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L-Sol
Levosalbutamol (Oral)
L-Sol
Levosalbutamol (Oral)
Indications
COPD
Indication detailsView
Levosalbutamol is indicated for the treatment or prevention of bronchospasm in adults, adolescents and children 6 years of age and older with reversible obstructive airway disease.
Therapeutic classView
Short-acting selective & β2-adrenoceptor stimulants
PharmacologyView
Levosalbutamol is a single isomer beta 2-agonist that differs from racemic salbutamol by elimination of (S)-salbutamol. Levosalbutamol is an effective bronchodilator whose primary mechanism of action is unimpeded by (S)-salbutamol. Thus, when compared with racemic salbutamol, clinically comparable bronchodilation can be achieved with doses that substantially lessen beta-mediated side effects.
DosageView
Tablet-
- Adults and adolescents above 12 years: 1-2 mg three times daily.
- Children (6 -11 years): 1 mg three times daily.
- Adults : 5-10 ml three times daily.
- Childrn (6-11 years): 5 ml three times daily.
Side effectsView
Hypocalcaemia, palpitation, fine tremors of the skeletal muscle and muscle cramps may occur. The other likely side effects are nausea, vomiting, burning substernal or epigastric pain and diarrhoea.
ContraindicationsView
Levosalbutamol is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to levosalbutamol or any of its components.
PrecautionsView
Particular caution is advised in acute severe asthma as this effect may be potentiated by hypoxia and by concomitant treatment with xanthine derivatives, steroids and diuretics. Serum potassium levels should be monitored in such situations.
InteractionsView
Other short acting sympathomimetic bronchodilators or epinephrine should be used with caution with Levosalbutamol. If additional adrenergic drugs are to be administered by any route, they will be used with caution to avoid deleterious cardiovascular effects.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk of the fetus. It is not known whether Levosalbutamol is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when oral Levosalbutamol is administered to a nursing woman.
Overdose effectsView
The expected symptoms with over dosage are those of excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation and the symptoms listed under side effects. In the event of serious poisoning, the stomach should be emptied and, if necessary, a beta-blocker administered with caution in patients with a history of bronchospasm.
StorageView
Keep all medicines out of reach of children. Store in a cool and dry place, protected from light.
L-con
Lomefloxacin (Ophthalmic)
L-con
Lomefloxacin (Ophthalmic)
Indications
Otic infections
Indication detailsView
Lomefloxacin ophthalmic preparation is indicated in the bacterial infections, including conjunctivitis, blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis which are due to Lomefloxacin susceptible germs and Staphylococcus aureus- induced corneal ulcers.
Therapeutic classView
4-Quinolone preparations, Ophthalmic antibacterial drugs
PharmacologyView
Lomefloxacin, a difluorinated quinolone derivative, is a bacterial gyrase inhibitor, effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The acute toxicity of Lomefloxacin following systemic and topical ophthalmic application is low. Lomefloxacin interferes with bacterial DNA related processes like initiation, elongation, and termination phases of replication, transcription, DNA repairing, recombination, transposition, supercoiling and relaxation of DNA. The target molecule for quinolones is the A-subunit of bacterial enzyme gyrase (topoisomerase II). The forming of a stable complex between the quinolone and the whole gyrase teramer A2B2 leads to impaired enzyme functions, resulting in a rapid killing of sensitive bacteria.
Cross-resistance has only been reported with other quinolones, but not with any other group of antibiotics. No clinical studies are available about the efficacy in cases of infections with chlamydia.
Cross-resistance has only been reported with other quinolones, but not with any other group of antibiotics. No clinical studies are available about the efficacy in cases of infections with chlamydia.
DosageView
Adults and children (above 1 year of age): Instill 2-3 times daily 1 drop into the lower conjunctival sac. At the beginning of the treatment application should be more frequent, apply 5 drops within 20 minutes or 1 drop every hour during 6-10 hours. Duration of the treatment: 7 to 9 days.
AdministrationView
May be taken with or without food.
Side effectsView
Slight and transient burning immediately after instillation of the eye drops has been reported in 4.7% of users. Although phototoxicity has not been reported after ophthalmic use, photosensitization is possible. Since the following allergic reactions have been reported after systemic use of Lomefloxacin, they can not be excluded after topical ophthalmic use: allergic reactions, asthma, dyspnoea, urticaria, erythema, pruritus, and hypersensitization.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity to the active ingredient, to excipients, or to quinolones. Long term treatment with antibiotics may enhance development of secondary fungal infections or may support growth of non susceptible bacteria.
PrecautionsView
Some isolated cases of phototoxicity have been reported after systemic but not after topical ophthalmic use of Lomefloxacin. Nevertheless, during treatment with Lomefloxacin intensive exposure to sunlight or UV-radiation should be avoided
InteractionsView
In order to avoid reduction of efficacy, no ophthalmic preparations containing heavy metals, such as zinc, should be used during 15 minutes preceding and following application of Lomefloxacin. Bacteriostatic ophthalmic antibiotics should not be used concomitantly with Lomefloxacin eye drops.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Animal studies revealed that after systemic use of 20 mg/kg, Lomefloxacin passes the placenta barrier and is excreted into the maternal milk. Clinical studies on the use of Lomefloxacin eye drops during human pregnancy or lactation are not available. Therefore, the drug should only be used when the benefit outweighs the potential risk for the foetus or the infant.
Overdose effectsView
Practically there is no risk of adverse effects due to accidental oral ingestion, since a bottle of 5 ml eye drop solution contains only 15 mg Lomefloxacin. This corresponds to 3.75% of the recommended oral daily dose for adults of 400 mg Lomefloxacin.
StorageView
Store at 15-25° C
LK
Losartan Potassium
LK
Losartan Potassium
Indications
Stroke
Indication detailsView
Hypertension: Losartan Potassium is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents (eg. thiazide diuretics).
Renal Protection in Type-2 Diabetic Patients with Proteinuria: Losartan Potassium is indicated to delay the progression of renal disease in hypertensive type-2 diabetics with proteinuria, defined as urinary albumin to creatinine ratio >300 mg/g.
Renal Protection in Type-2 Diabetic Patients with Proteinuria: Losartan Potassium is indicated to delay the progression of renal disease in hypertensive type-2 diabetics with proteinuria, defined as urinary albumin to creatinine ratio >300 mg/g.
Therapeutic classView
Angiotensin-ll receptor blocker
PharmacologyView
Losartan Potassium is the first non-peptide orally active angiotensin II receptor blocker. It binds to the AT1 receptor found in many tissues (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland, kidneys and the heart) and reduces several important biological actions including vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone responsible for hypertension.
DosageView
The usual starting and maintenance dose is 50 mg once daily for most patients. If the antihypertensive effect using 50 mg once daily is inadequate, 25 mg twice daily is recommended prior to increasing the dose. For patients with intravascular volume-depletion (e.g., those treated with high-dose diuretics), a starting dose of 25 mg once daily should be considered. Losartan Potassium can be administered once or twice daily. The total daily dose ranges from 25 mg to 100 mg.
Side effectsView
The side effects with the use of Losartan Potassium are mild and transient in nature. The most common side effects are dizziness, diarrhea, nasal congestion, cough, upper respiratory infection. Other side effects are fatigue, oedema, abdominal pain, chest pain, nausea, headache & pharyngitis.
ContraindicationsView
Losartan Potassium is contraindicated in pregnant women and in patients who are hypersensitive to any component of this product. Losartan Potassium should not be administered with Aliskiren in patients with diabetes.
PrecautionsView
Use of Losartan Potassium during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. In patients who are intravascularly volume-depleted (e.g., those treated with high-dose diuretics), symptomatic hypotension may occur. Plasma concentration of Losartan Potassium is significantly increased in cirrhotic patients. Changes in renal function including renal failure have been reported in renal impaired patient.
InteractionsView
Rifampicin and fluconazole reduce levels of active metabolite of Losartan Potassium. Concomitant use of Losartan Potassium and hydrochlorothiazide may lead to potentiation of the antihypertensive effects. Concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics (eg, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride), potassium supplements or salt substitutes containing potassium may lead to increases in serum potassium. The antihypertensive effect of losartan may be attenuated by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. The use of ACE-inhibitor, angiotensin receptor antagonist, an anti-inflammatory drug and a thiazide diuretic at the same time increases the risk of renal impairment.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category D. The risk to the fetus increases if Losartan Potassium is administered during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. It is not known whether Losartan Potassium is excreted in human milk, as many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
StorageView
keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
LK
Losartan Potassium
LK
Losartan Potassium
Indications
Stroke
Indication detailsView
Hypertension: Losartan Potassium is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents (eg. thiazide diuretics).
Renal Protection in Type-2 Diabetic Patients with Proteinuria: Losartan Potassium is indicated to delay the progression of renal disease in hypertensive type-2 diabetics with proteinuria, defined as urinary albumin to creatinine ratio >300 mg/g.
Renal Protection in Type-2 Diabetic Patients with Proteinuria: Losartan Potassium is indicated to delay the progression of renal disease in hypertensive type-2 diabetics with proteinuria, defined as urinary albumin to creatinine ratio >300 mg/g.
Therapeutic classView
Angiotensin-ll receptor blocker
PharmacologyView
Losartan Potassium is the first non-peptide orally active angiotensin II receptor blocker. It binds to the AT1 receptor found in many tissues (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland, kidneys and the heart) and reduces several important biological actions including vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone responsible for hypertension.
DosageView
The usual starting and maintenance dose is 50 mg once daily for most patients. If the antihypertensive effect using 50 mg once daily is inadequate, 25 mg twice daily is recommended prior to increasing the dose. For patients with intravascular volume-depletion (e.g., those treated with high-dose diuretics), a starting dose of 25 mg once daily should be considered. Losartan Potassium can be administered once or twice daily. The total daily dose ranges from 25 mg to 100 mg.
Side effectsView
The side effects with the use of Losartan Potassium are mild and transient in nature. The most common side effects are dizziness, diarrhea, nasal congestion, cough, upper respiratory infection. Other side effects are fatigue, oedema, abdominal pain, chest pain, nausea, headache & pharyngitis.
ContraindicationsView
Losartan Potassium is contraindicated in pregnant women and in patients who are hypersensitive to any component of this product. Losartan Potassium should not be administered with Aliskiren in patients with diabetes.
PrecautionsView
Use of Losartan Potassium during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. In patients who are intravascularly volume-depleted (e.g., those treated with high-dose diuretics), symptomatic hypotension may occur. Plasma concentration of Losartan Potassium is significantly increased in cirrhotic patients. Changes in renal function including renal failure have been reported in renal impaired patient.
InteractionsView
Rifampicin and fluconazole reduce levels of active metabolite of Losartan Potassium. Concomitant use of Losartan Potassium and hydrochlorothiazide may lead to potentiation of the antihypertensive effects. Concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics (eg, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride), potassium supplements or salt substitutes containing potassium may lead to increases in serum potassium. The antihypertensive effect of losartan may be attenuated by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. The use of ACE-inhibitor, angiotensin receptor antagonist, an anti-inflammatory drug and a thiazide diuretic at the same time increases the risk of renal impairment.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category D. The risk to the fetus increases if Losartan Potassium is administered during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. It is not known whether Losartan Potassium is excreted in human milk, as many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
StorageView
keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
LK Plus
Losartan Potassium + Hydrochlorothiazide
LK Plus
Losartan Potassium + Hydrochlorothiazide
Indications
Stroke
Indication detailsView
This is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It is also indicated to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy.
Therapeutic classView
Combined antihypertensive preparations
PharmacologyView
Angiotensin II formed from angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Losartan and its principal active metabolite block the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor found in many tissues, (e.g. vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland). In vitro binding studies indicate that losartan is a reversible, competitive inhibitor of the AT1 receptor. Neither Losartan nor its active metabolite inhibits ACE (kinase II, the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and degrades bradykinin); nor do they bind to or block other hormone receptors or ion channels known to be important in cardiovascular regulation.
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic. Thiazides affect the renal tubular mechanisms of electrolyte reabsorption, directly increasing excretion of Sodium and Chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Indirectly, the diuretic action of Hydrochlorothiazide reduces plasma volume, with consequent increases in plasma renin activity, increases in Aldosterone secretion, increases in urinary Potassium loss, and decreases in serum Potassium. The renin-aldosterone link is mediated by angiotensin II, so co-administration of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist tends to reverse the Potassium loss associated with these diuretics.
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic. Thiazides affect the renal tubular mechanisms of electrolyte reabsorption, directly increasing excretion of Sodium and Chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. Indirectly, the diuretic action of Hydrochlorothiazide reduces plasma volume, with consequent increases in plasma renin activity, increases in Aldosterone secretion, increases in urinary Potassium loss, and decreases in serum Potassium. The renin-aldosterone link is mediated by angiotensin II, so co-administration of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist tends to reverse the Potassium loss associated with these diuretics.
DosageView
Hypertension-
- The usual starting dose of 50/12.5 is one tablet once daily.
- For patients who do not respond adequately to one tablet the dosage may be increased to 100/25 once daily.
- A patient whose blood pressure is not adequately controlled with Losartan 100 mg monotherapy may be switched to this combination 100/12.5 once daily.
- In hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy initial dose is 50/12.5, if additional blood pressure reduction is needed, 100/12.5 may be given, followed by 100/25 if required. The maximum dose is 100/25 once daily.
- In general, the antihypertensive effect is attained within three weeks after initiation of therapy.
- No initial dosage adjustment of 50/12.5 is necessary for elderly patients. But maximum dose of 100/25 once daily dose should not be used as initial therapy in elderly patients.
- The starting dose for initial treatment of severe hypertension is one tablet of 50/12.5 once daily.
- For patients who do not respond adequately to this dose after 2 to 4 weeks of therapy, the dosage may be increased to 100/25 once daily. The maximum dose is one tablet of 100/25 once daily.
AdministrationView
This preparation may be administered with other antihypertensive agents. This may be administered with or without food.
Side effectsView
Side-effects are usually mild. Symptomatic hypotension including dizziness may occur, particularly in patients with intravascular volume depletion (e.g. those taking high-dose diuretics). Hyperkalaemia occurs occasionally; angioedema has also been reported with some angiotensin-II receptor antagonists. Vertigo; less commonly gastro-intestinal disturbances, angina, palpitation, oedema, dyspnoea, headache, sleep disorders, malaise, urticaria, pruritus, rash; rarely hepatitis, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular accident, syncope, paraesthesia; also reported pancreatitis, anaphylaxis, cough, depression, erectile dysfunction, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, hyponatraemia, arthralgia, myalgia, renal impairment, rhabdomyolysis, tinnitus, photosensitivity, and vasculitis (including Henoch-Schonlein purpura)
ContraindicationsView
The combination of Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to any component of this product. Because of the Hydrochlorothiazide component, this product is contraindicated in patients with anuria or hypersensitivity to other sulfonamide-derived drugs.
PrecautionsView
- Hypersensitivity: Angiooedema
- Periodic determination of serum electrolytes to detect possible electrolyte imbalance should be performed at appropriate intervals
- Hypokalemia may rarely develop, especially with brisk diuresis, when severe cirrhosis is present, or after prolonged therapy
- Impaired renal function and
- Symptomatic hypotension
InteractionsView
Losartan Potassium: No significant drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions have been found in interaction studies with Hydrochlorothiazide, Digoxin, Warfarin, Cimetidine and Phenobarbital. As with other drugs that block angiotensin II or its effects, concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g. Spironolactone, Triamterene, Amiloride), potassium supplements, or salt substitutes containing potassium may lead to increase in serum potassium. As with other antihypertensive agents, the antihypertensive effect of Losartan may be blunted by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Indomethacin.
Hydrochlorothiazide: When administered concurrently, the following drugs may interact with Thiazide diuretics: alcohol, barbiturates, or narcotics-potentiation of orthostatic hypotension may occur.
Antidiabetic drugs (oral agents and Insulin): dosage adjustment of the antidiabetic drug may be required.
Other antihypertensive drugs: additive effect or potentiation.
Cholestyramine and colestipol resins: absorption of Hydrochlorothiazide is impaired in the presence of anionic exchange resins
Hydrochlorothiazide: When administered concurrently, the following drugs may interact with Thiazide diuretics: alcohol, barbiturates, or narcotics-potentiation of orthostatic hypotension may occur.
Antidiabetic drugs (oral agents and Insulin): dosage adjustment of the antidiabetic drug may be required.
Other antihypertensive drugs: additive effect or potentiation.
Cholestyramine and colestipol resins: absorption of Hydrochlorothiazide is impaired in the presence of anionic exchange resins
Pregnancy & lactationView
Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists should be avoided in pregnancy unless essential. They may adversely affect fetal and neonatal blood pressure control and renal function; skull defects and oligohy dramnios have also been reported. Information on the use of angiotensin-II receptor antagonists in breastfeeding is limited. They are not recommended in breastfeeding and alternative treatment options, with better-established safety information during breastfeeding, are available.
Pediatric usageView
Use in Patients with Renal Impairment: The usual regimens of therapy with 50/12.5 may be followed as long as the patient's creatinine clearance is >30 ml/min. In patients with more severe renal impairment, loop diuretics are preferred to thiazides. In that case, hydrochlorothiazide is not recommended.
Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment: The combination of Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide is not recommended for titration in patients with hepatic impairment because the appropriate 25 mg starting dose of Losartan cannot be given.
Use in pediatric patients: The safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment: The combination of Losartan and Hydrochlorothiazide is not recommended for titration in patients with hepatic impairment because the appropriate 25 mg starting dose of Losartan cannot be given.
Use in pediatric patients: The safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Losartan Potassium: Limited data are available in regard to overdosage in humans. The most likely manifestation of overdosage would be hypotension and tachycardia; bradycardia could occur from parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation. If symptomatic hypotension should occur, supportive treatment should be instituted. Neither losartan nor its metabolite can be removed by hemodialysis.
Hydrochlorothiazide: The most common signs and symptoms observed are those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and dehydration resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered, hypokalemia, may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias. The degree to which Hydrochlorothiazide is removed by hemodialysis has not been established.
Hydrochlorothiazide: The most common signs and symptoms observed are those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and dehydration resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered, hypokalemia, may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias. The degree to which Hydrochlorothiazide is removed by hemodialysis has not been established.
StorageView
Do not store above 30°C. Keep out of the reach of children.
LM
S-Amlodipine Besilate (Levamlodipine)
LM
S-Amlodipine Besilate (Levamlodipine)
Indications
Stroke
Indication detailsView
S-Amlodipine is calcium channel blocker and may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions.
Therapeutic classView
Calcium-channel blockers
PharmacologyView
Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist (calcium ion antagonist or slow channel blocker) that inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Experimental data suggest that amlodipine binds to both dihydropyridine and nondihydropyridine binding sites. The contractile processes of cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle are dependent upon the movement of extracellular calcium ions into these cells through specific ion channels. Amlodipine inhibits calcium ion influx across cell membranes selectively, with a greater effect on vascular smooth muscle cells than on cardiac muscle cells. Negative inotropic effects can be detected in vitro but such effects have not been seen in intact animals at therapeutic doses. Serum calcium concentration is not affected by amlodipine. Within the physiologic pH range, amlodipine is an ionized compound (pKa=8.6), and its kinetic interaction with the calcium channel receptor is characterized by a gradual rate of association and dissociation with the receptor binding site, resulting in a gradual onset of effect. Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and reduction in blood pressure. Amlodipine is a 1:1 racemic mixture of levamlodipine and dextro amlodipine, it has been demonstrated that levamlodipine is the pharmacologically active, anti-hypertensive isomer.
DosageView
Adults: The usual initial antihypertensive oral dose of S-Amlodipine is 2.5 mg once daily, and the maximum dose is 5 mg once daily. Small, fragile, or elderly patients, or patients with hepatic insufficiency may be started on 1.25 mg once daily and this dose may be used when adding S-Amlodipine to other antihypertensive therapy. Adjust dosage according to blood pressure goals. In general, wait 7 to 14 days between titration steps. Titrate more rapidly, however, if clinically warranted, provided the patient is assessed frequently.
Children: The effective antihypertensive oral dose in pediatric patients ages 6-17 years is 1.25 mg to 2.5 mg once daily. Doses in excess of 2.5 mg daily have not been studied in pediatric patients.
Children: The effective antihypertensive oral dose in pediatric patients ages 6-17 years is 1.25 mg to 2.5 mg once daily. Doses in excess of 2.5 mg daily have not been studied in pediatric patients.
Side effectsView
Most common adverse reactions to amlodipine is edema which occurred in a dose related manner. Other adverse experiences not dose related but reported with an incidence >1.0% are fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain and somnolence.
ContraindicationsView
S-Amlodipine is contraindicated in patients with known sensitivity to amlodipine.
PrecautionsView
Hypotension: Symptomatic hypotension is possible, particularly in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Because of the gradual onset of action, acute hypotension is unlikely.
Increased Angina or Myocardial Infarction: Worsening angina and acute myocardial infarction can develop after starting or increasing the dose of amlodipine, particularly in patients with severe obstructive coronary artery disease.
Patients with Hepatic Failure: Because amlodipine is extensively metabolized by the liver and the plasma elimination half-life (t½) is 56 hours in patients with impaired hepatic function, titrate slowly when administering amlodipine to patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Increased Angina or Myocardial Infarction: Worsening angina and acute myocardial infarction can develop after starting or increasing the dose of amlodipine, particularly in patients with severe obstructive coronary artery disease.
Patients with Hepatic Failure: Because amlodipine is extensively metabolized by the liver and the plasma elimination half-life (t½) is 56 hours in patients with impaired hepatic function, titrate slowly when administering amlodipine to patients with severe hepatic impairment.
InteractionsView
Impact of Other Drugs on Amlodipine-
- CYP3A Inhibitors: Co-administration with CYP3A inhibitors (moderate and strong) results in increased systemic exposure to amlodipine and may require dose reduction. Monitor for symptoms of hypotension and edema when amlodipine is co-administered with CYP3A inhibitors to determine the need for dose adjustment
- CYP3A Inducers: No information is available on the quantitative effects of CYP3A inducers on amlodipine. Blood pressure should be closely monitored when amlodipine is co-administered with CYP3A inducers.
- Sildenafil: Monitor for hypotension when sildenafil is coadministered with amlodipine.
- Simvastatin: Co-administration of simvastatin with amlodipine increases the systemic exposure of simvastatin. Limit the dose of simvastatin in patients on amlodipine to 20 mg daily.
- Immunosuppressants: Amlodipine may increase the systemic exposure of cyclosporine or tacrolimus when co-administered. Frequent monitoring of trough blood levels of cyclosporine and tacrolimus is recommended and adjust the dose when appropriate
Pregnancy & lactationView
The limited available data based on post-marketing reports with amlodipine use in pregnant women are not sufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled hypertension in pregnancy.
Limited available data from a published clinical lactation study reports that amlodipine is present in human milk at an estimated median relative infant dose of 4.2%. No adverse effects of amlodipine on the breastfed infant have been observed. There is no available information on the effects of amlodipine on milk production.
Limited available data from a published clinical lactation study reports that amlodipine is present in human milk at an estimated median relative infant dose of 4.2%. No adverse effects of amlodipine on the breastfed infant have been observed. There is no available information on the effects of amlodipine on milk production.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: S-Amlodipine (1.25 to 2.5 mg daily) is effective in lowering blood pressure in patients 6 to 17 years. The effect of S-Amlodipine on blood pressure in patients less than 6 years of age is not known.
Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of amlodipine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Elderly patients have decreased clearance of amlodipine with a resulting increase of AUC of approximately 40–60%, and a lower initial dose may be required
Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of amlodipine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Elderly patients have decreased clearance of amlodipine with a resulting increase of AUC of approximately 40–60%, and a lower initial dose may be required
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage might be expected to cause excessive peripheral vasodilation with marked hypotension and possibly a reflex tachycardia. In humans, experience with intentional overdosage of amlodipine is limited. Single oral doses of amlodipine equivalent to 40 mg amlodipine/kg and 100 mg amlodipine/kg in mice and rats, respectively, caused deaths. Single oral amlodipine doses equivalent to 4 or more mg amlodipine/kg or higher in dogs (11 or more times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m² basis) caused a marked peripheral vasodilation and hypotension.
If massive overdose should occur, initiate active cardiac and respiratory monitoring. Frequent blood pressure measurements are essential. Should hypotension occur, provide cardiovascular support including elevation of the extremities and the judicious administration of fluids. If hypotension remains unresponsive to these conservative measures, consider administration of vasopressors (such as phenylephrine) with attention to circulating volume and urine output. As amlodipine is highly protein bound, hemodialysis is not likely to be of benefit.
If massive overdose should occur, initiate active cardiac and respiratory monitoring. Frequent blood pressure measurements are essential. Should hypotension occur, provide cardiovascular support including elevation of the extremities and the judicious administration of fluids. If hypotension remains unresponsive to these conservative measures, consider administration of vasopressors (such as phenylephrine) with attention to circulating volume and urine output. As amlodipine is highly protein bound, hemodialysis is not likely to be of benefit.
StorageView
Store bottles at 20°C to 25°C.
LM
S-Amlodipine Besilate (Levamlodipine)
LM
S-Amlodipine Besilate (Levamlodipine)
Indications
Stroke
Indication detailsView
S-Amlodipine is calcium channel blocker and may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions.
Therapeutic classView
Calcium-channel blockers
PharmacologyView
Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist (calcium ion antagonist or slow channel blocker) that inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Experimental data suggest that amlodipine binds to both dihydropyridine and nondihydropyridine binding sites. The contractile processes of cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle are dependent upon the movement of extracellular calcium ions into these cells through specific ion channels. Amlodipine inhibits calcium ion influx across cell membranes selectively, with a greater effect on vascular smooth muscle cells than on cardiac muscle cells. Negative inotropic effects can be detected in vitro but such effects have not been seen in intact animals at therapeutic doses. Serum calcium concentration is not affected by amlodipine. Within the physiologic pH range, amlodipine is an ionized compound (pKa=8.6), and its kinetic interaction with the calcium channel receptor is characterized by a gradual rate of association and dissociation with the receptor binding site, resulting in a gradual onset of effect. Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and reduction in blood pressure. Amlodipine is a 1:1 racemic mixture of levamlodipine and dextro amlodipine, it has been demonstrated that levamlodipine is the pharmacologically active, anti-hypertensive isomer.
DosageView
Adults: The usual initial antihypertensive oral dose of S-Amlodipine is 2.5 mg once daily, and the maximum dose is 5 mg once daily. Small, fragile, or elderly patients, or patients with hepatic insufficiency may be started on 1.25 mg once daily and this dose may be used when adding S-Amlodipine to other antihypertensive therapy. Adjust dosage according to blood pressure goals. In general, wait 7 to 14 days between titration steps. Titrate more rapidly, however, if clinically warranted, provided the patient is assessed frequently.
Children: The effective antihypertensive oral dose in pediatric patients ages 6-17 years is 1.25 mg to 2.5 mg once daily. Doses in excess of 2.5 mg daily have not been studied in pediatric patients.
Children: The effective antihypertensive oral dose in pediatric patients ages 6-17 years is 1.25 mg to 2.5 mg once daily. Doses in excess of 2.5 mg daily have not been studied in pediatric patients.
Side effectsView
Most common adverse reactions to amlodipine is edema which occurred in a dose related manner. Other adverse experiences not dose related but reported with an incidence >1.0% are fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain and somnolence.
ContraindicationsView
S-Amlodipine is contraindicated in patients with known sensitivity to amlodipine.
PrecautionsView
Hypotension: Symptomatic hypotension is possible, particularly in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Because of the gradual onset of action, acute hypotension is unlikely.
Increased Angina or Myocardial Infarction: Worsening angina and acute myocardial infarction can develop after starting or increasing the dose of amlodipine, particularly in patients with severe obstructive coronary artery disease.
Patients with Hepatic Failure: Because amlodipine is extensively metabolized by the liver and the plasma elimination half-life (t½) is 56 hours in patients with impaired hepatic function, titrate slowly when administering amlodipine to patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Increased Angina or Myocardial Infarction: Worsening angina and acute myocardial infarction can develop after starting or increasing the dose of amlodipine, particularly in patients with severe obstructive coronary artery disease.
Patients with Hepatic Failure: Because amlodipine is extensively metabolized by the liver and the plasma elimination half-life (t½) is 56 hours in patients with impaired hepatic function, titrate slowly when administering amlodipine to patients with severe hepatic impairment.
InteractionsView
Impact of Other Drugs on Amlodipine-
- CYP3A Inhibitors: Co-administration with CYP3A inhibitors (moderate and strong) results in increased systemic exposure to amlodipine and may require dose reduction. Monitor for symptoms of hypotension and edema when amlodipine is co-administered with CYP3A inhibitors to determine the need for dose adjustment
- CYP3A Inducers: No information is available on the quantitative effects of CYP3A inducers on amlodipine. Blood pressure should be closely monitored when amlodipine is co-administered with CYP3A inducers.
- Sildenafil: Monitor for hypotension when sildenafil is coadministered with amlodipine.
- Simvastatin: Co-administration of simvastatin with amlodipine increases the systemic exposure of simvastatin. Limit the dose of simvastatin in patients on amlodipine to 20 mg daily.
- Immunosuppressants: Amlodipine may increase the systemic exposure of cyclosporine or tacrolimus when co-administered. Frequent monitoring of trough blood levels of cyclosporine and tacrolimus is recommended and adjust the dose when appropriate
Pregnancy & lactationView
The limited available data based on post-marketing reports with amlodipine use in pregnant women are not sufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled hypertension in pregnancy.
Limited available data from a published clinical lactation study reports that amlodipine is present in human milk at an estimated median relative infant dose of 4.2%. No adverse effects of amlodipine on the breastfed infant have been observed. There is no available information on the effects of amlodipine on milk production.
Limited available data from a published clinical lactation study reports that amlodipine is present in human milk at an estimated median relative infant dose of 4.2%. No adverse effects of amlodipine on the breastfed infant have been observed. There is no available information on the effects of amlodipine on milk production.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: S-Amlodipine (1.25 to 2.5 mg daily) is effective in lowering blood pressure in patients 6 to 17 years. The effect of S-Amlodipine on blood pressure in patients less than 6 years of age is not known.
Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of amlodipine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Elderly patients have decreased clearance of amlodipine with a resulting increase of AUC of approximately 40–60%, and a lower initial dose may be required
Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of amlodipine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Elderly patients have decreased clearance of amlodipine with a resulting increase of AUC of approximately 40–60%, and a lower initial dose may be required
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage might be expected to cause excessive peripheral vasodilation with marked hypotension and possibly a reflex tachycardia. In humans, experience with intentional overdosage of amlodipine is limited. Single oral doses of amlodipine equivalent to 40 mg amlodipine/kg and 100 mg amlodipine/kg in mice and rats, respectively, caused deaths. Single oral amlodipine doses equivalent to 4 or more mg amlodipine/kg or higher in dogs (11 or more times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m² basis) caused a marked peripheral vasodilation and hypotension.
If massive overdose should occur, initiate active cardiac and respiratory monitoring. Frequent blood pressure measurements are essential. Should hypotension occur, provide cardiovascular support including elevation of the extremities and the judicious administration of fluids. If hypotension remains unresponsive to these conservative measures, consider administration of vasopressors (such as phenylephrine) with attention to circulating volume and urine output. As amlodipine is highly protein bound, hemodialysis is not likely to be of benefit.
If massive overdose should occur, initiate active cardiac and respiratory monitoring. Frequent blood pressure measurements are essential. Should hypotension occur, provide cardiovascular support including elevation of the extremities and the judicious administration of fluids. If hypotension remains unresponsive to these conservative measures, consider administration of vasopressors (such as phenylephrine) with attention to circulating volume and urine output. As amlodipine is highly protein bound, hemodialysis is not likely to be of benefit.
StorageView
Store bottles at 20°C to 25°C.
LNC
Cilnidipine
LNC
Cilnidipine
Indications
Hypertension
Indication detailsView
Cilnidipine is indicated for the management of hypertension for end-organ protection. It is reported to be useful in elderly patients and in those with diabetes and albuminuria. Cilnidipine has been increasingly used in patients with chronic kidney disease
Hypertension is the term used to describe the presence of high blood pressure. The blood pressure is generated by the force of the blood pumped from the heart against the blood vessels. Thus hypertension is caused when there is too much pressure on the blood vessels and this effect can damage the blood vessel
Hypertension is the term used to describe the presence of high blood pressure. The blood pressure is generated by the force of the blood pumped from the heart against the blood vessels. Thus hypertension is caused when there is too much pressure on the blood vessels and this effect can damage the blood vessel
Therapeutic classView
Calcium-channel blockers
PharmacologyView
Cilnidipine is a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker. Cilnidipine binds to the dihydropy-ridine binding sites of the L-type voltage dependent calcium channel and inhibits Ca2+ influx across the cell membranes of vascular smooth muscle cells via this channel, consequently vascular smooth muscle is relaxed, causing vasodilation. Cilnidipine inhibits Ca2+ influx via N-type voltage dependent calcium channels in the sympathetic nerve cell membrane. The inhibition of Ca2+ influx via N-type voltage dependent calcium channel was observed over a similar range of drug concentrations to those inhibiting L-type voltage dependent Ca2+ channels. Consequently, release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals would be inhibited. Cilnidipine is considered to suppress the reflex increase in heart rate after blood pressure reduction.
DosageView
Adults: 5-10 mg once daily after breakfast. Maximum dose: 20 mg once daily.
Pediatric use: The safety of Cilnidipine in pediatric patients has not been established.
Elderly use: Since the elderly may be more susceptible to hypotension, therapy should be initiated with the lowest possible dose (5 mg).
Pediatric use: The safety of Cilnidipine in pediatric patients has not been established.
Elderly use: Since the elderly may be more susceptible to hypotension, therapy should be initiated with the lowest possible dose (5 mg).
Side effectsView
The most common side effects of Cilnidipine are: Dizziness; flushing; headache; hypotension; peripheral oedema; palpitations; GI disturbances; increased micturition frequency; lethargy; eye pain; depression.
ContraindicationsView
Cilnidipine is contraindicated in patients with known sensitivity to Cilnidipine or any of the excipients or patients having cardiogenic shock, recent MI or acute unstable angina and severe aortic stenosis.
PrecautionsView
Cilnidipine should be administered with care in the following patients: patients with serious hepatic dysfunction, patients with a history of serious adverse reactions to calcium antagonists. During the discontinuation, the dosage should be gradually decreased under close observation.
InteractionsView
Other anti-hypertensive, antipsychotics that cause hypotension, quinidine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampicin, cimetidine, erythromycin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Cilnidipine should not be administered in pregnant woman or woman having possibilities of being pregnant. It is also advisable to avoid the administration of Cilnidipine to nursing mothers. However, if the administration is indispensable, the patient should be instructed to discontinue lactation.
StorageView
Store below 30°C, protected from light and moisture. Keep away from reach out of the children.
LNC
Cilnidipine
LNC
Cilnidipine
Indications
Hypertension
Indication detailsView
Cilnidipine is indicated for the management of hypertension for end-organ protection. It is reported to be useful in elderly patients and in those with diabetes and albuminuria. Cilnidipine has been increasingly used in patients with chronic kidney disease
Hypertension is the term used to describe the presence of high blood pressure. The blood pressure is generated by the force of the blood pumped from the heart against the blood vessels. Thus hypertension is caused when there is too much pressure on the blood vessels and this effect can damage the blood vessel
Hypertension is the term used to describe the presence of high blood pressure. The blood pressure is generated by the force of the blood pumped from the heart against the blood vessels. Thus hypertension is caused when there is too much pressure on the blood vessels and this effect can damage the blood vessel
Therapeutic classView
Calcium-channel blockers
PharmacologyView
Cilnidipine is a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker. Cilnidipine binds to the dihydropy-ridine binding sites of the L-type voltage dependent calcium channel and inhibits Ca2+ influx across the cell membranes of vascular smooth muscle cells via this channel, consequently vascular smooth muscle is relaxed, causing vasodilation. Cilnidipine inhibits Ca2+ influx via N-type voltage dependent calcium channels in the sympathetic nerve cell membrane. The inhibition of Ca2+ influx via N-type voltage dependent calcium channel was observed over a similar range of drug concentrations to those inhibiting L-type voltage dependent Ca2+ channels. Consequently, release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals would be inhibited. Cilnidipine is considered to suppress the reflex increase in heart rate after blood pressure reduction.
DosageView
Adults: 5-10 mg once daily after breakfast. Maximum dose: 20 mg once daily.
Pediatric use: The safety of Cilnidipine in pediatric patients has not been established.
Elderly use: Since the elderly may be more susceptible to hypotension, therapy should be initiated with the lowest possible dose (5 mg).
Pediatric use: The safety of Cilnidipine in pediatric patients has not been established.
Elderly use: Since the elderly may be more susceptible to hypotension, therapy should be initiated with the lowest possible dose (5 mg).
Side effectsView
The most common side effects of Cilnidipine are: Dizziness; flushing; headache; hypotension; peripheral oedema; palpitations; GI disturbances; increased micturition frequency; lethargy; eye pain; depression.
ContraindicationsView
Cilnidipine is contraindicated in patients with known sensitivity to Cilnidipine or any of the excipients or patients having cardiogenic shock, recent MI or acute unstable angina and severe aortic stenosis.
PrecautionsView
Cilnidipine should be administered with care in the following patients: patients with serious hepatic dysfunction, patients with a history of serious adverse reactions to calcium antagonists. During the discontinuation, the dosage should be gradually decreased under close observation.
InteractionsView
Other anti-hypertensive, antipsychotics that cause hypotension, quinidine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampicin, cimetidine, erythromycin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Cilnidipine should not be administered in pregnant woman or woman having possibilities of being pregnant. It is also advisable to avoid the administration of Cilnidipine to nursing mothers. However, if the administration is indispensable, the patient should be instructed to discontinue lactation.
StorageView
Store below 30°C, protected from light and moisture. Keep away from reach out of the children.
LVC
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
LVC
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
Levocetirizine is indicated in the treatment of symptoms associated with allergic conditions such as perennial allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria.
Therapeutic classView
Non-sedating antihistamines
PharmacologyView
This preparation contains Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride. Levocetirizine is the active (Levo) isomer of cetirizine. It is a new highly effective and well-tolerated nonsedating antihistamine with potent antiallergic properties. It has a two-fold higher affinity for H1 receptors than cetirizine. Levocetirizine has a rapid and long-acting action, allowing once-a-day administration.
DosageView
Adult and children 12 years of age and older: The recommended dose is 5 mg once daily.
Children 6 to 11 years of age: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg (1/2 tablet or 1 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 months to 5 years of age: The recommended dose is 1.25 mg (1/2 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 to 11 years of age: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg (1/2 tablet or 1 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 months to 5 years of age: The recommended dose is 1.25 mg (1/2 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Side effectsView
Generally, levocetirizine is well tolerated. However, a few side effects like headache, dry mouth, fatigue and skin rash have been reported rarely.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity to levocetirizine, cetirizine or its parent compound hydroxyzine. Patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: <10 ml/min) should not be administered levocetirizine.
PrecautionsView
Epileptic patients and patients at risk of convulsions. Renal impairment. Pregnancy and lactation.
InteractionsView
Levocetirizine is not known to have any interactions with other drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Catagory B. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, levocetirizine should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Since levocetirizine is excreted in breast milk it is not recommended for use by nursing mothers.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric use: The recommended dose for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in patients 6 months to 17 years of age is based on extrapolation of efficacy from adults 18 years of age and older.
Geriatric use: In clinical studies, each approved indication did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with solely hepatic impairment.
Renal impairment:
Geriatric use: In clinical studies, each approved indication did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with solely hepatic impairment.
Renal impairment:
- Mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 50-80 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg once daily is recommended.
- Moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 30-50 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg once every other day is recommended.
- Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 10-30 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg twice weekly (administered once every 3-4 days) is recommended.
- End-stage renal disease patients (creatinine clearance: <10 ml/min) and patients undergoing hemodialysis: should not receive Levocetirizine.
Overdose effectsView
No clinically relevant adverse events have been reported in case of overdose. However in the event of overdosage, symptomatic and supportive treatment is recommended.
StorageView
Store at a temperature not exceeding 30°C in a dry place. Protect from light.
Labcal-D
Calcium Carbonate [Elemental source] + Vitamin D3
Labcal-D
Calcium Carbonate [Elemental source] + Vitamin D3
Indications
Rickets
Indication detailsView
This combination is used for treatment of osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, tetany and in parathyroid disease. Calcium supplements are often used to ensure adequate dietary intake in conditions such as pregnancy & lactation, osteogenesis and tooth formation (adjunct with definite treatment) and therapy with anti-seizure medications. It is also used as routine supplement and phosphate binder in chronic renal failure.
Therapeutic classView
Specific mineral & vitamin combined preparations
PharmacologyView
This is the preparation of Calcium Carbonate and Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol). Calcium is necessary for many normal functions of our body, especially bone formation and maintenance. Vitamin D3 helps for the absorption & reabsorption of Calcium. Vitamin D3 also stimulates bone formation. Clinical studies showed that Calcium and Vitamin D3 all together helps in bone growth, and in prevention of osteoporosis & bone fracture.
DosageView
Calcium 500 mg and Vitamin D3 200 IU Tablet: 2 tablets daily or 1 tablet twice daily. It is best taken with or just after a meal to improve absorption.
Calcium 500 mg and Vitamin D3 400 IU Tablet: 1 tablet twice daily. It is best taken with or just after a meal to improve absorption.
Calcium 500 mg and Vitamin D3 400 IU Tablet: 1 tablet twice daily. It is best taken with or just after a meal to improve absorption.
Side effectsView
It is generally well tolerated. If there is experience like nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, dry mouth, increased thirst, increased urination while taking, noticed to physicians. Constipation may occur.
ContraindicationsView
It is contraindicated in case of hypercalcaemia, hyperthyroidism, renal calculi & nephrolithiasis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.
PrecautionsView
If there is any pre-existing heart disease or kidney disease, precautions should be taken.
InteractionsView
It has possible interaction with calcium, aluminium or magnesium containing antacids & other calcium supplements, calcitriol & other vitamin D3 supplements; digoxin, tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline or oxytetracycline.
Pregnancy & lactationView
This combination should be used as directed by physician during pregnancy or while breast-feeding.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms of overdosage may include nausea and vomiting, severe drowsiness, dry mouth, loss of appetite, metallic taste, stomach cramps, diarrhea, headache, constipation.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Labecard
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Injection)
Labecard
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Injection)
Indications
Severe hypertension
Indication detailsView
Labetalol Injection is indicated in Hypertension (including hypertension in pregnancy, hypertension after stroke, hypertension with angina, and hypertension following acute myocardial infarction); hypertensive crisis; Anaesthesia when a hypotensive technique is indicated.
Therapeutic classView
Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs, Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
PharmacologyView
Labetalol is a competitive antagonist at b1 and b2 adrenoreceptors and has some intrinsic activity at b2 adrenoreceptors. Labetalol has, in addition to its b-blocking action, a competitive antagonist action at postsynaptic a-adrenoreceptors. In isolated tissues Labetalol is four to eight times more potent at b than a-adrenoreceptors.
DosageView
Bolus Injection: If it is essential to reduce the blood pressure quickly a dose of 50 mg should be given by intravenous injection (over a period of at least one minute) and, if necessary, repeated at five minute intervals until a satisfactory response occurs. The total dose should not exceed 200 mg.
Intravenous Infusion: For intravenous infusion the injcetion should be diluted with a suitable intravenous infusion fluid to a concentation of 1 mg/1 ml. Compatible fluids include solution of 5% Dextrose, 0.9% Sodium Chloride and mixture of Sodium Chloride and Dextrose Injection.
Hypertension in pregnancy: Initially 20 mg/hour, then doubled every 30 minutes until a satisfactory response is obtained or a dosage of 160 mg/hour is reached.
Hypertension following acute myocardial infarction: Initially 15 mg/hour and gradually increased to a maximum of 120 mg/hour depending on the control of blood pressure.
Hypertension after stroke: 10-20 mg by intravenous injection over 1 to 2 minutes may repeat or doubled every 10 minutes. (max. dose 300 mg).
Hypertension due to other causes: Infuse at a rate of about 2 mg/min until a satisfactory response is obtained, then stop infusion. The effective dose is usually 50-200 mg but larger doses may be needed, especially in patients with phaeochromocytoma.
Hypotensive anaesthesia: The recommended starting dose of Labetalol Injection is 10-20 mg intravenously depending on the age and condition of the patient. Patients for whom halothane is contraindicated usually require a higher initial dose of 25-30 mg. If satisfactory hypotension is not achieved after 5 minutes, increments of 5-10 mg should be given until the desired level of blood pressure is attained.
Intravenous Infusion: For intravenous infusion the injcetion should be diluted with a suitable intravenous infusion fluid to a concentation of 1 mg/1 ml. Compatible fluids include solution of 5% Dextrose, 0.9% Sodium Chloride and mixture of Sodium Chloride and Dextrose Injection.
Hypertension in pregnancy: Initially 20 mg/hour, then doubled every 30 minutes until a satisfactory response is obtained or a dosage of 160 mg/hour is reached.
Hypertension following acute myocardial infarction: Initially 15 mg/hour and gradually increased to a maximum of 120 mg/hour depending on the control of blood pressure.
Hypertension after stroke: 10-20 mg by intravenous injection over 1 to 2 minutes may repeat or doubled every 10 minutes. (max. dose 300 mg).
Hypertension due to other causes: Infuse at a rate of about 2 mg/min until a satisfactory response is obtained, then stop infusion. The effective dose is usually 50-200 mg but larger doses may be needed, especially in patients with phaeochromocytoma.
Hypotensive anaesthesia: The recommended starting dose of Labetalol Injection is 10-20 mg intravenously depending on the age and condition of the patient. Patients for whom halothane is contraindicated usually require a higher initial dose of 25-30 mg. If satisfactory hypotension is not achieved after 5 minutes, increments of 5-10 mg should be given until the desired level of blood pressure is attained.
Side effectsView
Adverse effects reported are postural hypotension (avoid upright position during and for 3 hours after intravenous administration), tiredness, weakness, headache, rashes, scalp tingling, difficulty in micturition, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting; liver damage.
ContraindicationsView
Labetalol is contraindicated for patients known to have hypersensitivity to the medicine. Labetalol is contraindicated in second or third degree heart block, infranodal A-V block, uncontrolled heart failure, sick-sinus syndrome, cardiogenic shock and other conditions associated with severe and prolonged hypotension or severe bradycardia, and bronchial asthma or other obstructive lung disorders.
PrecautionsView
There have been rare reports of severe hepatocellular injury with Labetalol therapy. The hepatic injury is usually reversible and has occurred after both short and long term treatment. If there is laboratory evidence of liver injury or the patient is jaundiced, Labetalol therapy should be stopped and not re-started. Particular care should be taken when Labetalol is to be used in patients with hepatic impairment. Labetalol should be used with caution in patients with peripheral vascular disease as their symptoms may be exacerbated.
InteractionsView
Labetalol may enhance the hypotensive effects of halothane. Care should be taken if labetalol is used concomitantly with either Class I antiarrhythmic agents or calcium antagonists of the verapamil type. The hypotensive effect of Labetalol may be reduced when used in combination with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (NSAIDs). Dosage adjustments may therefore be necessary. Concomitant use of tricyclic antidepressants may increase the incidence of tremor. Cimetidine may increase the bioavailability of Labetalol and care is required in oral dosing of the latter.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Labetalol should only be used during the first trimester of pregnancy if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk. Labetalol is excreted in breast milk in small amounts. Caution should be exercised when labetalol is administered to breast feeding women.
Overdose effectsView
Profound cardiovascular effects are to be expected, e.g. excessive, posture-sensitive hypotension and sometimes bradycardia. Patients should be laid supine with the legs raised. Use a cardiac glycoside and a diuretic in cardiac failure; for bronchospasm, administer a b 2 -agonist per aerosol. Intravenous atropine 0.25 to 3 mg should be given to relieve bradycardia. Intravenous noradrenaline 5 to 10 mg initially, repeated according to response may be preferable to isoprenaline to improve circulation. Alternatively, noradrenaline may be infused at a rate of 5 mg per minute until the response is satisfactory. In severe overdose, intravenous glucagon may be preferred: an initial bolus dose of 5 to 10 mg in dextrose or saline should be followed by an intravenous infusion of 5 mg/hour or as sufficient to maintain cardiac output.
StorageView
Store in a cool & dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children.
Labegest
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Tablet)
Labegest
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Tablet)
Indications
Hypotensive anaesthesia
Indication detailsView
Labetalol Hydrochloride indicated in the management of hypertension. Labetalol tablets may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide and loop diuretics.
Therapeutic classView
Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs, Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
PharmacologyView
Labetalol non-selectively antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors, and selectively antagonizes alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. Following oral administration, labetalol has 3 times the beta-blocking ability than alpha-blocking ability. This increases to 6.9 times following intravenous administration. Antagonism of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors leads to vasodilation and decreased vascular resistance. This leads to a decrease in blood pressure that is most pronounced while standing. Antagonism of beta-1-adrenergic receptors leads to a slight decrease in heart rate. Antagonism of beta-2-adrenergic receptors leads to some of the side effects of labetalol such as bronchospasms, however this may be slightly attenuated by alpha-1-adrenergic antagonism. Labetalol leads to sustained vasodilation over the long term without a significant decrease in cardiac output or stroke volume, and a minimal decrease in heart rate.
DosageView
Adult: The recommended initial dosage is 100 mg twice daily whether used alone or added to a diuretic regimen. The usual maintenance dosage of Labetalol Hydrochloride is between 200 and 400 mg twice daily.
Patients with severe hypertension: May require from 1,200 to 2,400 mg per day, with or without thiazide diuretics. Titration increments should not exceed 200 mg twice daily.
Elderly Patients: The majority of elderly patients will require between 100 and 200 mg twice daily.
Patients with severe hypertension: May require from 1,200 to 2,400 mg per day, with or without thiazide diuretics. Titration increments should not exceed 200 mg twice daily.
Elderly Patients: The majority of elderly patients will require between 100 and 200 mg twice daily.
Side effectsView
Most side effects are mild and transient and occur early in the course of treatment. The incidences of adverse reactions include Fatigue, Asthenia, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Dyspepsia, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Taste distortion, Dizziness, Paresthesia, Nasal stuffiness, Increased sweating, Edema, Postural hypotension, Bradycardia, Dyspnea, Rash, Vision abnormality and Vertigo.
PrecautionsView
Labetalol Hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with Impaired Hepatic Function, Congestive Heart Failure, Exacerbation of Ischemic Heart Disease, Nonallergic Bronchospasm, Pheochromocytoma, Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia.
InteractionsView
Labetalol in combination with tricyclic antidepressants may cause tremor; Cimetidine has been shown to increase the bioavailability of Labetalol. If Labetalol is used with nitroglycerin in patients with angina pectoris, additional antihypertensive effects may occur; Care should be taken if Labetalol is used concomitantly with calcium antagonists of the verapamil type; Both digitalis glycosides and beta-blockers slow atrioventricular conduction and decrease heart rate. Concomitant use can increase the risk of bradycardia.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. Teratogenic studies were performed with Labetalol in rats and rabbits at oral doses up to approximately six and four times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), respectively. No reproducible evidence of fetal malformations was observed. Labetalol Hydrochloride given to pregnant women with hypertension did not appear to affect the usual course of labor and delivery. Small amounts of Labetalol (approximately 0.004% of the maternal dose) are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Labetalol tablets are administered to a nursing woman.
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage with Labetalol causes excessive hypotension and sometimes, excessive bradycardia. If overdosage with Labetalol follows oral ingestion, gastric lavage or pharmacologically induced emesis (using syrup) may be useful for removal of the drug shortly after ingestion. The following additional measures should be employed if necessary: Excessive bradycardia-administer atropine or epinephrine; Cardiac failure-administer a digitalis glycoside and a diuretic; Hypotension-administer vasopressors, e.g., norepinephrine; Bronchospasm administer epinephrine and/or an aerosolized beta2-agonist; Seizures-administer diazepam. In severe beta blocker overdose resulting in hypotension and/or bradycardia, glucagon has been shown to be effective when administered in large doses (5 to 10 mg rapidly over 30 seconds, followed by continuous infusion of 5 mg per hour that can be reduced as the patient improves).
StorageView
Labetalol tablets should be stored below 30°C. Keep out of the reach of children. Store in a cool and dry place protected from light.
Labegest
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Injection)
Labegest
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Injection)
Indications
Severe hypertension
Indication detailsView
Labetalol Injection is indicated in Hypertension (including hypertension in pregnancy, hypertension after stroke, hypertension with angina, and hypertension following acute myocardial infarction); hypertensive crisis; Anaesthesia when a hypotensive technique is indicated.
Therapeutic classView
Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs, Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
PharmacologyView
Labetalol is a competitive antagonist at b1 and b2 adrenoreceptors and has some intrinsic activity at b2 adrenoreceptors. Labetalol has, in addition to its b-blocking action, a competitive antagonist action at postsynaptic a-adrenoreceptors. In isolated tissues Labetalol is four to eight times more potent at b than a-adrenoreceptors.
DosageView
Bolus Injection: If it is essential to reduce the blood pressure quickly a dose of 50 mg should be given by intravenous injection (over a period of at least one minute) and, if necessary, repeated at five minute intervals until a satisfactory response occurs. The total dose should not exceed 200 mg.
Intravenous Infusion: For intravenous infusion the injcetion should be diluted with a suitable intravenous infusion fluid to a concentation of 1 mg/1 ml. Compatible fluids include solution of 5% Dextrose, 0.9% Sodium Chloride and mixture of Sodium Chloride and Dextrose Injection.
Hypertension in pregnancy: Initially 20 mg/hour, then doubled every 30 minutes until a satisfactory response is obtained or a dosage of 160 mg/hour is reached.
Hypertension following acute myocardial infarction: Initially 15 mg/hour and gradually increased to a maximum of 120 mg/hour depending on the control of blood pressure.
Hypertension after stroke: 10-20 mg by intravenous injection over 1 to 2 minutes may repeat or doubled every 10 minutes. (max. dose 300 mg).
Hypertension due to other causes: Infuse at a rate of about 2 mg/min until a satisfactory response is obtained, then stop infusion. The effective dose is usually 50-200 mg but larger doses may be needed, especially in patients with phaeochromocytoma.
Hypotensive anaesthesia: The recommended starting dose of Labetalol Injection is 10-20 mg intravenously depending on the age and condition of the patient. Patients for whom halothane is contraindicated usually require a higher initial dose of 25-30 mg. If satisfactory hypotension is not achieved after 5 minutes, increments of 5-10 mg should be given until the desired level of blood pressure is attained.
Intravenous Infusion: For intravenous infusion the injcetion should be diluted with a suitable intravenous infusion fluid to a concentation of 1 mg/1 ml. Compatible fluids include solution of 5% Dextrose, 0.9% Sodium Chloride and mixture of Sodium Chloride and Dextrose Injection.
Hypertension in pregnancy: Initially 20 mg/hour, then doubled every 30 minutes until a satisfactory response is obtained or a dosage of 160 mg/hour is reached.
Hypertension following acute myocardial infarction: Initially 15 mg/hour and gradually increased to a maximum of 120 mg/hour depending on the control of blood pressure.
Hypertension after stroke: 10-20 mg by intravenous injection over 1 to 2 minutes may repeat or doubled every 10 minutes. (max. dose 300 mg).
Hypertension due to other causes: Infuse at a rate of about 2 mg/min until a satisfactory response is obtained, then stop infusion. The effective dose is usually 50-200 mg but larger doses may be needed, especially in patients with phaeochromocytoma.
Hypotensive anaesthesia: The recommended starting dose of Labetalol Injection is 10-20 mg intravenously depending on the age and condition of the patient. Patients for whom halothane is contraindicated usually require a higher initial dose of 25-30 mg. If satisfactory hypotension is not achieved after 5 minutes, increments of 5-10 mg should be given until the desired level of blood pressure is attained.
Side effectsView
Adverse effects reported are postural hypotension (avoid upright position during and for 3 hours after intravenous administration), tiredness, weakness, headache, rashes, scalp tingling, difficulty in micturition, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting; liver damage.
ContraindicationsView
Labetalol is contraindicated for patients known to have hypersensitivity to the medicine. Labetalol is contraindicated in second or third degree heart block, infranodal A-V block, uncontrolled heart failure, sick-sinus syndrome, cardiogenic shock and other conditions associated with severe and prolonged hypotension or severe bradycardia, and bronchial asthma or other obstructive lung disorders.
PrecautionsView
There have been rare reports of severe hepatocellular injury with Labetalol therapy. The hepatic injury is usually reversible and has occurred after both short and long term treatment. If there is laboratory evidence of liver injury or the patient is jaundiced, Labetalol therapy should be stopped and not re-started. Particular care should be taken when Labetalol is to be used in patients with hepatic impairment. Labetalol should be used with caution in patients with peripheral vascular disease as their symptoms may be exacerbated.
InteractionsView
Labetalol may enhance the hypotensive effects of halothane. Care should be taken if labetalol is used concomitantly with either Class I antiarrhythmic agents or calcium antagonists of the verapamil type. The hypotensive effect of Labetalol may be reduced when used in combination with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (NSAIDs). Dosage adjustments may therefore be necessary. Concomitant use of tricyclic antidepressants may increase the incidence of tremor. Cimetidine may increase the bioavailability of Labetalol and care is required in oral dosing of the latter.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Labetalol should only be used during the first trimester of pregnancy if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk. Labetalol is excreted in breast milk in small amounts. Caution should be exercised when labetalol is administered to breast feeding women.
Overdose effectsView
Profound cardiovascular effects are to be expected, e.g. excessive, posture-sensitive hypotension and sometimes bradycardia. Patients should be laid supine with the legs raised. Use a cardiac glycoside and a diuretic in cardiac failure; for bronchospasm, administer a b 2 -agonist per aerosol. Intravenous atropine 0.25 to 3 mg should be given to relieve bradycardia. Intravenous noradrenaline 5 to 10 mg initially, repeated according to response may be preferable to isoprenaline to improve circulation. Alternatively, noradrenaline may be infused at a rate of 5 mg per minute until the response is satisfactory. In severe overdose, intravenous glucagon may be preferred: an initial bolus dose of 5 to 10 mg in dextrose or saline should be followed by an intravenous infusion of 5 mg/hour or as sufficient to maintain cardiac output.
StorageView
Store in a cool & dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children.
Labegest
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Tablet)
Labegest
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Tablet)
Indications
Hypotensive anaesthesia
Indication detailsView
Labetalol Hydrochloride indicated in the management of hypertension. Labetalol tablets may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide and loop diuretics.
Therapeutic classView
Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs, Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
PharmacologyView
Labetalol non-selectively antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors, and selectively antagonizes alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. Following oral administration, labetalol has 3 times the beta-blocking ability than alpha-blocking ability. This increases to 6.9 times following intravenous administration. Antagonism of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors leads to vasodilation and decreased vascular resistance. This leads to a decrease in blood pressure that is most pronounced while standing. Antagonism of beta-1-adrenergic receptors leads to a slight decrease in heart rate. Antagonism of beta-2-adrenergic receptors leads to some of the side effects of labetalol such as bronchospasms, however this may be slightly attenuated by alpha-1-adrenergic antagonism. Labetalol leads to sustained vasodilation over the long term without a significant decrease in cardiac output or stroke volume, and a minimal decrease in heart rate.
DosageView
Adult: The recommended initial dosage is 100 mg twice daily whether used alone or added to a diuretic regimen. The usual maintenance dosage of Labetalol Hydrochloride is between 200 and 400 mg twice daily.
Patients with severe hypertension: May require from 1,200 to 2,400 mg per day, with or without thiazide diuretics. Titration increments should not exceed 200 mg twice daily.
Elderly Patients: The majority of elderly patients will require between 100 and 200 mg twice daily.
Patients with severe hypertension: May require from 1,200 to 2,400 mg per day, with or without thiazide diuretics. Titration increments should not exceed 200 mg twice daily.
Elderly Patients: The majority of elderly patients will require between 100 and 200 mg twice daily.
Side effectsView
Most side effects are mild and transient and occur early in the course of treatment. The incidences of adverse reactions include Fatigue, Asthenia, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Dyspepsia, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Taste distortion, Dizziness, Paresthesia, Nasal stuffiness, Increased sweating, Edema, Postural hypotension, Bradycardia, Dyspnea, Rash, Vision abnormality and Vertigo.
PrecautionsView
Labetalol Hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with Impaired Hepatic Function, Congestive Heart Failure, Exacerbation of Ischemic Heart Disease, Nonallergic Bronchospasm, Pheochromocytoma, Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia.
InteractionsView
Labetalol in combination with tricyclic antidepressants may cause tremor; Cimetidine has been shown to increase the bioavailability of Labetalol. If Labetalol is used with nitroglycerin in patients with angina pectoris, additional antihypertensive effects may occur; Care should be taken if Labetalol is used concomitantly with calcium antagonists of the verapamil type; Both digitalis glycosides and beta-blockers slow atrioventricular conduction and decrease heart rate. Concomitant use can increase the risk of bradycardia.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. Teratogenic studies were performed with Labetalol in rats and rabbits at oral doses up to approximately six and four times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), respectively. No reproducible evidence of fetal malformations was observed. Labetalol Hydrochloride given to pregnant women with hypertension did not appear to affect the usual course of labor and delivery. Small amounts of Labetalol (approximately 0.004% of the maternal dose) are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Labetalol tablets are administered to a nursing woman.
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage with Labetalol causes excessive hypotension and sometimes, excessive bradycardia. If overdosage with Labetalol follows oral ingestion, gastric lavage or pharmacologically induced emesis (using syrup) may be useful for removal of the drug shortly after ingestion. The following additional measures should be employed if necessary: Excessive bradycardia-administer atropine or epinephrine; Cardiac failure-administer a digitalis glycoside and a diuretic; Hypotension-administer vasopressors, e.g., norepinephrine; Bronchospasm administer epinephrine and/or an aerosolized beta2-agonist; Seizures-administer diazepam. In severe beta blocker overdose resulting in hypotension and/or bradycardia, glucagon has been shown to be effective when administered in large doses (5 to 10 mg rapidly over 30 seconds, followed by continuous infusion of 5 mg per hour that can be reduced as the patient improves).
StorageView
Labetalol tablets should be stored below 30°C. Keep out of the reach of children. Store in a cool and dry place protected from light.
Laben DS
Albendazole
Laben DS
Albendazole
Indications
Worm infections
Indication detailsView
Albendazole is indicated in single and mixed infestations of-
- Hookworm (Ancylostoma, Necator)
- Roundworm (Ascaris)
- Threadworm (Enterobius)
- Whipworm (Trichuris)
- Strongyloides
- Tapeworm
- Opisthorchi
- Hydatid.
Therapeutic classView
Anthelmintic
PharmacologyView
Albendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic. Albendazole exhibits vermicidal, ovicidal and larvicidal activities. The drug is thought to exert its anthelmintic effect by blocking glucose uptake in the susceptible helminths, thereby depleting the energy level until it becomes inadequate for survival. Immobilization is followed by the parasite. These events may be a consequence of the binding and subsequent inhibition of parasite tubulin polymerization by Albendazole and its metabolites, although the drug also binds to human tubulin. Albendazole is extensively metabolized, probably in the liver. Albendazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but rapidly undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. The principal metabolite albendazole sulphoxide has anthelmintic activity and a plasma half-life of about 8.5 hrs. It is excreted in the urine together with other metabolites.
DosageView
Adults & children over 2 years:
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) as a single dose in cases of Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
- In cases of strongyloidiasis or taeniasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) daily should be given for 3 consecutive days. If the patient is not cured on follow-up after three weeks, a second course of treatment is indicated.
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- Albendazole is given by mouth with meals in a dose of 400 mg twice daily for 28 days for patients weighing over 60 kg.
- A dose of 15 mg/kg body weight daily in two divided doses (to a maximum total daily dose of 800 mg) is used for patients weighing less than 60 kg.
- For cystic echinococcosis, the 28 days course may be repeated after 14 days without treatment, to a total of 3 treatment cycles.
- For alveolar echinococcosis, cycles of 28 days of treatment followed by 14 days without treatment, may need to continue for months or years.
- In giardiasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) once daily for five days is used.
Side effectsView
Gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, dizziness, changes in liver enzymes, rarely reversible alopecia; rash, fever, blood disorders including leucopenia and pancytopenia reported; allergic shock if cyst leakage; convulsion and meningism in cerebral disease.
ContraindicationsView
Neonates: Albendazole is not normally used in neonates.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
PrecautionsView
Blood counts and liver function tests before treatment and twice during each cycle; breastfeeding; exclude pregnancy before starting treatment. Albendazole should only be used in the treatment of Echinococcosis if there is constant medical supervision with regular monitoring of serum-transaminase concentrations and of leucocyte and platelet counts
InteractionsView
No interaction involving Albendazole, either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic, has been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy category of Albendazole is C. So, Albendazole should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place, away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Labenac
Aceclofenac
Labenac
Aceclofenac
Indications
Spondylitis
Indication detailsView
Aceclofenac is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, toothache, trauma and lumbago.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
DosageView
Extended release tablet: The recommended dose in adults is one 200 mg Aceclofenac tablet daily or as prescribed by the physician.
Film coated tablet: The recommended dose in adults is 100 mg, twice daily.
Side effectsView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
ContraindicationsView
Aceclofenac is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to it or in whom aspirin or NSAIDs precipitate attacks of asthma.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised to patients with active or suspected peptic ulcer or gastro-intestinal bleeding moderate to severe hepatic impairment and cardiac or renal impairment. Caution should also be exercised in patients suffering from dizziness or urticaria.
InteractionsView
No significant drug interactions has not been observed but close monitoring of patients is required when it is used with:
- Lithium and Digoxin: may increase plasma concentration of lithium and digoxin.
- Diuretics: may interact the activity of diuretics.
- Anticoagulants: may enhance the activity of anticoagulant.
- Methotrexate: may increase the plasma level of methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The use of Aceclofenac should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
Pediatric usageView
There are no clinical data on the use of Aceclofenac in children.
StorageView
keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Labenac SR
Aceclofenac
Labenac SR
Aceclofenac
Indications
Spondylitis
Indication detailsView
Aceclofenac is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, toothache, trauma and lumbago.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
DosageView
Extended release tablet: The recommended dose in adults is one 200 mg Aceclofenac tablet daily or as prescribed by the physician.
Film coated tablet: The recommended dose in adults is 100 mg, twice daily.
Side effectsView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
ContraindicationsView
Aceclofenac is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to it or in whom aspirin or NSAIDs precipitate attacks of asthma.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised to patients with active or suspected peptic ulcer or gastro-intestinal bleeding moderate to severe hepatic impairment and cardiac or renal impairment. Caution should also be exercised in patients suffering from dizziness or urticaria.
InteractionsView
No significant drug interactions has not been observed but close monitoring of patients is required when it is used with:
- Lithium and Digoxin: may increase plasma concentration of lithium and digoxin.
- Diuretics: may interact the activity of diuretics.
- Anticoagulants: may enhance the activity of anticoagulant.
- Methotrexate: may increase the plasma level of methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The use of Aceclofenac should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
Pediatric usageView
There are no clinical data on the use of Aceclofenac in children.
StorageView
keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Labeta
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Tablet)
Labeta
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Tablet)
Indications
Hypotensive anaesthesia
Indication detailsView
Labetalol Hydrochloride indicated in the management of hypertension. Labetalol tablets may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide and loop diuretics.
Therapeutic classView
Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs, Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
PharmacologyView
Labetalol non-selectively antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors, and selectively antagonizes alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. Following oral administration, labetalol has 3 times the beta-blocking ability than alpha-blocking ability. This increases to 6.9 times following intravenous administration. Antagonism of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors leads to vasodilation and decreased vascular resistance. This leads to a decrease in blood pressure that is most pronounced while standing. Antagonism of beta-1-adrenergic receptors leads to a slight decrease in heart rate. Antagonism of beta-2-adrenergic receptors leads to some of the side effects of labetalol such as bronchospasms, however this may be slightly attenuated by alpha-1-adrenergic antagonism. Labetalol leads to sustained vasodilation over the long term without a significant decrease in cardiac output or stroke volume, and a minimal decrease in heart rate.
DosageView
Adult: The recommended initial dosage is 100 mg twice daily whether used alone or added to a diuretic regimen. The usual maintenance dosage of Labetalol Hydrochloride is between 200 and 400 mg twice daily.
Patients with severe hypertension: May require from 1,200 to 2,400 mg per day, with or without thiazide diuretics. Titration increments should not exceed 200 mg twice daily.
Elderly Patients: The majority of elderly patients will require between 100 and 200 mg twice daily.
Patients with severe hypertension: May require from 1,200 to 2,400 mg per day, with or without thiazide diuretics. Titration increments should not exceed 200 mg twice daily.
Elderly Patients: The majority of elderly patients will require between 100 and 200 mg twice daily.
Side effectsView
Most side effects are mild and transient and occur early in the course of treatment. The incidences of adverse reactions include Fatigue, Asthenia, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Dyspepsia, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Taste distortion, Dizziness, Paresthesia, Nasal stuffiness, Increased sweating, Edema, Postural hypotension, Bradycardia, Dyspnea, Rash, Vision abnormality and Vertigo.
PrecautionsView
Labetalol Hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with Impaired Hepatic Function, Congestive Heart Failure, Exacerbation of Ischemic Heart Disease, Nonallergic Bronchospasm, Pheochromocytoma, Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia.
InteractionsView
Labetalol in combination with tricyclic antidepressants may cause tremor; Cimetidine has been shown to increase the bioavailability of Labetalol. If Labetalol is used with nitroglycerin in patients with angina pectoris, additional antihypertensive effects may occur; Care should be taken if Labetalol is used concomitantly with calcium antagonists of the verapamil type; Both digitalis glycosides and beta-blockers slow atrioventricular conduction and decrease heart rate. Concomitant use can increase the risk of bradycardia.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. Teratogenic studies were performed with Labetalol in rats and rabbits at oral doses up to approximately six and four times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), respectively. No reproducible evidence of fetal malformations was observed. Labetalol Hydrochloride given to pregnant women with hypertension did not appear to affect the usual course of labor and delivery. Small amounts of Labetalol (approximately 0.004% of the maternal dose) are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Labetalol tablets are administered to a nursing woman.
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage with Labetalol causes excessive hypotension and sometimes, excessive bradycardia. If overdosage with Labetalol follows oral ingestion, gastric lavage or pharmacologically induced emesis (using syrup) may be useful for removal of the drug shortly after ingestion. The following additional measures should be employed if necessary: Excessive bradycardia-administer atropine or epinephrine; Cardiac failure-administer a digitalis glycoside and a diuretic; Hypotension-administer vasopressors, e.g., norepinephrine; Bronchospasm administer epinephrine and/or an aerosolized beta2-agonist; Seizures-administer diazepam. In severe beta blocker overdose resulting in hypotension and/or bradycardia, glucagon has been shown to be effective when administered in large doses (5 to 10 mg rapidly over 30 seconds, followed by continuous infusion of 5 mg per hour that can be reduced as the patient improves).
StorageView
Labetalol tablets should be stored below 30°C. Keep out of the reach of children. Store in a cool and dry place protected from light.
Labeta
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Tablet)
Labeta
Labetalol Hydrochloride (Tablet)
Indications
Hypotensive anaesthesia
Indication detailsView
Labetalol Hydrochloride indicated in the management of hypertension. Labetalol tablets may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide and loop diuretics.
Therapeutic classView
Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs, Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
PharmacologyView
Labetalol non-selectively antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors, and selectively antagonizes alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. Following oral administration, labetalol has 3 times the beta-blocking ability than alpha-blocking ability. This increases to 6.9 times following intravenous administration. Antagonism of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors leads to vasodilation and decreased vascular resistance. This leads to a decrease in blood pressure that is most pronounced while standing. Antagonism of beta-1-adrenergic receptors leads to a slight decrease in heart rate. Antagonism of beta-2-adrenergic receptors leads to some of the side effects of labetalol such as bronchospasms, however this may be slightly attenuated by alpha-1-adrenergic antagonism. Labetalol leads to sustained vasodilation over the long term without a significant decrease in cardiac output or stroke volume, and a minimal decrease in heart rate.
DosageView
Adult: The recommended initial dosage is 100 mg twice daily whether used alone or added to a diuretic regimen. The usual maintenance dosage of Labetalol Hydrochloride is between 200 and 400 mg twice daily.
Patients with severe hypertension: May require from 1,200 to 2,400 mg per day, with or without thiazide diuretics. Titration increments should not exceed 200 mg twice daily.
Elderly Patients: The majority of elderly patients will require between 100 and 200 mg twice daily.
Patients with severe hypertension: May require from 1,200 to 2,400 mg per day, with or without thiazide diuretics. Titration increments should not exceed 200 mg twice daily.
Elderly Patients: The majority of elderly patients will require between 100 and 200 mg twice daily.
Side effectsView
Most side effects are mild and transient and occur early in the course of treatment. The incidences of adverse reactions include Fatigue, Asthenia, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Dyspepsia, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Taste distortion, Dizziness, Paresthesia, Nasal stuffiness, Increased sweating, Edema, Postural hypotension, Bradycardia, Dyspnea, Rash, Vision abnormality and Vertigo.
PrecautionsView
Labetalol Hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with Impaired Hepatic Function, Congestive Heart Failure, Exacerbation of Ischemic Heart Disease, Nonallergic Bronchospasm, Pheochromocytoma, Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia.
InteractionsView
Labetalol in combination with tricyclic antidepressants may cause tremor; Cimetidine has been shown to increase the bioavailability of Labetalol. If Labetalol is used with nitroglycerin in patients with angina pectoris, additional antihypertensive effects may occur; Care should be taken if Labetalol is used concomitantly with calcium antagonists of the verapamil type; Both digitalis glycosides and beta-blockers slow atrioventricular conduction and decrease heart rate. Concomitant use can increase the risk of bradycardia.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. Teratogenic studies were performed with Labetalol in rats and rabbits at oral doses up to approximately six and four times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), respectively. No reproducible evidence of fetal malformations was observed. Labetalol Hydrochloride given to pregnant women with hypertension did not appear to affect the usual course of labor and delivery. Small amounts of Labetalol (approximately 0.004% of the maternal dose) are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Labetalol tablets are administered to a nursing woman.
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage with Labetalol causes excessive hypotension and sometimes, excessive bradycardia. If overdosage with Labetalol follows oral ingestion, gastric lavage or pharmacologically induced emesis (using syrup) may be useful for removal of the drug shortly after ingestion. The following additional measures should be employed if necessary: Excessive bradycardia-administer atropine or epinephrine; Cardiac failure-administer a digitalis glycoside and a diuretic; Hypotension-administer vasopressors, e.g., norepinephrine; Bronchospasm administer epinephrine and/or an aerosolized beta2-agonist; Seizures-administer diazepam. In severe beta blocker overdose resulting in hypotension and/or bradycardia, glucagon has been shown to be effective when administered in large doses (5 to 10 mg rapidly over 30 seconds, followed by continuous infusion of 5 mg per hour that can be reduced as the patient improves).
StorageView
Labetalol tablets should be stored below 30°C. Keep out of the reach of children. Store in a cool and dry place protected from light.