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    Nokof

    Carbocisteine
    Syrup 125 mg/5 ml Allopathic Cough expectorants & mucolytics

    Indications

    Mucolytic

    Indication detailsView
    Carbocisteine is indicated for- Acute bronchitis, Chronic bronchitis, Bronchial asthma, Upper respiratory tract inflammation (pharyngitis, laryngitis), Cystic fibrosis Bronchiectasis, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Drainage in chronic sinusitis and pneumonia, Drainage in otitis media in children.
    Therapeutic classView
    Cough expectorants & mucolytics
    PharmacologyView
    Carbocisteine reduces goblet cell hyperplasia and therefore plays a role in the management of disorders characterised by abnormal mucous. Carbocisteine loosens thick sputum effectively by reducing its viscosity and thereby helps to expectorate that mucus more easily from the respiratory tract. The mucolytic action happens in several mechanisms. It breaks the disulphide bonds, which cross-link certain glycoprotein molecules in the mucus, the mucus produced under the influence of Carbocisteine has high sialomucin and low fucomucin content. This combined effect ultimately reduces the viscosity of the sputum and increases its volume.
    DosageView
    Adult: Initially, 2.25 g daily in divided doses, then 1.5 g daily in divided doses as condition improves.
    Child: 2-5 year: 62.5-125 mg 4 times daily; 6-12 year 250 mg tid.

    Should be taken with food.
    Side effectsView
    Gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal bleeding, palpitation, dizziness, headache, heartburn and skin rash may occur.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in active peptic ulceration and in patients with hypersensitivity to the drug.
    PrecautionsView
    No specific precaution is recommended but Carbocisteine should be used with caution in patients with a recent history of peptic ulcer and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding.
    InteractionsView
    Neither hazardous nor therapeutically useful interactions have been reported.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    There is no information on the use of Carbocisteine during lactation. While there are no reports of teratogenic effects, the manufacturers do not recommend the use of Carbocisteine in the first trimester.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms: GI disturbance.
    Management: May perform gastric lavage, followed by observation.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool and dry place protected from light.

    Nokof DS

    Carbocisteine
    Syrup 250 mg/5 ml Allopathic Cough expectorants & mucolytics

    Indications

    Mucolytic

    Indication detailsView
    Carbocisteine is indicated for- Acute bronchitis, Chronic bronchitis, Bronchial asthma, Upper respiratory tract inflammation (pharyngitis, laryngitis), Cystic fibrosis Bronchiectasis, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Drainage in chronic sinusitis and pneumonia, Drainage in otitis media in children.
    Therapeutic classView
    Cough expectorants & mucolytics
    PharmacologyView
    Carbocisteine reduces goblet cell hyperplasia and therefore plays a role in the management of disorders characterised by abnormal mucous. Carbocisteine loosens thick sputum effectively by reducing its viscosity and thereby helps to expectorate that mucus more easily from the respiratory tract. The mucolytic action happens in several mechanisms. It breaks the disulphide bonds, which cross-link certain glycoprotein molecules in the mucus, the mucus produced under the influence of Carbocisteine has high sialomucin and low fucomucin content. This combined effect ultimately reduces the viscosity of the sputum and increases its volume.
    DosageView
    Adult: Initially, 2.25 g daily in divided doses, then 1.5 g daily in divided doses as condition improves.
    Child: 2-5 year: 62.5-125 mg 4 times daily; 6-12 year 250 mg tid.

    Should be taken with food.
    Side effectsView
    Gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal bleeding, palpitation, dizziness, headache, heartburn and skin rash may occur.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in active peptic ulceration and in patients with hypersensitivity to the drug.
    PrecautionsView
    No specific precaution is recommended but Carbocisteine should be used with caution in patients with a recent history of peptic ulcer and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding.
    InteractionsView
    Neither hazardous nor therapeutically useful interactions have been reported.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    There is no information on the use of Carbocisteine during lactation. While there are no reports of teratogenic effects, the manufacturers do not recommend the use of Carbocisteine in the first trimester.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms: GI disturbance.
    Management: May perform gastric lavage, followed by observation.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool and dry place protected from light.

    Nolargy

    Fexofenadine Hydrochloride
    Tablet 120 mg Allopathic Non-sedating antihistamines

    Indications

    Urticaria

    Indication detailsView
    Fexofenadine Hydrochloride is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis in adults and children. It is also indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria.
    Therapeutic classView
    Non-sedating antihistamines
    PharmacologyView
    Fexofenadine Hydrochloride is an antihistamine with selective peripheral H1-receptor antagonist activity. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and peak plasma concentration is reached in 2-3 hours. It does not appear to cross the blood brain barrier.
    DosageView
    Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis-

    Adults and children 12 years and older:
    • Tablet: 60 mg twice daily or 120 mg once daily or 180 mg once daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 60 mg once daily
    Children from 6 to 11 years:
    • Tablet: 30 mg twice daily or 60 mg once daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg once daily
    Children from 2 to 11 years
    • Suspension: 30 mg or 5 ml twice daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg or 5 ml once daily


    Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria-

    Adults and children 12 years and older:
    • Tablet: 60 mg twice daily or 120 mg once daily or 180 mg once daily 
    • In case of impaired renal function: 60 mg once daily
    Children from 6 to 11 years:
    • Tablet: 30 mg twice daily or 60 mg once daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg once daily
    Children from 6 months to less than 2 years:
    • Suspension: 15 mg or 2.5 ml (1/2 tsp) twice daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 15 mg or 2.5 ml (1/2 tsp) once daily
    Children from 2 to 11 years:
    • Suspension: 30 mg or 5 ml (1 tsp) twice daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg or 5 ml (1 tsp) once daily

    Side effectsView
    Common side effects are headache, fatigue, drowsiness, nausea, dry mouth and gastrointestinal disturbances.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to Fexofenadine Hydrochloride or any of its ingredients.
    PrecautionsView
    Caution should be exercised in elderly patient and patient with decreased renal function.
    InteractionsView
    Plasma concentration of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride have been increased when given with erythromycin or ketoconazole. Aluminium and magnesium hydroxide containing antacid reduces the absorption of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA pregnancy category of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride is C. So, Fexofenadine Hydrochloride should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
    Overdose effectsView
    In case of an overdose, standard measures to remove any unabsorbed drug should be employed. Symptomatic and supportive treatment is recommended. There has been no reported case of an acute overdose of Fexofenadine hydrochloride.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Nolargy

    Fexofenadine Hydrochloride
    Oral Suspension 30 mg/5 ml Allopathic Non-sedating antihistamines

    Indications

    Urticaria

    Indication detailsView
    Fexofenadine Hydrochloride is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis in adults and children. It is also indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria.
    Therapeutic classView
    Non-sedating antihistamines
    PharmacologyView
    Fexofenadine Hydrochloride is an antihistamine with selective peripheral H1-receptor antagonist activity. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and peak plasma concentration is reached in 2-3 hours. It does not appear to cross the blood brain barrier.
    DosageView
    Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis-

    Adults and children 12 years and older:
    • Tablet: 60 mg twice daily or 120 mg once daily or 180 mg once daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 60 mg once daily
    Children from 6 to 11 years:
    • Tablet: 30 mg twice daily or 60 mg once daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg once daily
    Children from 2 to 11 years
    • Suspension: 30 mg or 5 ml twice daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg or 5 ml once daily


    Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria-

    Adults and children 12 years and older:
    • Tablet: 60 mg twice daily or 120 mg once daily or 180 mg once daily 
    • In case of impaired renal function: 60 mg once daily
    Children from 6 to 11 years:
    • Tablet: 30 mg twice daily or 60 mg once daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg once daily
    Children from 6 months to less than 2 years:
    • Suspension: 15 mg or 2.5 ml (1/2 tsp) twice daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 15 mg or 2.5 ml (1/2 tsp) once daily
    Children from 2 to 11 years:
    • Suspension: 30 mg or 5 ml (1 tsp) twice daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg or 5 ml (1 tsp) once daily

    Side effectsView
    Common side effects are headache, fatigue, drowsiness, nausea, dry mouth and gastrointestinal disturbances.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to Fexofenadine Hydrochloride or any of its ingredients.
    PrecautionsView
    Caution should be exercised in elderly patient and patient with decreased renal function.
    InteractionsView
    Plasma concentration of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride have been increased when given with erythromycin or ketoconazole. Aluminium and magnesium hydroxide containing antacid reduces the absorption of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA pregnancy category of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride is C. So, Fexofenadine Hydrochloride should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
    Overdose effectsView
    In case of an overdose, standard measures to remove any unabsorbed drug should be employed. Symptomatic and supportive treatment is recommended. There has been no reported case of an acute overdose of Fexofenadine hydrochloride.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Nolargy

    Fexofenadine Hydrochloride
    Tablet 180 mg Allopathic Non-sedating antihistamines

    Indications

    Urticaria

    Indication detailsView
    Fexofenadine Hydrochloride is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis in adults and children. It is also indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria.
    Therapeutic classView
    Non-sedating antihistamines
    PharmacologyView
    Fexofenadine Hydrochloride is an antihistamine with selective peripheral H1-receptor antagonist activity. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and peak plasma concentration is reached in 2-3 hours. It does not appear to cross the blood brain barrier.
    DosageView
    Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis-

    Adults and children 12 years and older:
    • Tablet: 60 mg twice daily or 120 mg once daily or 180 mg once daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 60 mg once daily
    Children from 6 to 11 years:
    • Tablet: 30 mg twice daily or 60 mg once daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg once daily
    Children from 2 to 11 years
    • Suspension: 30 mg or 5 ml twice daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg or 5 ml once daily


    Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria-

    Adults and children 12 years and older:
    • Tablet: 60 mg twice daily or 120 mg once daily or 180 mg once daily 
    • In case of impaired renal function: 60 mg once daily
    Children from 6 to 11 years:
    • Tablet: 30 mg twice daily or 60 mg once daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg once daily
    Children from 6 months to less than 2 years:
    • Suspension: 15 mg or 2.5 ml (1/2 tsp) twice daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 15 mg or 2.5 ml (1/2 tsp) once daily
    Children from 2 to 11 years:
    • Suspension: 30 mg or 5 ml (1 tsp) twice daily
    • In case of impaired renal function: 30 mg or 5 ml (1 tsp) once daily

    Side effectsView
    Common side effects are headache, fatigue, drowsiness, nausea, dry mouth and gastrointestinal disturbances.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to Fexofenadine Hydrochloride or any of its ingredients.
    PrecautionsView
    Caution should be exercised in elderly patient and patient with decreased renal function.
    InteractionsView
    Plasma concentration of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride have been increased when given with erythromycin or ketoconazole. Aluminium and magnesium hydroxide containing antacid reduces the absorption of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA pregnancy category of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride is C. So, Fexofenadine Hydrochloride should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
    Overdose effectsView
    In case of an overdose, standard measures to remove any unabsorbed drug should be employed. Symptomatic and supportive treatment is recommended. There has been no reported case of an acute overdose of Fexofenadine hydrochloride.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Noler

    Cetirizine Hydrochloride
    Tablet 10 mg Allopathic Sedating Anti-histamine

    Indications

    Urticaria

    Indication detailsView
    It is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal & perennial allergic rhinitis. It is also indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergen induced asthma.
    Therapeutic classView
    Sedating Anti-histamine
    PharmacologyView
    Cetirizine Hydrochloride is a potent H1 receptor antagonist without any significant anticholinergic and antiserotonic effects. At pharmacologically active dose levels, it has almost no drowsiness effect and does not cause behavioral changes. It inhibits the histamine-mediated early phase of the allergic reaction and also reduces the migration of inflammatory cells and the release of mediators associated with the late phase of the allergic reaction.

    Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
    DosageView
    Adults and Children 6 years and older: 1 tablet or 2 teaspoonfuls daily (or 1 teaspoonful twice daily).

    Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.

    Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
    Side effectsView
    The most common side effects that occurred more frequently on Cetirizine is somnolence.
    ContraindicationsView
    It is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to Cetirizine or hydroxyzine.
    PrecautionsView
    Caution should be exercised when driving a car or operating a heavy machinery.
    InteractionsView
    No clinically significant drug interactions have been found with Theophylline, Azithromycin, Pseudoephedrine, Ketoconazole or Erythromycin and with other drugs.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA Pregnancy Category of Cetirizine Hydrochloride is B. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Cetirizine Hydrochloride has been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Cetirizine Hydrochloride is administered to a nursing woman.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Nomark

    Adapalene + Benzoyl peroxide
    Gel 0.1%+2.5% Allopathic Topical retinoid and related preparations

    Indications

    Acne vulgaris

    Indication detailsView
    Adapalene & Benzoyl peroxide gel is indicated for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in patients 12 years of age and older.
    Therapeutic classView
    Topical retinoid and related preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Adapalene & Benzoyl peroxide gel is indicated for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in patients 12 years of age and older. Adapalene binds to specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors but does not bind to cytosolic receptor protein. Biochemical and pharmacological profile studies have demonstrated that Adapalene is a modulator of cellular differentiation, keratinization and inflammatory processes. Adapalene binds with specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors that normalize the differentiation of follicular epithelial cells resulting in decreased microcomedone formation. Benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizing agent with bacteriocidal and keratolytic effects.
    DosageView
    Apply a thin film of Adapalene & Benzoyl peroxide gel to affected areas of the face and/or trunk once daily after washing. Use a pea-sized amount for each area of the face (e.g., forehead, chin, each cheek). Avoid the eyes, lips and mucous membranes. Adapalene & Benzoyl peroxide is not for oral, ophthalmic, or intravaginal use.

    Pediatric use: The safety and effectiveness of Adapalene and Benzoyl peroxide gel in pediatric patients under the age of 12 years have not been established.
    Side effectsView
    Erythema, scaling, dryness, and stinging/ burning may occur. Most commonly reported adverse events are dry skin, contact dermatitis, application site burning, application site irritation, and skin irritation.
    ContraindicationsView
    Should not be administered to individuals who are hypersensitive to any of its component.
    PrecautionsView
    Avoid exposure to sunlight and sunlamps. Wear sunscreen when sun exposure cannot be avoided.
    InteractionsView
    Concomitant topical acne therapy should be used with caution because a possible cumulative irritancy effect may occur, especially with the use of peeling, desquamating, or abrasive agents. No formal drug-drug interaction studies were conducted.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    There are no well-controlled trials in pregnant women treated with Adapalene and Benzoyl peroxide. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with the combination gel or Benzoyl peroxide. Furthermore, such studies are not always predictive of human response; therefore, this preparation should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. It is not known whether Adapalene or Benzoyl peroxide is excreted in human milk following use. Caution should be exercised when administered to a nursing woman.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool (below 25°C) and dry place protected from light and moisture. Keep out of the reach of children. Keep the tube tightly closed after use.

    Nomesis

    Meclizine + Pyridoxine
    Tablet 25 mg+50 mg Allopathic Anti-emetic drugs

    Indications

    Pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting

    Indication detailsView
    Prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, motion sickness, radiation sickness and vertigo associated with diseases of the vestibular system (e.g. Meniere's syndrome, labyrinthitis and other vestibular disturbances).
    Therapeutic classView
    Anti-emetic drugs
    PharmacologyView
    Meclizine is a piperazine-derivative antihistamine that is used as an antiemetic. It has antiemetic, anticholinergic and antihistaminic properties. It reduces the sensitivity of the labyrinthine apparatus. The action may be mediated through nerve pathways to the vomiting center (VC) from the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), peripheral nerve pathways, the VC, or other CNS centers. Pyridoxine is vitamin B-6. It has been added to enhance the anti-emetic effects & as a dietary suppliment.
    DosageView
    Adult and Children 12 years of age & over:
    • Nausea and vomiting: 25-50 mg daily or as directed by a physician.
    • Motion sickness: Take an initial dose of 25-50 mg, 1 hour prior to travel. May repeat the dose every 24 hours for the duration of the journey.
    • Radiation sickness: 50 mg administered 2-12 hours prior to radiation treatment.
    • Vertigo: 25-100 mg daily in divided doses.
    • Prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emergency contraceptive pill (ECP): 25-50 mg, 1 hour before first ECP dose; repeat if needed in 24 hours.
    The safety and efficacy for use in children less than 12 years of age have not been established.
    Side effectsView
    Drowsiness, dry mouth and, on rare occasions, blurred vision have been reported.
    ContraindicationsView
    Meclizine Hydrochloride and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to these ingredients.
    PrecautionsView
    Patients should be warned that Meclizine Hydrochloride may impair their ability to perform hazardous activities requiring mental alertness or physical coordination (e.g., operating machinery, driving a motor vehicle). Patients should avoid alcoholic beverages while taking this drug. Due to its potential anticholinergic action, this drug should be used with caution in patients with asthma, glaucoma or enlargement of the prostate gland.
    InteractionsView
    The CNS depressant effects of Meclizine can be potentiated by concurrent use of Ethanol or other CNS depressant agents such as Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Tricyclic antidepressants, opiate agonists, skeletal muscle relaxants and antihistamines. Concurrent use of other anticholinergics can potentiate the anticholinergic effects of Meclizine. Meclizine can increase the absorption of digoxin by decreasing gastrointestinal motility.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy Category B. Large-scale human studies have not demonstrated adverse fetal effects. It has been suggested that based on available data, Meclizine presents the lowest risk of teratogenicity and is the drug of first choice in treating nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Safety for use in the nursing mother has not been established.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms: Extreme excitability, seizures, drowsiness and hallucinations.
    Treatment: Appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment. Consider dialysis
    StorageView
    Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Nomi

    Zolmitriptan
    Nasal Spray 2.5 mg/spray Allopathic 5-HT Agonists

    Indications

    Migraines

    Indication detailsView
    Zolmitriptan is indicated for the acute treatment of migraines with or without aura in adults.
    Therapeutic classView
    5-HT Agonists
    PharmacologyView
    Migraines are likely due to local cranial vasodilatation and/or to the release of sensory neuropeptides through nerve endings in the trigeminal system. The therapeutic activity of Zolmitriptan for the treatment of migraine headache is thought to be due to the agonist effects at the 5-HT1B/1D receptors on intracranial blood vessels and sensory nerves of the trigeminal system which results in cranial vessel constriction and inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release.
    DosageView
    Tablet: The recommended starting dose of Zolmitriptan is 2.5 mg tablet. Maximum recommended single dose is 5 mg. If the migraine has not resolved by 2 hours after taking Zolmitriptan, or returns after a transient improvement, a second dose may be administered at least 2 hours after the first dose. The maximum daily dose is 10 mg in any 24-hours period.

    Nasal Spray: Administer one dose of Zolmitriptan Nasal Spray 5 mg for the treatment of acute migraine. If the headache returns the dose may be repeated after 2 hours. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 10 mg in any 24-hour period. In controlled clinical trials, single doses of 5 mg zolmitriptan nasal spray were administered into one nostril and were effective for the treatment of acute migraines in adults. Individuals may vary in response to Zolmitriptan Nasal Spray. The pharmacokinetics of a 5 mg nasal spray dose is similar to the 5 mg oral formulations. Doses lower than 5 mg can only be achieved through the use of an oral formulation. The choice of dose, and route of administration should therefore be made on an individual basis. The effectiveness of a second dose has not been established in placebo-controlled trials. The safety of treating an average of more than four headaches in a 30 day period has not been established.
    Side effectsView
    Most common adverse reactions were neck/throat/jaw pain or pressure, dizziness, paresthesia, asthenia, somnolence, warm/cold sensation, nausea, heaviness sensation, and dry mouth.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in patients with ischemic coronary artery disease, history of stroke, concurrent or recent use of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and known hypersensitivity to Zolmitriptan.
    PrecautionsView
    There have been rare reports of serious cardiac adverse reactions, including acute myocardial infarction, occurring within a few hours following administration. Sensations of tightness, pain, and pressure may occur in the chest, throat, neck, and jaw after treatment with Zolmitriptan.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy Category C. Zolmitriptan should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. It is not known whether Zolmitriptan is excreted in human milk. A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    Pediatric Use: Not recommended for use in patients under 18 years of age.
    StorageView
    Protect from light and moisture, store below 30°C. Keep the medicine out of the reach of children.

    Nomi

    Zolmitriptan
    Tablet 2.5 mg Allopathic 5-HT Agonists

    Indications

    Migraines

    Indication detailsView
    Zolmitriptan is indicated for the acute treatment of migraines with or without aura in adults.
    Therapeutic classView
    5-HT Agonists
    PharmacologyView
    Migraines are likely due to local cranial vasodilatation and/or to the release of sensory neuropeptides through nerve endings in the trigeminal system. The therapeutic activity of Zolmitriptan for the treatment of migraine headache is thought to be due to the agonist effects at the 5-HT1B/1D receptors on intracranial blood vessels and sensory nerves of the trigeminal system which results in cranial vessel constriction and inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release.
    DosageView
    Tablet: The recommended starting dose of Zolmitriptan is 2.5 mg tablet. Maximum recommended single dose is 5 mg. If the migraine has not resolved by 2 hours after taking Zolmitriptan, or returns after a transient improvement, a second dose may be administered at least 2 hours after the first dose. The maximum daily dose is 10 mg in any 24-hours period.

    Nasal Spray: Administer one dose of Zolmitriptan Nasal Spray 5 mg for the treatment of acute migraine. If the headache returns the dose may be repeated after 2 hours. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 10 mg in any 24-hour period. In controlled clinical trials, single doses of 5 mg zolmitriptan nasal spray were administered into one nostril and were effective for the treatment of acute migraines in adults. Individuals may vary in response to Zolmitriptan Nasal Spray. The pharmacokinetics of a 5 mg nasal spray dose is similar to the 5 mg oral formulations. Doses lower than 5 mg can only be achieved through the use of an oral formulation. The choice of dose, and route of administration should therefore be made on an individual basis. The effectiveness of a second dose has not been established in placebo-controlled trials. The safety of treating an average of more than four headaches in a 30 day period has not been established.
    Side effectsView
    Most common adverse reactions were neck/throat/jaw pain or pressure, dizziness, paresthesia, asthenia, somnolence, warm/cold sensation, nausea, heaviness sensation, and dry mouth.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in patients with ischemic coronary artery disease, history of stroke, concurrent or recent use of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and known hypersensitivity to Zolmitriptan.
    PrecautionsView
    There have been rare reports of serious cardiac adverse reactions, including acute myocardial infarction, occurring within a few hours following administration. Sensations of tightness, pain, and pressure may occur in the chest, throat, neck, and jaw after treatment with Zolmitriptan.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy Category C. Zolmitriptan should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. It is not known whether Zolmitriptan is excreted in human milk. A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    Pediatric Use: Not recommended for use in patients under 18 years of age.
    StorageView
    Protect from light and moisture, store below 30°C. Keep the medicine out of the reach of children.

    Nomiten

    Zolmitriptan
    Tablet 2.5 mg Allopathic 5-HT Agonists

    Indications

    Migraines

    Indication detailsView
    Zolmitriptan is indicated for the acute treatment of migraines with or without aura in adults.
    Therapeutic classView
    5-HT Agonists
    PharmacologyView
    Migraines are likely due to local cranial vasodilatation and/or to the release of sensory neuropeptides through nerve endings in the trigeminal system. The therapeutic activity of Zolmitriptan for the treatment of migraine headache is thought to be due to the agonist effects at the 5-HT1B/1D receptors on intracranial blood vessels and sensory nerves of the trigeminal system which results in cranial vessel constriction and inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release.
    DosageView
    Tablet: The recommended starting dose of Zolmitriptan is 2.5 mg tablet. Maximum recommended single dose is 5 mg. If the migraine has not resolved by 2 hours after taking Zolmitriptan, or returns after a transient improvement, a second dose may be administered at least 2 hours after the first dose. The maximum daily dose is 10 mg in any 24-hours period.

    Nasal Spray: Administer one dose of Zolmitriptan Nasal Spray 5 mg for the treatment of acute migraine. If the headache returns the dose may be repeated after 2 hours. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 10 mg in any 24-hour period. In controlled clinical trials, single doses of 5 mg zolmitriptan nasal spray were administered into one nostril and were effective for the treatment of acute migraines in adults. Individuals may vary in response to Zolmitriptan Nasal Spray. The pharmacokinetics of a 5 mg nasal spray dose is similar to the 5 mg oral formulations. Doses lower than 5 mg can only be achieved through the use of an oral formulation. The choice of dose, and route of administration should therefore be made on an individual basis. The effectiveness of a second dose has not been established in placebo-controlled trials. The safety of treating an average of more than four headaches in a 30 day period has not been established.
    Side effectsView
    Most common adverse reactions were neck/throat/jaw pain or pressure, dizziness, paresthesia, asthenia, somnolence, warm/cold sensation, nausea, heaviness sensation, and dry mouth.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in patients with ischemic coronary artery disease, history of stroke, concurrent or recent use of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and known hypersensitivity to Zolmitriptan.
    PrecautionsView
    There have been rare reports of serious cardiac adverse reactions, including acute myocardial infarction, occurring within a few hours following administration. Sensations of tightness, pain, and pressure may occur in the chest, throat, neck, and jaw after treatment with Zolmitriptan.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy Category C. Zolmitriptan should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. It is not known whether Zolmitriptan is excreted in human milk. A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    Pediatric Use: Not recommended for use in patients under 18 years of age.
    StorageView
    Protect from light and moisture, store below 30°C. Keep the medicine out of the reach of children.

    Nomopil

    Repaglinide
    Tablet 2 mg Allopathic Meglitinide Analogues

    Indications

    Type 2 DM

    Indication detailsView
    Repaglinide is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to lower the blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) whose hyperglycemia cannot be controlled satisfactorily by diet and exercise alone. It is also indicated for use in combination with Metformin to lower blood glucose in patients whose hyperglycemia cannot be controlled by exercise, diet, and either Repaglinide or Metformin alone.
    Therapeutic classView
    Meglitinide Analogues
    PharmacologyView
    Repaglinide binds to specific receptors in the cell membrane leading to the closure of ATP dependent K+ channels and the depolarisation of cell membrane. This in turn, leads to Ca++ influx, increased intracellular Ca++ and the stimulation of insulin secretion.
    DosageView
    • For patients not previously treated or whose HbA1c is <8%, the starting dose should be 0.5 mg before each meal.
    • For patients previously treated with blood glucose-lowering drugs and whose HbA1c is >8%, the initial dose is 1 or 2 mg before each meal.
    • Repaglinide should be taken immediately or up to 30 minutes before each meal.
    • Dosage should be adjusted according to response at intervals of 1-2 weeks; up to 4 mg may be given as a single-dose, maximum 16 mg daily.
    Side effectsView
    The most common side effects of Repaglinide are hypoglycemia and related symptoms. Others include upper respiratory tract infections, diarrhea, constipation, nausea and vomiting. Hypersensitivity reactions include rashes and urticaria.
    ContraindicationsView
    Repaglinide is contraindicated in patients with:
    • Diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma.
    • Type 1 diabetes mellitus and
    • Known hypersensitivity to the drug or its inactive ingredients.
    PrecautionsView
    Insulin should be substituted during concurrent illness (such as myocardial infarction, coma, infection, and trauma) and during surgery. All oral blood glucose-lowering drugs are capable of producing hypoglycemia. Repaglinide should be administered with meals to lessen the risk of hypoglycemia.
    InteractionsView
    The dose of Repaglinide may need to be adjusted, if taken with other medications. The possible interactions of Repaglinide with other drugs are:
    • Inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (azole antifungals and macrolides) may lead to lower Repaglinide clearance and longer half life.
    • Inducers of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (Rifampin, Phenobarbital, Carbamazepine, Troglitazone, etc.) may accelerate Repaglinide metabolism and shorten its effect.
    • Cimetidine has no significant effect on Repaglinide absorption or clearance.
    • Repaglinide has no significant effect on Digoxin, Theophyllin, or Warfarin.
    • Highly protein bound drugs (e.g., NSAIDs) may increase the plasma level of unbound Repaglinide and potentiate its glucose lowering effect. Thus, co-administration of these drugs with Repaglinide may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia.
    • The risk of hypoglycaemia may also be increased when hypoglycaemic agents are co-administered with certain drugs such as salicylates, sulphonamides, Chloramphenicol, coumarins, Probenecid, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and adrenergic blockers.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Safety in pregnant women has not been established. Repaglinide should be used during pregnancy only if it is clearly needed. It is not known whether Repaglinide is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Repaglinide, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
    Overdose effectsView
    Patients receiving up to 80 mg of Repaglinide developed few adverse effects other than lowering of blood glucose. Hypoglycemia did not occur when meals were given with these high doses. Severe hypoglycemic reactions with coma, seizure or other neurological impairment occur infrequently.
    StorageView
    Do not store above 30°C. Keep away from light and out of the reach of children.

    Nomopil

    Repaglinide
    Tablet 1 mg Allopathic Meglitinide Analogues

    Indications

    Type 2 DM

    Indication detailsView
    Repaglinide is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to lower the blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) whose hyperglycemia cannot be controlled satisfactorily by diet and exercise alone. It is also indicated for use in combination with Metformin to lower blood glucose in patients whose hyperglycemia cannot be controlled by exercise, diet, and either Repaglinide or Metformin alone.
    Therapeutic classView
    Meglitinide Analogues
    PharmacologyView
    Repaglinide binds to specific receptors in the cell membrane leading to the closure of ATP dependent K+ channels and the depolarisation of cell membrane. This in turn, leads to Ca++ influx, increased intracellular Ca++ and the stimulation of insulin secretion.
    DosageView
    • For patients not previously treated or whose HbA1c is <8%, the starting dose should be 0.5 mg before each meal.
    • For patients previously treated with blood glucose-lowering drugs and whose HbA1c is >8%, the initial dose is 1 or 2 mg before each meal.
    • Repaglinide should be taken immediately or up to 30 minutes before each meal.
    • Dosage should be adjusted according to response at intervals of 1-2 weeks; up to 4 mg may be given as a single-dose, maximum 16 mg daily.
    Side effectsView
    The most common side effects of Repaglinide are hypoglycemia and related symptoms. Others include upper respiratory tract infections, diarrhea, constipation, nausea and vomiting. Hypersensitivity reactions include rashes and urticaria.
    ContraindicationsView
    Repaglinide is contraindicated in patients with:
    • Diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma.
    • Type 1 diabetes mellitus and
    • Known hypersensitivity to the drug or its inactive ingredients.
    PrecautionsView
    Insulin should be substituted during concurrent illness (such as myocardial infarction, coma, infection, and trauma) and during surgery. All oral blood glucose-lowering drugs are capable of producing hypoglycemia. Repaglinide should be administered with meals to lessen the risk of hypoglycemia.
    InteractionsView
    The dose of Repaglinide may need to be adjusted, if taken with other medications. The possible interactions of Repaglinide with other drugs are:
    • Inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (azole antifungals and macrolides) may lead to lower Repaglinide clearance and longer half life.
    • Inducers of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (Rifampin, Phenobarbital, Carbamazepine, Troglitazone, etc.) may accelerate Repaglinide metabolism and shorten its effect.
    • Cimetidine has no significant effect on Repaglinide absorption or clearance.
    • Repaglinide has no significant effect on Digoxin, Theophyllin, or Warfarin.
    • Highly protein bound drugs (e.g., NSAIDs) may increase the plasma level of unbound Repaglinide and potentiate its glucose lowering effect. Thus, co-administration of these drugs with Repaglinide may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia.
    • The risk of hypoglycaemia may also be increased when hypoglycaemic agents are co-administered with certain drugs such as salicylates, sulphonamides, Chloramphenicol, coumarins, Probenecid, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and adrenergic blockers.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Safety in pregnant women has not been established. Repaglinide should be used during pregnancy only if it is clearly needed. It is not known whether Repaglinide is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Repaglinide, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
    Overdose effectsView
    Patients receiving up to 80 mg of Repaglinide developed few adverse effects other than lowering of blood glucose. Hypoglycemia did not occur when meals were given with these high doses. Severe hypoglycemic reactions with coma, seizure or other neurological impairment occur infrequently.
    StorageView
    Do not store above 30°C. Keep away from light and out of the reach of children.

    Nomopil

    Repaglinide
    Tablet 0.5 mg Allopathic Meglitinide Analogues

    Indications

    Type 2 DM

    Indication detailsView
    Repaglinide is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to lower the blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) whose hyperglycemia cannot be controlled satisfactorily by diet and exercise alone. It is also indicated for use in combination with Metformin to lower blood glucose in patients whose hyperglycemia cannot be controlled by exercise, diet, and either Repaglinide or Metformin alone.
    Therapeutic classView
    Meglitinide Analogues
    PharmacologyView
    Repaglinide binds to specific receptors in the cell membrane leading to the closure of ATP dependent K+ channels and the depolarisation of cell membrane. This in turn, leads to Ca++ influx, increased intracellular Ca++ and the stimulation of insulin secretion.
    DosageView
    • For patients not previously treated or whose HbA1c is <8%, the starting dose should be 0.5 mg before each meal.
    • For patients previously treated with blood glucose-lowering drugs and whose HbA1c is >8%, the initial dose is 1 or 2 mg before each meal.
    • Repaglinide should be taken immediately or up to 30 minutes before each meal.
    • Dosage should be adjusted according to response at intervals of 1-2 weeks; up to 4 mg may be given as a single-dose, maximum 16 mg daily.
    Side effectsView
    The most common side effects of Repaglinide are hypoglycemia and related symptoms. Others include upper respiratory tract infections, diarrhea, constipation, nausea and vomiting. Hypersensitivity reactions include rashes and urticaria.
    ContraindicationsView
    Repaglinide is contraindicated in patients with:
    • Diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma.
    • Type 1 diabetes mellitus and
    • Known hypersensitivity to the drug or its inactive ingredients.
    PrecautionsView
    Insulin should be substituted during concurrent illness (such as myocardial infarction, coma, infection, and trauma) and during surgery. All oral blood glucose-lowering drugs are capable of producing hypoglycemia. Repaglinide should be administered with meals to lessen the risk of hypoglycemia.
    InteractionsView
    The dose of Repaglinide may need to be adjusted, if taken with other medications. The possible interactions of Repaglinide with other drugs are:
    • Inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (azole antifungals and macrolides) may lead to lower Repaglinide clearance and longer half life.
    • Inducers of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (Rifampin, Phenobarbital, Carbamazepine, Troglitazone, etc.) may accelerate Repaglinide metabolism and shorten its effect.
    • Cimetidine has no significant effect on Repaglinide absorption or clearance.
    • Repaglinide has no significant effect on Digoxin, Theophyllin, or Warfarin.
    • Highly protein bound drugs (e.g., NSAIDs) may increase the plasma level of unbound Repaglinide and potentiate its glucose lowering effect. Thus, co-administration of these drugs with Repaglinide may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia.
    • The risk of hypoglycaemia may also be increased when hypoglycaemic agents are co-administered with certain drugs such as salicylates, sulphonamides, Chloramphenicol, coumarins, Probenecid, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and adrenergic blockers.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Safety in pregnant women has not been established. Repaglinide should be used during pregnancy only if it is clearly needed. It is not known whether Repaglinide is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Repaglinide, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
    Overdose effectsView
    Patients receiving up to 80 mg of Repaglinide developed few adverse effects other than lowering of blood glucose. Hypoglycemia did not occur when meals were given with these high doses. Severe hypoglycemic reactions with coma, seizure or other neurological impairment occur infrequently.
    StorageView
    Do not store above 30°C. Keep away from light and out of the reach of children.

    Nomos

    Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate
    Cream 12.50% Allopathic Miscellaneous topical agents

    Indications

    Insect repellent

    Indication detailsView
    This cream acts against dengue, chikungunya, zika, malaria, and filariasis. It protects up to 8 hours. Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate is used for over 30 years.
    Therapeutic classView
    Miscellaneous topical agents
    PharmacologyView
    Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (trade name IR3535) is an insect repellent. As ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate is solely a repellent, it has no killing action and does not give rise to selection pressure or development of resistance. It is a colorless and almost odorless oil and is intended to be applied to the skin of humans and animals. It has a broad efficacy against various insects like mosquitoes, ticks, lice, and other bugs. Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate is safe for use on infants, pregnant and breastfeeding women. It is biodegradable and completely degraded in the environment within a very short time.
    DosageView
    Apply liberally on exposed areas of the body as often as needed. For best results, reapply every 8 hours.
    PrecautionsView
    Do not apply to eyes, lips, mouth, cuts, and wounds, or irritated skin. This is for external use only.
    StorageView
    Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Nomosic

    Meclizine Hydrochloride
    Tablet 50 mg Allopathic Anti-emetic drugs

    Indications

    Vertigo

    Indication detailsView
    Meclizine Hydrochloride is indicated in nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, vertigo.
    Therapeutic classView
    Anti-emetic drugs
    PharmacologyView
    Meclizine has antiemetic, anticholinergic and antihistaminic properties. It reduces the sensitivity of the labyrinthine apparatus. The action may be mediated through nerve pathways to the vomiting center (VC) from the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), peripheral nerve pathways, the VC, or other CNS centers. Meclizine has an onset of action of 30 to 60 minutes, depending on dosage; their duration of action is 12 to 24 hours.
    DosageView
    Adult & children over 12 years of age:
    • Nausea and vomiting: 25-50 mg once daily.
    • Motion sickness: Take an initial dose of 25 to 50 mg, 1 hour prior to travel. May repeat dose every 24 hours for the duration of the journey. Children: Age 6-12 years, 12.5 mg once daily. Age 2-6 years, 6.25 mg once daily.
    • Vertigo: 25 to 100 mg daily in divided doses.
    • Radiotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: 50 mg two to twelve hours prior to radiotherapy.
    • Emergency contraception: 25-50 mg, 1 hour before first ECP dose; repeat if needed in 24 hours.
    Use in children: Clinical studies establishing safety and efficacy in children have not been done; therefore, its use should be determined by physician.

    Use in elderly: There is no specific information available. However older people may be especially sensitive to the anticholinergic effects of medicine.
    Side effectsView
    Common side effects are Drowsiness, dry mouth, and on rare occasions, blurred vision have been reported.
    ContraindicationsView
    Meclizine is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to Meclizine or any of its excipeints.
    PrecautionsView
    Patients with asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, enlarged prostate, glaucoma or urinary tract blockage should take Meclizine (like other antiemetics) with caution.
    InteractionsView
    Meclizine may increase the toxicity with CNS depressants, neuroleptics and anticholinergic. Alcohol, sedatives and tranquilizers can increase the drowsiness of the patient.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Meclizine shows no risk of birth defects or abnormalities when administered during pregnancy. Although Meclizine may excrete into the milk, it causes no harm in nursing babies.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms: Extreme excitability, seizures, drowsiness and hallucinations.

    Treatment: Appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment. Consider dialysis.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool & dry place and away from children.

    Nop

    Lisinopril
    Tablet 5 mg Allopathic Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

    Indications

    Myocardial infarction

    Indication detailsView
    Hypertension: Lisinopril is indicated for the treatment of hypertension in adult patients and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure lowers the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes.

    Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than 1 drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program’s Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC).

    Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly.

    Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal.

    Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.

    Lisinopril may be administered alone or with other antihypertensive agents.

    Heart Failure: Lisinopril is indicated to reduce signs and symptoms of heart failure in patients who are not responding adequately to diuretics and digitalis.

    Acute Myocardial Infarction: Lisinopril is indicated for the reduction of mortality in treatment of hemodynamically stable patients within 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction. Patients should receive, as appropriate, the standard recommended treatments such as thrombolytics, aspirin and beta-blockers
    Therapeutic classView
    Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
    PharmacologyView
    Lisinopril competitively inhibits ACE from converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor) resulting in increased plasma renin activity and reduced aldosterone (a hormone that causes water and Na retention) secretion. This promotes vasodilation and BP reduction.
    DosageView

    Oral (Adult)-

    Hypertension: Initially, 10 mg/day, 1st dose given preferably at bedtime to avoid precipitous fall in BP. Patient with renovascular HTN, volume depletion, severe HTN: Initially, 2.5-5 mg once daily. Patient on diuretic: Initially, 5 mg once daily. Maintenance: 20 mg once daily, up to 80 mg/day may be given if needed.

    Diabetic nephropathy: Hypertensive type 2 diabetics with microalbuminuria: 10 mg once daily, may increase to 20 mg once daily to achieve a sitting diastolic BP

    Heart failure: As adjunct: Initially, 2.5 or 5 mg/day, increased by increments of ≤10 mg at intervals of at least 2 wk to max maintenance dose of 40 mg/day.

    Post-myocardial infarction: Initially, 5 mg once daily for 2 days started within 24 hr of the onset of symptoms. Increase to 10 mg once daily. Patients with low systolic BP: Initially, 2.5 mg once daily.


    Oral (Child)-

    Hypertension: ≥6 yr Initially, 0.07 mg/kg, up to 5 mg once daily.
    AdministrationView
    May be taken with or without food.
    Side effectsView
    Headache, fatigue, persistent and non-productive cough, chest and abdominal pain, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, upper resp tract infection, asthenia, rash, orthostatic effects, hypotension, renal dysfunction, hyperkalaemia, intestinal angioedema; increased BUN and serum creatinine levels.
    ContraindicationsView
    History of angioedema related to previous ACE inhibitor treatment, hereditary or idiopathic angioedema. Concomitant use with aliskiren in patients with diabetes or renal impairment. Pregnancy. Children with GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
    PrecautionsView
    Bilateral renal artery stenosis or a single kidney with unilateral renal artery stenosis. Patients with collagen vascular disease, acute MI at risk of further haemodynamic deterioration, angioedema unrelated to ACE inhibitor therapy, aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Increased risk of angioedema in black patients. Renal impairment. Lactation. Childn <6 yr.
    InteractionsView
    May enhance hypotensive effect with diuretics. May increase risk of renal function deterioration and decrease antihypertensive effect with NSAIDs. May increase serum levels and toxicity of lithium. Increased risk of hyperkalaemia with K-sparing diuretics and K supplements. May increase nitritoid reactions of gold Na thiomalate.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Category D: There is positive evidence of human foetal risk, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk (e.g., if the drug is needed in a life-threatening situation or for a serious disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective).
    Pediatric usageView
    Adult:
    • CrCl 10-30 ml/min: Initially, 2.5-5 mg once daily.
    • CrCl 31-80 ml/min: Initially 5-10 mg once daily. Dose can be adjusted up to max 40 mg once daily based on patient's response.
    Child: Do not give if GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms: Hypotension, tachycardia, circulatory shock, palpitations, bradycardia, hyperventilation, renal failure, electrolyte disturbances, anxiety, dizziness and cough.

    Management: Normal saline IV infusion may be used. Perform haemodialysis, emesis, gastric lavage, admin of absorbents and Na sulfate if recently taken. Consider admin of angiotensin II infusion and/or IV catecholamines if available.
    StorageView
    Store at below 25° C.

    Nopain

    Diclofenac Potassium
    Tablet 50 mg Allopathic Drugs for Osteoarthritis

    Indications

    Tendonitis

    Indication detailsView
    Short-term treatment in the following acute conditions:
    • Post-traumatic pain, inflammation and swelling,e.g.due to sprains
    • Post-operative pain, inflammation and swelling,e.g.following dental or orthopaedic surgery
    • Painful and/or inflammatory conditions in gynaecology, e.g. primary dysmenorrhoea or adnexitis
    • Migraine attacks
    • Painful syndromes of the vertebral column
    • Non-articular rheumatism
    • As an adjuvant in severe painful inflammatory infections of the ear, nose, or throat, e.g. pharyngotonsillitis, otitis.
    Therapeutic classView
    Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
    PharmacologyView
    The mechanism of action of Diclofenac Potassium, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood but involves inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2).

    Diclofenac is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. Diclofenac concentrations reached during therapy have produced in vivo effects. Prostaglandins sensitize afferent nerves and potentiate the action of bradykinin in inducing pain in animal models. Prostaglandins are mediators of inflammation. Because diclofenac is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, its mode of action may be due to a decrease of prostaglandins in peripheral tissues.
    DosageView
    Adults: Following an initial loading dose of 50 mg, 25-50 mg is to be taken every eight hours if necessary.

    Migraine: An initial loading dose of 50 mg, then if necessary a further 25-50 mg after 2 hours. The maximum daily dose is 150 mg. The tablets should be swallowed whole with liquid, preferably before meals.

    Children: Children over 14 years of age: upto 75 mg daily in divided doses.
    Side effectsView
    Side-effects of Diclofenac are usually mild and transient. However, if serious side-effects occur. Diclofenac should be discontinued. Occasional: epigastric pain, other gastro-intestinal disorders (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, dyspepsia,flatulence,anorexia). Rare: gastro-intestinal bleeding, peptic ulcer (with or without bleeding or perforation), bloody diarrhoea.
    ContraindicationsView
    Diclofenac Potassium tablets are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to Diclofenac. Diclofenac should not be given to patients who have experienced asthma, urticaria, or allergic type reactions after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs. Severe, rarely fatal, anaphylactic-like reactions to NSAIDs have been reported in such patients. Diclofenac is contraindicated for the treatment of perioperative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.
    InteractionsView
    Diclofenac may have the following drug interactions:
    • Lithium and Digoxin: Diclofenac may increase plasma concentrations of Lithium and Digoxin.
    • Anticoagulant:There are isolated reports of and increased risk of haemorrhage with the combined use of Diclofenac and anticoagulant therapy.
    • Cyclosporin: Cases of nephrotoxicity have been reported in patients receiving Cyclosporin and Diclofenac concomitantly.
    • Methotrexate: Cases of serious toxicity have been reported when Methotrexate and NSAIDs are given within 24 hours of each other.
    • Diuretics: Like other NSAIDs, Diclofenac may inhibit the activity of diuretics.
    • Other NSAIDs and steroids; Co-administration of Diclofenac with other systemic NSAIDs and steroids may increase the frequency of unwanted effects.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Diclofenac should not be prescribed during pregnancy, unless there are compelling reasons for doing so. The lowest effective dosage should be used. This type of drugs are not recommended during the last trimester of pregnancy. Very small quantities of diclofenac may be detected in breast milk, but no undesirable effects on the infant are to be expected.
    StorageView
    Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Nopain

    Diclofenac Potassium
    Tablet 25 mg Allopathic Drugs for Osteoarthritis

    Indications

    Tendonitis

    Indication detailsView
    Short-term treatment in the following acute conditions:
    • Post-traumatic pain, inflammation and swelling,e.g.due to sprains
    • Post-operative pain, inflammation and swelling,e.g.following dental or orthopaedic surgery
    • Painful and/or inflammatory conditions in gynaecology, e.g. primary dysmenorrhoea or adnexitis
    • Migraine attacks
    • Painful syndromes of the vertebral column
    • Non-articular rheumatism
    • As an adjuvant in severe painful inflammatory infections of the ear, nose, or throat, e.g. pharyngotonsillitis, otitis.
    Therapeutic classView
    Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
    PharmacologyView
    The mechanism of action of Diclofenac Potassium, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood but involves inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2).

    Diclofenac is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. Diclofenac concentrations reached during therapy have produced in vivo effects. Prostaglandins sensitize afferent nerves and potentiate the action of bradykinin in inducing pain in animal models. Prostaglandins are mediators of inflammation. Because diclofenac is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, its mode of action may be due to a decrease of prostaglandins in peripheral tissues.
    DosageView
    Adults: Following an initial loading dose of 50 mg, 25-50 mg is to be taken every eight hours if necessary.

    Migraine: An initial loading dose of 50 mg, then if necessary a further 25-50 mg after 2 hours. The maximum daily dose is 150 mg. The tablets should be swallowed whole with liquid, preferably before meals.

    Children: Children over 14 years of age: upto 75 mg daily in divided doses.
    Side effectsView
    Side-effects of Diclofenac are usually mild and transient. However, if serious side-effects occur. Diclofenac should be discontinued. Occasional: epigastric pain, other gastro-intestinal disorders (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, dyspepsia,flatulence,anorexia). Rare: gastro-intestinal bleeding, peptic ulcer (with or without bleeding or perforation), bloody diarrhoea.
    ContraindicationsView
    Diclofenac Potassium tablets are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to Diclofenac. Diclofenac should not be given to patients who have experienced asthma, urticaria, or allergic type reactions after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs. Severe, rarely fatal, anaphylactic-like reactions to NSAIDs have been reported in such patients. Diclofenac is contraindicated for the treatment of perioperative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.
    InteractionsView
    Diclofenac may have the following drug interactions:
    • Lithium and Digoxin: Diclofenac may increase plasma concentrations of Lithium and Digoxin.
    • Anticoagulant:There are isolated reports of and increased risk of haemorrhage with the combined use of Diclofenac and anticoagulant therapy.
    • Cyclosporin: Cases of nephrotoxicity have been reported in patients receiving Cyclosporin and Diclofenac concomitantly.
    • Methotrexate: Cases of serious toxicity have been reported when Methotrexate and NSAIDs are given within 24 hours of each other.
    • Diuretics: Like other NSAIDs, Diclofenac may inhibit the activity of diuretics.
    • Other NSAIDs and steroids; Co-administration of Diclofenac with other systemic NSAIDs and steroids may increase the frequency of unwanted effects.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Diclofenac should not be prescribed during pregnancy, unless there are compelling reasons for doing so. The lowest effective dosage should be used. This type of drugs are not recommended during the last trimester of pregnancy. Very small quantities of diclofenac may be detected in breast milk, but no undesirable effects on the infant are to be expected.
    StorageView
    Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Nopain

    Diclofenac Sodium (Ophthalmic)
    Ophthalmic Solution 0.10% Allopathic Ophthalmic Non-Steroid drugs

    Indications

    Ocular inflammation

    Indication detailsView
    Diclofenac Sodium ophthalmic preparation is indicated in- 
    • Inhibition of miosis during cataract surgery.
    • Post-operative inflammation after cataract surgery and other ocular surgical procedures.
    • Pre-operative and post-operative prevention of cystoid macular edema (CME) associated with lens extraction & intraocular lens implantation.
    • Post-traumatic inflammation in penetrating and non- penetrating wounds (as an adjuvant to local anti-infective therapy).
    • Non-infected chronic conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis.
    Therapeutic classView
    Ophthalmic Non-Steroid drugs
    PharmacologyView
    Diclofenac Eye Drops contains Diclofenac Sodium, a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic property. Diclofenac Sodium produces anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity with a reduction in the tissue prostaglandin ( such as PgE2 and Pg F2α) .
    DosageView
    Ophthalmic (Adult)-
    • Postoperative ocular inflammation: Instill into the appropriate eye 4 times daily starting 24 hr after surgery for up to 28 days.
    • Inflammation and discomfort after strabismus surgery: Instill 1 drop 4 times daily for the 1st wk; then tid in the 2nd wk, bid in the 3rd wk, and as required for the 4th wk.
    • Pain and discomfort after radial keratotomy: Instill 1 drop before surgery followed by 1 drop immediately after surgery, and then 1 drop 4 times daily for up to 2 days.
    • Pain after accidental trauma: Instill 1 drop 4 times daily for up to 2 days.
    • Control of inflammation after argon laser trabeculoplasty: Instill 1 drop 4 times during the 2 hr before procedure followed by 1 drop 4 times daily, up to 7 days after procedure.
    • Prophylaxis of intra-operative miosis: Instill into appropriate eye 4 times w/in 2 hr before surgery.
    • Post-photorefractive keratectomy pain: Instill into the affected eye twice, an hr before surgery, then 1 drop twice at 5-min intervals immediately after surgery, then every 2-5 hr while awake for up to 24 hr.
    • Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: Instill 1 drop before surgery followed by 1 drop immediately after surgery, and then 1 drop 4 times daily for up to 2 days.
    Side effectsView
    Mild to moderate burning sensation in 5-15% patients which is transient in nature and almost never necessitated discontinuation of treatment. Other less common side-effects are sensitivity to light, bad taste, feeling of pressure, allergic reactions etc.
    ContraindicationsView
    Hypersensitivity to any of the components Like other non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, Diclofenac Sodium eye drops is contraindicated in patients in whom attacks of asthma, urticaria or acute rhinitis have been observed following application of acetyl salicylic acid or other cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors
    PrecautionsView
    Diclofenac eye drops may mask the signs of infection. So physicians should be alert to the development of infections in patients receiving the drug. During prolonged use, it is recommended that physicians conduct periodic examinations of the eye, including measurement of the intraocular pressure. Contact lenses should not be worn during treatment.
    InteractionsView
    No drug interaction is reported. There should be at least 5 minutes interval when another ophthalmic solution (e.g., steroid) is given.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    The safety of Diclofenac eye drops in pregnancy & lactation has not been established and its use therefore is not recommended unless the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the possible risk to the child.
    Overdose effectsView
    Accidental ingestion of Diclofenac Sodium presents virtually no risk of unwanted effects, since one 5 ml bottle of eye drop solution contains only 5 mg of Diclofenac Sodium, which is equivalent to about 3% of the recommended maximum oral dose for adults.
    StorageView
    Close the bottle immediately after use. Do not use for more than four weeks after opening. Store at room temperature.