostrils.
- Close one nostril and carefully insert the nasal applicator into the open nostril. Tilt your head forward slightly and keep the spray upright. Breathe in through your nose and while breathing in, press the white-collar of nasal applicator firmly down once to release a spray.
- Breathe out through your mouth.
- Repeat the above steps in the same/ other nostril for consecutive doses.
- Remove the dust cover.
- Gently pull off the nasal applicator.
- Wash the applicator and dust cover in warm water.
- Shake off the excess water and leave to dry in a normal place. Avoid to apply additional heat.
- Gently push the applicator back on the top of the bottle and re-fix the dust cover.
Side effectsView
Fluticasone Furoate nasal spray is absorbed less into the rest of the body, therefore fewer side effects are seen. With the nasal spray, drying of the nose and an increase in the incidence of nosebleeds may occur.
Most common adverse reactions of Fluticasone Furoate inhalation capsule reported in ≥5% of adult and adolescent subjects are nasopharyngitis, bronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection, and headache. Most common adverse reactions reported in ≥3% of pediatric subjects aged 5 to 11 years are pharyngitis, bronchitis, and viral infection.
Most common adverse reactions of Fluticasone Furoate inhalation capsule reported in ≥5% of adult and adolescent subjects are nasopharyngitis, bronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection, and headache. Most common adverse reactions reported in ≥3% of pediatric subjects aged 5 to 11 years are pharyngitis, bronchitis, and viral infection.
ContraindicationsView
Fluticasone Furoate nasal spray is contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to any of its ingredients.
PrecautionsView
Rarely, immediate hypersensitivity reactions or contact dermatitis may occur after the administration of Fluticasone Furoate nasal spray. Rare instances of wheezing, nasal septum perforation, cataracts, glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure have been reported following the intranasal application of corticosteroids, including Fluticasone Furoate. Although systemic effects have been minimal with recommended doses of Fluticasone Furoate nasal spray, potential risk increases with larger doses. Therefore, larger than recommended doses of Fluticasone Furoate nasal spray should be avoided.
InteractionsView
Potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) may increase exposure to Fluticasone Furoate. Coadministration of ritonavir is not recommended. Use caution with coadministration of other potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ketoconazole.
Special instruction: Patients should be instructed that the device must be primed: before first use, and if the cap is left off or if the device does not seem to be working or if the nasal spray has not been used for 30 days or more. In order to prime the device, the nasal spray needs to be shaken vigorously for about 10 seconds with the cap on. The patient must then press the button firmly all the way in, approximately 6 times until a fine mist is seen. Once primed, the patient must shake the nasal spray vigorously each time before use.
Special instruction: Patients should be instructed that the device must be primed: before first use, and if the cap is left off or if the device does not seem to be working or if the nasal spray has not been used for 30 days or more. In order to prime the device, the nasal spray needs to be shaken vigorously for about 10 seconds with the cap on. The patient must then press the button firmly all the way in, approximately 6 times until a fine mist is seen. Once primed, the patient must shake the nasal spray vigorously each time before use.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Use in pregnancy: Pregnancy category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Fluticasone Furoate nasal spray should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk of the fetus.
Use in lactation: It is not known whether Fluticasone Furoate is excreted in human breast milk. However, since other corticosteroids have been detected in human milk, caution should be exercised when Fluticasone Furoate is administered to a nursing woman.
Use in lactation: It is not known whether Fluticasone Furoate is excreted in human breast milk. However, since other corticosteroids have been detected in human milk, caution should be exercised when Fluticasone Furoate is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric usageView
Geriatric use: In general, dose selection for the elderly patient should be cautious, keeping in mind the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Use in hepatic impairment: Use Fluticasone Furoate with caution in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Use in renal impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with renal impairment.
Use in hepatic impairment: Use Fluticasone Furoate with caution in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Use in renal impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with renal impairment.
StorageView
Store at a temperature not exceeding 30°C. Do not refrigerate. Protect from light and moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Rhinor MR
Mizolastine
Rhinor MR
Mizolastine
Indications
Allergic conditions
Indication detailsView
Mizolastine is indicated for the symptomatic relief of the following conditions:
- Seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (hay fever)
- Perennial allergic rhinoconjunctivitis
- Urticaria
Therapeutic classView
Non-sedating antihistamines
PharmacologyView
Mizolastine, a non-sedating antihistamine, blocks histamine H1-receptors on effector cells of the GI tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract. It also has mast-cell stabilising properties.
DosageView
Adult and children above 12 years: The usual recommended dose is one 10 mg tablet daily.
Children below 12 years: Not recommended.
Children below 12 years: Not recommended.
Side effectsView
Mizolastine is well tolerated in the recommended doses. The usual side effects are dry mouth, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, drowsiness, headache, dizziness, raised liver enzymes, hypotension, tachycardia and palpitations. Bronchospasm and aggravation of asthma were reported, but in view of the high frequency of asthma in the treated patient population, a causality relationship remains uncertain.
ContraindicationsView
Mizolastine is contra-indicated in patients with clinically significant cardiac disease or a history of symptomatic arrhythmias and in patients with known or suspected QT prolongation, patients with electrolyte imbalance (particularly hypokalaemia), and in those with clinically significant bradycardia. It is also contra-indicated in patients taking other drugs that decrease its metabolism, patients with significantly impaired liver function, and in patients who are hypersensitive to the drug.
PrecautionsView
Patients should be warned that a small number of individuals may experience sedation. It is therefore advisable to determine individual response before driving or performing complicated task.
InteractionsView
Systemically administered Ketoconazole and Erythromycin, antiarrythmics e.g. Amiodarone moderately increase the plasma concentration of Mizolastine. This could increase the risk of arrythmias. Concurrent use of other potent inhibitor of the cytochrome P 450 3A4 enzyme e.g. Ciclosporin should be approached with caution. No potentiation of the sedation and the alteration in performance caused by alcohol with Mizolastine has been observed.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The safety of Mizolastine for use in human pregnancy has not been established. The evaluation of experimental animal studies does not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to the development of the embryo or foetus, the course of gestation and peri and post-natal development. Mizolastine should be avoided in pregnancy (particularly the 1 st trimester). Mizolastine is excreted into breast milk, therefore it is not recommended during lactation.
Overdose effectsView
In cases of overdosage, general symptomatic surveillance with cardiac monitoring including QT interval and cardiac rhythm for at least 24 hours is recommended, along with standard measures to remove any unabsorbed drug. Studies in patients with renal insufficiency suggest that haemodialysis does not increase clearance of the drug.
StorageView
Store in a cool & dry place. Protect from light. It should be kept out of the reach of children.
Rhinozol
Xylometazoline Hydrochloride
Rhinozol
Xylometazoline Hydrochloride
Indications
Sinusitis
Indication detailsView
Xylometazoline is indicated in-
- Nasal congestion in colds, rhinitis, sinusitis, headache.
- Tubal block and serous otitis media associated with nasal congestion.
Therapeutic classView
Nasal Anti-histamine preparations
PharmacologyView
Nasal congestion is caused by various etiologies, such as rhinosinusitis and allergic or non-allergic rhinitis, leading to congestion of the venous sinusoids lining the nasal mucosa. Activation of α-adrenergic receptors leads to vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the nasal mucosa and resumption of nasal airflow. As the most abundantly expressed in the human nasal mucosa, α1A- and α2B-adrenoceptors may play the most important role in vasoconstriction of the human nasal mucosa. Xylometazoline is a more selective agonist at α2B-adrenoceptors, with affinity at α1A-, α2A-, α2C-, α1B-, and α1D-adrenoceptors. Xylometazoline decreases nasal resistance during inspiration and expiration and increases the volume of nasal airflow. Compared to oxymetazoline, another imidazoline nasal decongestant, xylometazoline had a slightly faster onset of action although they had a similar duration of action. In one study, subjects with nasal congestion reported relief of earache and sore throat in addition to nasal decongestion: it is speculated that oxymetazoline mediates this effect by causing vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa that contains the venous sinuses and nasal decongestion allows breathing through the nose, providing relief from sore throat caused by mouth breathing that dries and irritates the throat.
DosageView
Adults: Xylometazoline 0.1%: 2 or 3 drops in each nostril two to three times daily. Xylometazoline 0.1% should not be used for children under the age of 12 years.
Children 6 to 12 years of age: Xylometazoline 0.05%: 2 or 3 drops in each nostril two or three times daily.
Children less than 6 years of age: Xylometazoline 0.05%: 1 drop in each nostril two or three times daily.
Infants less than 3 months: Not to be used in infants less than 3 months.
Children 6 to 12 years of age: Xylometazoline 0.05%: 2 or 3 drops in each nostril two or three times daily.
Children less than 6 years of age: Xylometazoline 0.05%: 1 drop in each nostril two or three times daily.
Infants less than 3 months: Not to be used in infants less than 3 months.
Side effectsView
The following side-effects have occasionally been encountered:
- A burning sensation in the nose and throat
- Local irritation
- Nausea and dryness of the nasal mucosa.
ContraindicationsView
Xylometazoline nasal drops is contraindicated in patients with transsphenoidal hypophysectomy or surgery exposing the dura mater. It is also contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to Xylometazoline. Each Xylometazoline nasal drop should be used by one person only to prevent any cross-infection. Patients are advised not to take decongestants for more than seven consecutive days.
PrecautionsView
Xylometazoline Hydrochloride nasal drops for adults (0.1%) should not be used for children below 12 years. Drops should not be used for long time in cases with chronic rhinitis. Prolonged use of the drops may cause rebound congestion and drug induced rhinitis.
InteractionsView
No drug interactions have been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy category C. Xylometazoline should not be used during pregnancy. The use of Otrivin while breastfeeding should only take place on the instructions of a doctor.
StorageView
Protect from light. For reasons of hygiene, do not use the bottle more than 28 days after opening it.
Rhinozol
Xylometazoline Hydrochloride
Rhinozol
Xylometazoline Hydrochloride
Indications
Sinusitis
Indication detailsView
Xylometazoline is indicated in-
- Nasal congestion in colds, rhinitis, sinusitis, headache.
- Tubal block and serous otitis media associated with nasal congestion.
Therapeutic classView
Nasal Anti-histamine preparations
PharmacologyView
Nasal congestion is caused by various etiologies, such as rhinosinusitis and allergic or non-allergic rhinitis, leading to congestion of the venous sinusoids lining the nasal mucosa. Activation of α-adrenergic receptors leads to vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the nasal mucosa and resumption of nasal airflow. As the most abundantly expressed in the human nasal mucosa, α1A- and α2B-adrenoceptors may play the most important role in vasoconstriction of the human nasal mucosa. Xylometazoline is a more selective agonist at α2B-adrenoceptors, with affinity at α1A-, α2A-, α2C-, α1B-, and α1D-adrenoceptors. Xylometazoline decreases nasal resistance during inspiration and expiration and increases the volume of nasal airflow. Compared to oxymetazoline, another imidazoline nasal decongestant, xylometazoline had a slightly faster onset of action although they had a similar duration of action. In one study, subjects with nasal congestion reported relief of earache and sore throat in addition to nasal decongestion: it is speculated that oxymetazoline mediates this effect by causing vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa that contains the venous sinuses and nasal decongestion allows breathing through the nose, providing relief from sore throat caused by mouth breathing that dries and irritates the throat.
DosageView
Adults: Xylometazoline 0.1%: 2 or 3 drops in each nostril two to three times daily. Xylometazoline 0.1% should not be used for children under the age of 12 years.
Children 6 to 12 years of age: Xylometazoline 0.05%: 2 or 3 drops in each nostril two or three times daily.
Children less than 6 years of age: Xylometazoline 0.05%: 1 drop in each nostril two or three times daily.
Infants less than 3 months: Not to be used in infants less than 3 months.
Children 6 to 12 years of age: Xylometazoline 0.05%: 2 or 3 drops in each nostril two or three times daily.
Children less than 6 years of age: Xylometazoline 0.05%: 1 drop in each nostril two or three times daily.
Infants less than 3 months: Not to be used in infants less than 3 months.
Side effectsView
The following side-effects have occasionally been encountered:
- A burning sensation in the nose and throat
- Local irritation
- Nausea and dryness of the nasal mucosa.
ContraindicationsView
Xylometazoline nasal drops is contraindicated in patients with transsphenoidal hypophysectomy or surgery exposing the dura mater. It is also contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to Xylometazoline. Each Xylometazoline nasal drop should be used by one person only to prevent any cross-infection. Patients are advised not to take decongestants for more than seven consecutive days.
PrecautionsView
Xylometazoline Hydrochloride nasal drops for adults (0.1%) should not be used for children below 12 years. Drops should not be used for long time in cases with chronic rhinitis. Prolonged use of the drops may cause rebound congestion and drug induced rhinitis.
InteractionsView
No drug interactions have been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy category C. Xylometazoline should not be used during pregnancy. The use of Otrivin while breastfeeding should only take place on the instructions of a doctor.
StorageView
Protect from light. For reasons of hygiene, do not use the bottle more than 28 days after opening it.
Rhitin
Ebastine
Rhitin
Ebastine
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
Ebastine is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of:
- Seasonal and Perennial Allergic Rhinitis.
- Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria.
Therapeutic classView
Non-sedating antihistamines
PharmacologyView
Ebastine is a long-acting and selective H1-histamine receptor antagonist. After repeated administration, inhibition of peripheral receptors remains at a constant level. Ebastine is rapidly absorbed and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism following oral administration. Ebastine is almost totally converted to the pharmacologically active acid metabolite, carebastine.
DosageView
Tablet:
- Adults (more than 12 years of age): 10 mg (one tablet) once daily.
- Children (6-12 years of age): 5 mg (half tablet) once daily.
- Children (2-5 years of age): 2.5 ml once daily (upto 5 ml in severe cases such as Perennial Allergic Rhinitis).
- Children (6-12 years of age): 5 ml once daily (upto 10 ml in severe cases such as Perennial Allergic Rhinitis).
Side effectsView
The most common side-effects are headache, dry mouth and drowsiness. Less commonly reported side effects include abdominal pain, dyspepsia, nausea and insomnia.
ContraindicationsView
Patients with a known hypersensitivity to Ebastine or any of its ingredients.
InteractionsView
Ebastine in combination with either ketoconazole or erythromycin increases in plasma level of ebastine and prolonged QTc interval. Ebastine does not interact with the pharmacokinetics of theophylline, warfarin, cimetidine, diazepam or alcohol. The sedation effect of alcohol and diazepam may be enhanced.
Overdose effectsView
No clinically meaningful signs or symptoms were observed up to 100 mg given once daily. There is no specific antidote for Ebastine. In case of accidental overdoses, gastric lavage, monitoring of vital functions including ECG and symptomatic treatment should be carried out.
StorageView
Store below 30°C at a cool and dry place, away from light. Keep out of reach of children
RhoGAM
Human Anti-D Immunoglobulins
RhoGAM
Human Anti-D Immunoglobulins
Indications
Rhesus disease
Indication detailsView
Pregnancy and Other Obstetrical Conditions in Rh-Negative Women, Unless the Father or Baby are Conclusively Rh Negative:
- Pregnancy/delivery of an Rh-positive baby irrespective of the ABO groups of the mother and baby
- Abortion/threatened abortion at any stage of gestation
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Antepartum fetal-maternal hemorrhage (suspected or proven) resulting from antepartum hemorrhage (e.g., placenta previa), amniocentesis, chorionic villussampling, percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, other obstetrical manipulative procedure (e.g., version) or abdominal trauma
- Transfusion of Rh incompatible blood or blood products
Therapeutic classView
Vaccines, Anti-sera & Immunoglobulin
PharmacologyView
Anti-D immunoglobulin prevents a rhesus-negative mother from actively forming antibodies to foetal rhesus-positive RBCs that may pass into the maternal circulation during childbirth, abortion, or certain other sensitising events. It is also used in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura to prevent excessive bleeding.
DosageView
One dose 250 mcg should be given IM immediately or as soon as possible after delivery, or abortion of a Rh-positive child, preferably within 48 hours, but not later than 72 hours post-partum.
Following any potentially sensitizing episode (e.g stillbirth, amniocentesis) up to 20 weeks of gestation 125 mcg per episode (after 20 weeks of gestation, 250 mcg) immediately or within 72 hours.
For antenatal prophylaxis 250 mcg should be given in week 28 & also week 34 of pregnancy. The injection must only be given deep intramuscularly. Do not inject intravenously.
Following any potentially sensitizing episode (e.g stillbirth, amniocentesis) up to 20 weeks of gestation 125 mcg per episode (after 20 weeks of gestation, 250 mcg) immediately or within 72 hours.
For antenatal prophylaxis 250 mcg should be given in week 28 & also week 34 of pregnancy. The injection must only be given deep intramuscularly. Do not inject intravenously.
Side effectsView
Hypersensitivity reactions such as hives, wheezing, urticaria, Pain and tenderness at inj site. Fever, chills, nausea, facial flushing, headache.
ContraindicationsView
Splenectomised or rhesus-negative patients, in whom the resultant haemolysis may exacerbate pre-existing anaemia. Hypersensitivity.
PrecautionsView
For postpartum usage, it is to be used only for maternal admin. Not for rhesus-positive individuals. Patients should be observed for 20 minutes after admin.
InteractionsView
Live vaccines should only be admin at least 3 mth after the last dose of immunoglobulin admin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the foetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.
StorageView
Should be stored in cool and dry place.