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A-Phenicol D
Dexamethasone + Chloramphenicol
A-Phenicol D
Dexamethasone + Chloramphenicol
Indications
Post-herpetic keratitis
Indication detailsView
Eye: This combination is indicated in acute purulent conjunctivitis, fresh inflammation of the superficial and deeper corneal layers and corneal ulceration. It is also used in keratitis disciformis and the more deep-seated forms of post-herpetic keratitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic blepharitis, acute and chronic iritis, chronic anterior uveitis and corneal injury from chemical radiation or thermal burns, or penetration of foreign bodies. The combination is used in steroid-responsive inflammatory ocular conditions for which a corticosteroid is indicated and where bacterial infection or arisk of bacterial ocular infection exists. The combination can also be used for post-operative inflammation and any other ocular inflammation associated with infection.
Ear: This combination is indicated in otitis externa, otitis media and chronic suppurative otitis media.
Ear: This combination is indicated in otitis externa, otitis media and chronic suppurative otitis media.
Therapeutic classView
Ophthalmic steroid - antibiotic combined preparations
PharmacologyView
Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid. It has an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic action. It is used topically in the treatment of inflammatory conditions of the anterior segment of the eye. Dexamethasone is absorbed rapidly after oral administration with a half-life of about 190 minutes. Sufficient absorption may occur after topical application to the skin and eye to produce systemic effects.
Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic active against a wide variety of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Chloramphenicol exerts its antibacterial effect by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis at an early stage
Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic active against a wide variety of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Chloramphenicol exerts its antibacterial effect by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis at an early stage
DosageView
Eye:
- Bacterial Conjunctivitis: The recommended dosage regimen for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis is 1 to 2 drops instilled into the conjunctival sac (s) every 2 hours for 2 days and 1 or 2 drops every 4 hours for the next 5(five days) while awake.
- Corneal Ulcers: The recommended dosage regimen for the treatment of comeal ulcer is 2 drops in the affected eye (s) every 15 minutes for the first 6 hours then 2 drops into the affected eye(s) every 30 minutes for the remainder of first day. On the second day, instill 2 drops in the affected eye (s) hourly. On the 3 to 14 days, place 2 drops in the affected eye (s) every 4 hours. Treatment may be continued after 14 days if corneal re-epithelialization has not occurred.
Side effectsView
Adverse reactions seen with Chloramphenicol are transient ocular burning or discomfort and other reported reactions include stinging, redness, itching, conjunctivitis, foreign body sensation, photophobia, blurred vision, dryness and eye pain. Allergic sensitization may occur with the local use of Chloramphenicol. Elevation of intraocular pressure with possible development of glaucoma, infrequent optic nerve damage and posterior subcapsular cataract formation.
ContraindicationsView
The combination is contraindicated in epithelial herpes simplex cornealis, fungal, viral, tuberculous and other infections of the eye and in glaucoma. Myelosuppression during previous exposure to Chloramphenicol. Hypersensitivity to Chloramphenicol & Dexamethasone Phosphate or to any other ingredients of the preparations.
PrecautionsView
The possibility of persistent fungal infections of the cornea should be considered after prolonged corticosteroid dosing. Prolonged use of steroids containing products may result in posterior subcapsular cataract formation and glaucoma with optic nerve damage. Intraocular pressure monitoring is needed. Prolonged use of antibiotics may result in the overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. If new infections appear during treatment, the drug should be discontinued and alternative therapy should be instituted.
InteractionsView
If Chloramphenicol is absorbed from eye when taking anticoagulants e.g. warfarin, there may be an increase in the effect of this medicine. Action of Chloramphenicol will be inhibited if given simultaneously with Phenobarbital. The therapeutic efficacy of Dexamethasone may be reduced with the concomitant administration of phenytoin, phenobarbitone, ephedrine and rifampicin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Caution should be exercised when Chloramphenicol and Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing mother.
StorageView
Keep in a cool and dry place, away from light & keep out of the reach of children. Do not use after 30 days of first opening.
A-Rox
Roxithromycin
A-Rox
Roxithromycin
Indications
Urethritis
Indication detailsView
Roxithromycin is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible microorganisms-
- Respiratory infections like pneumonia, acute and chronic bronchitis, and bronchopneumonia
- ENT infections like tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis and otitis media.
- Skin infections like folliculitis, furuncles, cellulitis, carbuncles, pyoderma, impetigo and infected dermatitis.
- Genital infections like urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis and salpingitis especially if produced by Chlamydia trachomatis.
Therapeutic classView
Macrolides
PharmacologyView
Roxithromycin inhibits protein synthesis by irreversibly binding to the 50s ribosomal subunits thus blocking the transpeptidation or translocation reactions of susceptible organisms resulting in stunted cell growth.
DosageView
Adult dose: The usual dose for adults is one 300 mg tablet once daily or one 150 mg tablet twice a day for at least two days after resolution of symptoms, a normal course of therapy is between 5 and 10 days. Roxithromycin is best administered on empty stomach. In severe hepatic impairment the dose is 150 mg once daily.
Pediatric dose: The dose for children is 2.5 to 5 mg/kg body weight twice a day. The following general guidelines can be followed
Pediatric dose: The dose for children is 2.5 to 5 mg/kg body weight twice a day. The following general guidelines can be followed
- 6 to 11 Kg: 25 mg Roxithromycin 12 hourly.
- 12 to 23 Kg: 50 mg Roxithromycin 12 hourly.
- 24 to 40 Kg: 100 mg Roxithromycin 12 hourly.
Side effectsView
Roxithromycin is well tolerated by patients of all age groups. Less than 4% of treated patients complain of side effects mainly nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and hypersensitivity rash. Other side effects reported include vomiting, dizziness, headache, pruritus, dyspepsia, flatulence, tinnitus, vertigo and constipation. These are in general minor and do not necessitate withdrawal of therapy.
ContraindicationsView
Roxithromycin should not be administered simultaneously with ergotamine or its derivatives as it may provoke arterial spasm and severe ischaemia.
PrecautionsView
Roxithromycin should not be used in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the drug. In patients with hepatic diseases the dose of Roxithromycin should not exceed 150 mg twice a day.
InteractionsView
Roxithromycin does not have any affinity for cytochrome P-450 binding sites and thus is unlikely to produce drug interaction mediated by this enzymatic system. Roxithromycin shows mild interaction with theophylline though this has not been found to produce clinically relevant effects. Alteration in the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine or warfarin has not been found. Antacids, H2- receptor antagonists and food has no effect on the absorption of Roxithromycin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The safety of Roxithromycin in pregnancy has not been established. It appears in breast milk in small amounts and dose not produce adverse effects in the breast fed infant.
A-Rox
Roxithromycin
A-Rox
Roxithromycin
Indications
Urethritis
Indication detailsView
Roxithromycin is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible microorganisms-
- Respiratory infections like pneumonia, acute and chronic bronchitis, and bronchopneumonia
- ENT infections like tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis and otitis media.
- Skin infections like folliculitis, furuncles, cellulitis, carbuncles, pyoderma, impetigo and infected dermatitis.
- Genital infections like urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis and salpingitis especially if produced by Chlamydia trachomatis.
Therapeutic classView
Macrolides
PharmacologyView
Roxithromycin inhibits protein synthesis by irreversibly binding to the 50s ribosomal subunits thus blocking the transpeptidation or translocation reactions of susceptible organisms resulting in stunted cell growth.
DosageView
Adult dose: The usual dose for adults is one 300 mg tablet once daily or one 150 mg tablet twice a day for at least two days after resolution of symptoms, a normal course of therapy is between 5 and 10 days. Roxithromycin is best administered on empty stomach. In severe hepatic impairment the dose is 150 mg once daily.
Pediatric dose: The dose for children is 2.5 to 5 mg/kg body weight twice a day. The following general guidelines can be followed
Pediatric dose: The dose for children is 2.5 to 5 mg/kg body weight twice a day. The following general guidelines can be followed
- 6 to 11 Kg: 25 mg Roxithromycin 12 hourly.
- 12 to 23 Kg: 50 mg Roxithromycin 12 hourly.
- 24 to 40 Kg: 100 mg Roxithromycin 12 hourly.
Side effectsView
Roxithromycin is well tolerated by patients of all age groups. Less than 4% of treated patients complain of side effects mainly nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and hypersensitivity rash. Other side effects reported include vomiting, dizziness, headache, pruritus, dyspepsia, flatulence, tinnitus, vertigo and constipation. These are in general minor and do not necessitate withdrawal of therapy.
ContraindicationsView
Roxithromycin should not be administered simultaneously with ergotamine or its derivatives as it may provoke arterial spasm and severe ischaemia.
PrecautionsView
Roxithromycin should not be used in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the drug. In patients with hepatic diseases the dose of Roxithromycin should not exceed 150 mg twice a day.
InteractionsView
Roxithromycin does not have any affinity for cytochrome P-450 binding sites and thus is unlikely to produce drug interaction mediated by this enzymatic system. Roxithromycin shows mild interaction with theophylline though this has not been found to produce clinically relevant effects. Alteration in the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine or warfarin has not been found. Antacids, H2- receptor antagonists and food has no effect on the absorption of Roxithromycin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The safety of Roxithromycin in pregnancy has not been established. It appears in breast milk in small amounts and dose not produce adverse effects in the breast fed infant.
A-Rox
Roxithromycin
A-Rox
Roxithromycin
Indications
Urethritis
Indication detailsView
Roxithromycin is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible microorganisms-
- Respiratory infections like pneumonia, acute and chronic bronchitis, and bronchopneumonia
- ENT infections like tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis and otitis media.
- Skin infections like folliculitis, furuncles, cellulitis, carbuncles, pyoderma, impetigo and infected dermatitis.
- Genital infections like urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis and salpingitis especially if produced by Chlamydia trachomatis.
Therapeutic classView
Macrolides
PharmacologyView
Roxithromycin inhibits protein synthesis by irreversibly binding to the 50s ribosomal subunits thus blocking the transpeptidation or translocation reactions of susceptible organisms resulting in stunted cell growth.
DosageView
Adult dose: The usual dose for adults is one 300 mg tablet once daily or one 150 mg tablet twice a day for at least two days after resolution of symptoms, a normal course of therapy is between 5 and 10 days. Roxithromycin is best administered on empty stomach. In severe hepatic impairment the dose is 150 mg once daily.
Pediatric dose: The dose for children is 2.5 to 5 mg/kg body weight twice a day. The following general guidelines can be followed
Pediatric dose: The dose for children is 2.5 to 5 mg/kg body weight twice a day. The following general guidelines can be followed
- 6 to 11 Kg: 25 mg Roxithromycin 12 hourly.
- 12 to 23 Kg: 50 mg Roxithromycin 12 hourly.
- 24 to 40 Kg: 100 mg Roxithromycin 12 hourly.
Side effectsView
Roxithromycin is well tolerated by patients of all age groups. Less than 4% of treated patients complain of side effects mainly nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and hypersensitivity rash. Other side effects reported include vomiting, dizziness, headache, pruritus, dyspepsia, flatulence, tinnitus, vertigo and constipation. These are in general minor and do not necessitate withdrawal of therapy.
ContraindicationsView
Roxithromycin should not be administered simultaneously with ergotamine or its derivatives as it may provoke arterial spasm and severe ischaemia.
PrecautionsView
Roxithromycin should not be used in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the drug. In patients with hepatic diseases the dose of Roxithromycin should not exceed 150 mg twice a day.
InteractionsView
Roxithromycin does not have any affinity for cytochrome P-450 binding sites and thus is unlikely to produce drug interaction mediated by this enzymatic system. Roxithromycin shows mild interaction with theophylline though this has not been found to produce clinically relevant effects. Alteration in the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine or warfarin has not been found. Antacids, H2- receptor antagonists and food has no effect on the absorption of Roxithromycin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The safety of Roxithromycin in pregnancy has not been established. It appears in breast milk in small amounts and dose not produce adverse effects in the breast fed infant.
A-Spasm
Oxyphenonium Bromide
A-Spasm
Oxyphenonium Bromide
Indications
Visceral spasms
Indication detailsView
Oxyphenonium is indicated in Gastro-intestinal spasm and hypermotility, cardiospasm, esophagospasm, gastroduodenitis, spastic constipation, pylorospasm, peptic ulcer, spasm associated with carcinoma. Pain and spasm of the biliary tract. Pain and spasm of the urinary tract.
Therapeutic classView
Anticholinergics (antimuscarinics)/ Anti-spasmodics
PharmacologyView
Oxyphenonium is an anticholinergic drug, a medication that reduces the effect of acetylcholine, a chemical released from nerves that stimulates muscles, by blocking the receptors for acetylcholine on smooth muscle (a type of muscle). It also has a direct relaxing effect on smooth muscle. Oxyphenonium is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract in the irritable bowel syndrome. In addition, Oxyphenonium inhibits gastrointestinal propulsive motility and decreases gastric acid secretion and controls excessive pharyngeal, tracheal and bronchial secretions.
DosageView
Average adult dosage is 10 mg (2 tablets) 4 times daily for several days. Dosage may be reduced depending on patient's response or as directed by the physician.
Side effectsView
Common side effects are dryness of mouth, headache, palpitations, etc.
ContraindicationsView
Glaucoma, obstructive uropathy (for example, bladder neck obstruction due to prospective hypertrophy), obstructive disease of the gastrointestinal tract (as in achalasia, paralytic ileus, pyloroduodenal stenosis, etc.), intestinal atony of the elderly or debilitated patient, unstable cardiovascular status in acute hemorrhage, severe ulcerative colitis, toxic megacolon, complicating ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, hypersensitivity.
PrecautionsView
Children; elderly; benign prostatic hyperplasia; acute MI, cardiac failure, hypertension, thyrotoxicosis; pregnancy and lactation; fever; angle-closure glaucoma.
InteractionsView
Reduced gastric motility interferes with absorption of other drugs. Effects potentiated by other antimuscarinics including amantadine, some antihistamines, phenothiazines and TCA.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the foetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.
Overdose effectsView
Treatment is the same as for atropine overdosage.
StorageView
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
A-Statin
Atorvastatin Calcium
A-Statin
Atorvastatin Calcium
Indications
Reducing cholesterol levels
Indication detailsView
Atorvastatin is indicated as an adjunct to diet to reduce elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) and triglycerides levels in following diseases when response to diet and other non-pharmacological measures is inadequate.
- To reduce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in patients with heterozygous and homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.
- To reduce elevated cholesterol and triglycerides in patient with mixed dyslipidemia (Fredrickson Type Ia and Ib).
- For the treatment of patients with elevated serum triglyceride levels in hypertriglyceridaemia (Fredrickson Type IV).
- For the treatment of patients with dysbetalipoproteinaemia (Fredrickson Type III).
- To reduce cardiac ischaemic events in patients with asymptomatic or mild to moderate symptomatic coronary artery disease with elevated LDL-cholesterol level.
- To reduce total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations patients with hypercholesterolemia associated with or exacerbated by diabetes mellitus or renal transplantation.
Therapeutic classView
Other Anti-anginal & Anti-ischaemic drugs, Statins
PharmacologyView
Atorvastatin is a selective inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. This enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a precursor of sterols, including cholesterol. Atorvastatin lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol synthesis in the liver and increases the number of hepatic LDL receptors on the cell surface for enhanced uptake and catabolism of LDL.
DosageView
Primary hypercholesterolaemia and combined hyperlipidaemia-
- Adults: Usually 10 mg once daily; if necessary, may be increased at intervals of at least 4 weeks to max. 80 mg once daily.
- Child (10-18 years): Initially 10 mg once daily, increased if necessary at intervals of at least 4 weeks to usual max. 20 mg once daily.
- Adults: Initially 10 mg daily, increased at intervals of at least 4 weeks to 40 mg once daily; if necessary, further increased to max. 80 mg once daily (or 40 mg once daily combined with anion-exchange resin in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia).
- Child (10-18 years): Initially 10 mg once daily, increased if necessary at intervals of at least 4 weeks to usual max. 80 mg once daily.
- Adults: Initially 10 mg once daily adjusted according to response.
Side effectsView
Atorvastatin is generally well-tolerated. The most frequent side effects related to Atorvastatin are constipation, flatulence, dyspepsia, abdominal pain. Other side effects includes infection, headache, back pain, rash, asthenia, arthralgia, myalgia.
ContraindicationsView
Atorvastatin should not be used in patient with hypersensitivity to any component of this medication. Atorvastatin is contraindicated in active liver disease or unexplained persistent elevations of serum transaminases. It is also contraindicated in patient with history of serious adverse reaction to prior administration of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
PrecautionsView
Liver effects: Liver function tests should be performed before the initiation of treatment and periodically thereafter. Atorvastatin should be used with caution in patients who consume substantial quantities of alcohol or have a history of liver disease. Atorvastatin therapy should be discontinued if markedly elevated CPK levels occur or myopathy is diagnosed or suspected.
InteractionsView
The risk of myopathy during treatment with Atorvastatin is increased with concurrent administration of cyclosporin, fibric acid derivatives, erythromycin, azole antifungals and niacin. No clinically significant interactions were seen when Atorvastatin was administered with antihypertensives or hypoglycemic agents. Patients should be closely monitored if Atorvastatin is added to digoxin, erythromycin, oral contraceptives, colestipol, antacid and warfarin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy: Atorvastatin is contraindicated during pregnancy. Safety in pregnant women has not been established. No controlled clinical trials with atorvastatin have been conducted in pregnant women. Rare reports of congenital anomalies following intrauterine exposure to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors have been received. Animal studies have shown toxicity to reproduction. Maternal treatment with atorvastatin may reduce the fetal levels of mevalonate which is a precursor of cholesterol biosynthesis. Atorvastatin should not be used in women who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant or suspect they are pregnant. Treatment with atorvastatin should be suspended for the duration of pregnancy or until it has been determined that the woman is not pregnant
Lactation: It is not known whether atorvastatin or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. In rats, plasma concentrations of atorvastatin and its active metabolites are similar to those in milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, women taking atorvastatin should not breastfeed their infants. Atorvastatin is contraindicated during breastfeeding.
Lactation: It is not known whether atorvastatin or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. In rats, plasma concentrations of atorvastatin and its active metabolites are similar to those in milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, women taking atorvastatin should not breastfeed their infants. Atorvastatin is contraindicated during breastfeeding.
Pediatric usageView
Hepatic impairment: Atorvastatin should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
Pediatric use: For patients aged 10 years and above, the recommended starting dose of atorvastatin is 10 mg per day with titration up to 20 mg per day. Atorvastatin is not indicated in the treatment of patients below the age of 10 years.
Pediatric use: For patients aged 10 years and above, the recommended starting dose of atorvastatin is 10 mg per day with titration up to 20 mg per day. Atorvastatin is not indicated in the treatment of patients below the age of 10 years.
Overdose effectsView
Specific treatment is not available for atorvastatin overdose. The patient should be treated symptomatically and supportive measures instituted, as required. Liver function tests should be performed and serum CK levels should be monitored. Due to extensive atorvastatin binding to plasma proteins, hemodialysis is not expected to significantly enhance atorvastatin clearance.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
A-Tetra
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Ophthalmic)
A-Tetra
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Ophthalmic)
Indications
Ocular infections
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline ointment is indicated as followings-
- Treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis
- Treatment of trachoma (by preference use oral azithromycin for this indication)
- Prevention of chlamydial and gonococcal neonatal conjunctivitis
Therapeutic classView
Ophthalmic antibacterial drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline exhibits its bacteriostatic action by reversibly binding to the 30S subunits of the ribosome, thus preventing protein synthesis and arresting cell growth. It has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity including Chlamydiaceae, Mycoplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., spirochaetes, many aerobic and anaerobic gm+ve and gm-ve pathogenic bacteria and some protozoa.
DosageView
Wash the eyes with boiled and cooled water before each application. Use sterile sodium chloride 0.9% for newborns. Apply tetracycline 1% into the conjunctival sac of both eyes:
- Conjunctivitis: one application 2 times daily for 7 days
- Trachoma: one application 2 times daily for 6 weeks
- Prevention of neonatal conjunctivitis: one single application immediately after birth
Side effectsView
Burning, irritation, visual disturbances, superinfections, photosensitivity, hypersensitivity
ContraindicationsView
Do not use in patients with hypersensitivity to tetracyclines. May cause allergic reactions; stop treatment in the event of a serious reaction.
PrecautionsView
Hepatic impairment. Avoid exposure to sunlight. Periodic evaluation of renal, hepatic and haematological system during prolonged therapy.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category- D. There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
StorageView
Store below 25°C. Keep out of the reach of children. Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing. Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
A-Tetra
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
A-Tetra
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Oral)
Indications
Uncomplicated gonorrhoea
Indication detailsView
Tetracycline is the drug of choice in the following infections :
- Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
- Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
- Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
- Lyme disease
- Brucellosis
- Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.
- Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
- Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
- Travelers diarrhoea.
- Acne vulgaris
- Prostatitis.
- As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
- Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.
Therapeutic classView
Tetracycline group of drugs
PharmacologyView
Tetracycline has its main mechanism of action on protein synthesis, and an energy-dependent active transport system pumps the drug through the inner cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Once inside the bacterial cell, Tetracycline binds specifically to the 30s ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
Many Gram positive aerobic Cocci are susceptible, but many strains of staphylococci, streptococci and even some pneumococci are resistant to Tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline is not the drug of choice in infections due to gram positive aerobes.
Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant. Urinary concentrations are adequate for some community - acquired E. coli and consequently, Tetracycline is still used in uncomplicated initial UTIs. Tetracycline is also active against and is the drug of choice for Brucella species, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Vibrio cholerae and V. vulnificus.
Tetracycline is also active against anaerobic species of bacteria and since concentrations of the drug are quite high in the gastrointestinal contents, the enteric flora are usually altered by the drug.
Tetracycline is incompletely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, about 60 to 80% of a dose of tetracycline usually being available. It is widely distributed through the body tissues and fluids.
Tetracycline has a half-life of about 12 hours. It is excreted in the urine and in the faeces.
DosageView
The usual adult oral dosage of Tetracycline is 1-2 g daily given in 2-4 divided doses. The usual oral dosage of Tetracycline for children older than 8 years of age in 25-50 mg/kg daily given in 2-4 divided doses. Alternatively some clinicians recommended that children should receive 0.6-1.2 g/m2 daily.
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Tetracycline should be taken preferably one hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Some specific indications along with some information on dosage is given below:
Acne vulgaris: 250 mg four times daily or 500 mg 12 hourly for 1 week; 125-250 mg for several weeks or months. Duration of therapy is determined by individual progress
Acute staphylococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10-14 days
Acute streptococcal infections: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 10 days. Prolonged therapy is needed to avoid risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
Amoebiasis: 1 g daily in four divided doses or 500 mg 12 hourly for 7 days. Given in association with amoebicidal agents
Brucellosis: 500 mg four times daily plus 1 g streptomycin twice daily for 1 week ; then 500 mg four times daily (no streptomycin) for 1 week. Prolonged therapy is necessary to avoid relapse
Subacute bacterial endocarditis: 1-2 g daily in divided doses for 6 weeks. Usually given in combination with a bactericidal agent
Syphilis: Total 30-40 g given in divided doses over 10-15 days. Serology and spinal fluid examination should follow the administration of tetracycline
Side effectsView
Teeth and bone: Tetracycline can cause depression of bone growth, permanent graybrown discoloration of the teeth and enamel hypoplasia when given during tooth development (i.e. during the later half of pregnancy, during infancy and in childhood).
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
Hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria and rashes are uncommon. Photosensitivity reactions consisting of a red rash on areas exposed to intense sunlight can occur with Tetracycline.
Gastrointestinal effects: Epigastric distress and nausea are commonly seen after oral administration, and these symptoms are somewhat dose related. Vomiting can occur.
Accentuated prerenal azotemia: Tetracycline appears to aggravate pre-existing renal failure by inhibiting protein synthesis, which increases the azotemia from amino acid metabolism.
Superinfections with oral and anogenital candidiasis are relatively common in patients taking Tetracycline.
Esophageal ulcerations: In most cases, the patients were taking the capsules with little or no fluid before going to bed. To help minimize this, oral doses should be given with adequate amounts of fluid.
ContraindicationsView
Tetracycline Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of the member of tetracycline groups, since cross-sensitivity may occur Tetracycline Hydrochloride should be avoided in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Tetracycline Hydrochloride is considered to be contraindicated in renal impairment, particularly if severe ; if it must be given, doses should be reduced.
PrecautionsView
Care should be taken if Tetracycline Hydrochloride is given to patients with impaired liver function and high doses should be avoided. Potentiality hepatotoxic drugs (including erythromycin, chloramphenicol, isoniazide and sulphonamides) should not be given concomitantly.
InteractionsView
Impaired absorption with antacids containing divalent and trivalent cations (e.g. Al, Ca, Mg), Fe, Zn and Na bicarbonate preparations, kaolin-pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, sucralfate, strontium ranelate, colestipol and colestyramine. May interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin. May potentiate the effect of anticoagulants. May decrease efficacy of oral contraceptives. Nephrotoxic effects may be exacerbated by diuretics or other nephrotoxic drugs. May increase the hypoglycaemic effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in patients with DM. May increase toxic effects of ergot alkaloids and methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Tetracycline should not be used during pregnancy because of the risk of hypertoxicity in the mother as well as the effects on the developing foetus. Use in pregnancy potentially during breast-feeding and in children up to the age of 8, or some authorise say 12 years, may result in impaired bone growth and permanent discoloration of the child's teeth.
StorageView
Store between 20-25° C.
A-Zyme
Pancreatin
A-Zyme
Pancreatin
Indications
Pancreatic insufficiency
Indication detailsView
Pancreatin is employed for the treatment of patients with
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Cystic fibrosis/Mucoviscidosis
- Following partial or complete pancreatectomy
- Total gastrectomy
- Steatorrhea
- Somatostatinoma
- Celiac disease and
- Other conditions associated with pancreatic insufficiency
Therapeutic classView
Digestive Enzyme
PharmacologyView
Pancreatin is a preparation of Pancreatin, an extract from mammalian pancreas containing enzymes with Amylase, Protease and Lipase activity. It is designed to disintegrate in the alkaline medium of the duodenum where it releases the active enzyme components of Pancreatin (Amylase, Protease and Lipase). Amylase hydrolyzes dietary starch to yield maltose, maltoriose and a-dextrin. Protease cleaves peptide bonds in the center of proteins and polypeptides and forms amino acids and oligopeptides. Lipase hydrolyzes dietary triglycerides forming two molecules of fatty acid and a molecule of beta-monoglyceride. It converts not less than 25 times its weight of starch into soluble carbohydrates and not less than 25 times its weight of casein into proteoses within 5 mins, (equivalent to 150 times in 30 mins).
DosageView
2-3 tablets to be swallowed whole with little water immediately after or during meal. Or as directed by the physician
Side effectsView
The most frequent side effects are gastrointestinal including nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort. Buccal and perianal soreness may occur, particularly in infants. Hypersensitivity reactions manifested by sneezing, lacrimation or skin rashes have been reported.
ContraindicationsView
Pancreatin is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug.
PrecautionsView
Patients known to be allergic to animal protein should be treated with caution.
InteractionsView
Alkaline media will rupture the enteric coating. As such to prevent bursting out of the content in the stomach Pancreatin should not be used concurrently with antacid.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pancreatin should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Pancreatin is administered to a nursing mother.
Overdose effectsView
Excessive dosage may produce a laxative effect. Systemic toxicity does not occur. Very high dosage may cause hyperuricaemia and hyperuricosuria
StorageView
Keep all medicines out of reach of children. Store in a cool and dry place, protected from light.
AB Kit
Mifepristone + Misoprostol
AB Kit
Mifepristone + Misoprostol
Indications
Termination of pregnancy
Indication detailsView
This kit is indicated for early Menstrual Regulation (MR)/termination of pregnancy up to 9 weeks (63 days) of gestation.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs acting on the Uterus, Prostaglandin analogues
PharmacologyView
Mifepristone: Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid with anti-progestational activity results from competitive interaction with progesterone at progesterone-receptor sites. Based on studies with various oral doses in several animal species, the compound inhibits the activity of endogenous or exogenous progesterone and the Menstrual Regulation (MR) results. During pregnancy, the compound sensitizes the myometrium to the contraction-inducing activity of prostaglandins.
Misoprostol: Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1. It causes myometrial contraction by interacting with specific receptors on myometrial cells. This interaction results in a change in calcium concentration, thereby initiating muscle contraction. By interacting with prostaglandin receptors, Misoprostol causes the cervix to soften and the uterus to contract, resulting in the expulsion of the uterine contents.
Misoprostol: Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1. It causes myometrial contraction by interacting with specific receptors on myometrial cells. This interaction results in a change in calcium concentration, thereby initiating muscle contraction. By interacting with prostaglandin receptors, Misoprostol causes the cervix to soften and the uterus to contract, resulting in the expulsion of the uterine contents.
DosageView
This can only be prescribed by qualified medical professionals who are able to assess the gestational age of an embryo and to diagnose ectopic pregnancies. The qualified medical professionals must also be able to provide surgical Intervention/MVA (Manual Vaccum Aspiration) in cases of incomplete abortion or severe bleeding or have made plans to provide such care through others and be able to assure patient access to medical facilities equipped to provide blood transfusions and resuscitation, if necessary.
Day 1 (First visit): Mifepristone administration: One tablet of Mifepristone (200 mg) is taken in a single oral dose under the supervision of a qualified medical professional in a clinic, medical office or hospital.
Day 2 (Second visit): Misoprostol administration: 24-48 hours after ingesting the Mifepristone tablet, the patient takes four 200 microgram tablets (800 micrograms) of Misoprostol buccally or sublingually. Misoprostol tablets can be administered by the patient herself (place two tablets on each side of cheeck & gum or under the tongue). She should wait for 30 minutes. During the period immediately following the administration of Misoprostol, the patient may need medication for cramps or gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient should be given instructions on what to do if significant discomfort, excessive bleeding or other adverse reactions occur and should be given a phone number to call if she has questions following the administration of Misoprostol.
Day 10 to 14 (Third visit): Post-treatment examination: Patients must return to the clinic, medical office or hospital within 10 to 14 days after the administration of mifepristone. This visit is very important to confirm by clinical examination or ultrasonographic scan that a complete termination of pregnancy has occurred.
Patients who have an ongoing pregnancy at this visit have a risk of fetal malformation resulting from the treatment. Surgical termination/MVA is recommended to manage Menstrual Regulation (MR)/termination of pregnancy failures.
Day 1 (First visit): Mifepristone administration: One tablet of Mifepristone (200 mg) is taken in a single oral dose under the supervision of a qualified medical professional in a clinic, medical office or hospital.
Day 2 (Second visit): Misoprostol administration: 24-48 hours after ingesting the Mifepristone tablet, the patient takes four 200 microgram tablets (800 micrograms) of Misoprostol buccally or sublingually. Misoprostol tablets can be administered by the patient herself (place two tablets on each side of cheeck & gum or under the tongue). She should wait for 30 minutes. During the period immediately following the administration of Misoprostol, the patient may need medication for cramps or gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient should be given instructions on what to do if significant discomfort, excessive bleeding or other adverse reactions occur and should be given a phone number to call if she has questions following the administration of Misoprostol.
Day 10 to 14 (Third visit): Post-treatment examination: Patients must return to the clinic, medical office or hospital within 10 to 14 days after the administration of mifepristone. This visit is very important to confirm by clinical examination or ultrasonographic scan that a complete termination of pregnancy has occurred.
Patients who have an ongoing pregnancy at this visit have a risk of fetal malformation resulting from the treatment. Surgical termination/MVA is recommended to manage Menstrual Regulation (MR)/termination of pregnancy failures.
Side effectsView
Mifepristone: The treatment procedure is designed to induce vaginal bleeding and uterine cramping necessary for Menstrual Regulation (MR). Commonly reported side effects were nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Pelvic pain, fainting, headache, dizziness, and asthenia occurred rarely.
Misoprostol: Gastro-intestinal side-effects like diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence, dyspepsia, headache, vomiting and constipation, shivering, hyperthermia, dizziness, pain due to uterine contractions, severe vaginal bleeding, shock, pelvic pain, uterine rupture (requiring surgical repair, hysterectomy and/or salpingo-oophorectomy).
Misoprostol: Gastro-intestinal side-effects like diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence, dyspepsia, headache, vomiting and constipation, shivering, hyperthermia, dizziness, pain due to uterine contractions, severe vaginal bleeding, shock, pelvic pain, uterine rupture (requiring surgical repair, hysterectomy and/or salpingo-oophorectomy).
ContraindicationsView
Administration of Mifepristone is contraindicated in patients with any one of the following conditions: History of allergy or known hypersensitivity to Mifepristone, Misoprostol or other prostaglandin, confirmed or suspected ectopic pregnancy or undiagnosed adnexal mass (the treatment procedure will not be effective to terminate an ectopic pregnancy), IUD in place, chronic adrenal failure, haemorrhagic disorders or concurrent anticoagulant therapy, inherited porphyria, If a patient does not have adequate access to medical facilities equipped to provide emergency treatment of incomplete process, blood transfusions and emergency resuscitation during the period from the first visit until discharged by the administering physician.
PrecautionsView
The patient should not give combination of Mifepristone & Misoprostol to anyone else. The combination of Mifepristone & Misoprostol has been prescribed for the patient's specific condition, it may not be the correct treatment for another person, and may be dangerous to the other person if she is or were to become pregnant. Any Intra Uterine Device [IUD] should be removed before treatment with Mifepristone begins. Menstrual Regulation (MR) by surgery is recommended in cases when combination of Mifepristone & Misoprostol fails to cause Menstrual Regulation (MR). Patients who have an ongoing pregnancy at last visit have a risk of foetal malformation resulting from the treatment. Surgical termination/MVA is recommended to manage Menstrual Regulation (MR)/ termination of pregnancy failures.
InteractionsView
Mifepristone: Although specific drug or food interactions with Mifepristone have not been studied, on the basis of this drug's metabolism by CYP 3A4, it is possible that Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Erythromycin and grapefruit juice may inhibit its metabolism (increasing serum levels of mifepristone).
Misoprostol: Misoprostol has not been shown to interfere with the beneficial effects of aspirin on signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Misoprostol does not exert clinically significant effects on the absorption,blood levels and antiplatelet effects of therapeutic doses of aspirin.
Misoprostol: Misoprostol has not been shown to interfere with the beneficial effects of aspirin on signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Misoprostol does not exert clinically significant effects on the absorption,blood levels and antiplatelet effects of therapeutic doses of aspirin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy- Mifepristone: is indicated for Menstrual Regulation (MR) (through 63 days pregnancy) and has no other approved indication for use during pregnancy. Patients who have an ongoing pregnancy at the last visit have a risk of foetal malformation resulting from the treatment. Surgical termination is recommended to manage Menstrual Regulation (MR) treatment failures.
Lactation-
Lactation-
- Mifepristone: It is not known whether Mifepristone is excreted through human milk. Many hormones with a similar chemical structure, however, are excreted in breast milk. Since the effects of Mifepristone on infants are unknown, breast-feeding women should consult with their doctor to decide if they should discard their breast milk for a few days following administration of the medications.
- Misoprostol: Although it is not known whether Misoprostol or Misoprostol is excreted through human milk, Misoprostol should not be administered to nursing mothers because the potential excretion of misoprostol acid could cause diarrhoea in nursing infants.
Pediatric usageView
Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment: Patients with hepatic disease should receive a decreased dose of Misoprostol.
Use in Patients with Renal Impairment: No routine dosage adjustment is recommended of Misoprostol in older patients or patients with renal impairment but the dosage may need to be reduced if the usual dose is not tolerated.
Use in Patients with Renal Impairment: No routine dosage adjustment is recommended of Misoprostol in older patients or patients with renal impairment but the dosage may need to be reduced if the usual dose is not tolerated.
Overdose effectsView
Mifepristone: No serious adverse reactions were reported in tolerance studies in healthy nonpregnant female and healthy male subjects where Mifepristone was administered in single doses greater than threefold of 600mg for Menstrual Regulation (MR). If a patient ingests a massive overdose, she should be observed closely for signs of adrenal failure.
Misoprostol: Clinical signs that may indicate an overdose are a sedation, tremor, convulsions, dyspnea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, palpitations, hypotension or bradycardia. Symptoms should be treated with supportive therapy. However, because Misoprostol is metabolized like a fatty acid, it is unlikely that dialysis would be the appropriate treatment for overdosage.
Misoprostol: Clinical signs that may indicate an overdose are a sedation, tremor, convulsions, dyspnea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, palpitations, hypotension or bradycardia. Symptoms should be treated with supportive therapy. However, because Misoprostol is metabolized like a fatty acid, it is unlikely that dialysis would be the appropriate treatment for overdosage.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place, protected from light.
AB-DS
Albendazole
AB-DS
Albendazole
Indications
Worm infections
Indication detailsView
Albendazole is indicated in single and mixed infestations of-
- Hookworm (Ancylostoma, Necator)
- Roundworm (Ascaris)
- Threadworm (Enterobius)
- Whipworm (Trichuris)
- Strongyloides
- Tapeworm
- Opisthorchi
- Hydatid.
Therapeutic classView
Anthelmintic
PharmacologyView
Albendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic. Albendazole exhibits vermicidal, ovicidal and larvicidal activities. The drug is thought to exert its anthelmintic effect by blocking glucose uptake in the susceptible helminths, thereby depleting the energy level until it becomes inadequate for survival. Immobilization is followed by the parasite. These events may be a consequence of the binding and subsequent inhibition of parasite tubulin polymerization by Albendazole and its metabolites, although the drug also binds to human tubulin. Albendazole is extensively metabolized, probably in the liver. Albendazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but rapidly undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. The principal metabolite albendazole sulphoxide has anthelmintic activity and a plasma half-life of about 8.5 hrs. It is excreted in the urine together with other metabolites.
DosageView
Adults & children over 2 years:
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) as a single dose in cases of Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
- In cases of strongyloidiasis or taeniasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) daily should be given for 3 consecutive days. If the patient is not cured on follow-up after three weeks, a second course of treatment is indicated.
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- Albendazole is given by mouth with meals in a dose of 400 mg twice daily for 28 days for patients weighing over 60 kg.
- A dose of 15 mg/kg body weight daily in two divided doses (to a maximum total daily dose of 800 mg) is used for patients weighing less than 60 kg.
- For cystic echinococcosis, the 28 days course may be repeated after 14 days without treatment, to a total of 3 treatment cycles.
- For alveolar echinococcosis, cycles of 28 days of treatment followed by 14 days without treatment, may need to continue for months or years.
- In giardiasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) once daily for five days is used.
Side effectsView
Gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, dizziness, changes in liver enzymes, rarely reversible alopecia; rash, fever, blood disorders including leucopenia and pancytopenia reported; allergic shock if cyst leakage; convulsion and meningism in cerebral disease.
ContraindicationsView
Neonates: Albendazole is not normally used in neonates.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
PrecautionsView
Blood counts and liver function tests before treatment and twice during each cycle; breastfeeding; exclude pregnancy before starting treatment. Albendazole should only be used in the treatment of Echinococcosis if there is constant medical supervision with regular monitoring of serum-transaminase concentrations and of leucocyte and platelet counts
InteractionsView
No interaction involving Albendazole, either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic, has been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy category of Albendazole is C. So, Albendazole should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place, away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
ABO Kit
Mifepristone + Misoprostol
ABO Kit
Mifepristone + Misoprostol
Indications
Termination of pregnancy
Indication detailsView
This kit is indicated for early Menstrual Regulation (MR)/termination of pregnancy up to 9 weeks (63 days) of gestation.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs acting on the Uterus, Prostaglandin analogues
PharmacologyView
Mifepristone: Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid with anti-progestational activity results from competitive interaction with progesterone at progesterone-receptor sites. Based on studies with various oral doses in several animal species, the compound inhibits the activity of endogenous or exogenous progesterone and the Menstrual Regulation (MR) results. During pregnancy, the compound sensitizes the myometrium to the contraction-inducing activity of prostaglandins.
Misoprostol: Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1. It causes myometrial contraction by interacting with specific receptors on myometrial cells. This interaction results in a change in calcium concentration, thereby initiating muscle contraction. By interacting with prostaglandin receptors, Misoprostol causes the cervix to soften and the uterus to contract, resulting in the expulsion of the uterine contents.
Misoprostol: Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1. It causes myometrial contraction by interacting with specific receptors on myometrial cells. This interaction results in a change in calcium concentration, thereby initiating muscle contraction. By interacting with prostaglandin receptors, Misoprostol causes the cervix to soften and the uterus to contract, resulting in the expulsion of the uterine contents.
DosageView
This can only be prescribed by qualified medical professionals who are able to assess the gestational age of an embryo and to diagnose ectopic pregnancies. The qualified medical professionals must also be able to provide surgical Intervention/MVA (Manual Vaccum Aspiration) in cases of incomplete abortion or severe bleeding or have made plans to provide such care through others and be able to assure patient access to medical facilities equipped to provide blood transfusions and resuscitation, if necessary.
Day 1 (First visit): Mifepristone administration: One tablet of Mifepristone (200 mg) is taken in a single oral dose under the supervision of a qualified medical professional in a clinic, medical office or hospital.
Day 2 (Second visit): Misoprostol administration: 24-48 hours after ingesting the Mifepristone tablet, the patient takes four 200 microgram tablets (800 micrograms) of Misoprostol buccally or sublingually. Misoprostol tablets can be administered by the patient herself (place two tablets on each side of cheeck & gum or under the tongue). She should wait for 30 minutes. During the period immediately following the administration of Misoprostol, the patient may need medication for cramps or gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient should be given instructions on what to do if significant discomfort, excessive bleeding or other adverse reactions occur and should be given a phone number to call if she has questions following the administration of Misoprostol.
Day 10 to 14 (Third visit): Post-treatment examination: Patients must return to the clinic, medical office or hospital within 10 to 14 days after the administration of mifepristone. This visit is very important to confirm by clinical examination or ultrasonographic scan that a complete termination of pregnancy has occurred.
Patients who have an ongoing pregnancy at this visit have a risk of fetal malformation resulting from the treatment. Surgical termination/MVA is recommended to manage Menstrual Regulation (MR)/termination of pregnancy failures.
Day 1 (First visit): Mifepristone administration: One tablet of Mifepristone (200 mg) is taken in a single oral dose under the supervision of a qualified medical professional in a clinic, medical office or hospital.
Day 2 (Second visit): Misoprostol administration: 24-48 hours after ingesting the Mifepristone tablet, the patient takes four 200 microgram tablets (800 micrograms) of Misoprostol buccally or sublingually. Misoprostol tablets can be administered by the patient herself (place two tablets on each side of cheeck & gum or under the tongue). She should wait for 30 minutes. During the period immediately following the administration of Misoprostol, the patient may need medication for cramps or gastrointestinal symptoms. The patient should be given instructions on what to do if significant discomfort, excessive bleeding or other adverse reactions occur and should be given a phone number to call if she has questions following the administration of Misoprostol.
Day 10 to 14 (Third visit): Post-treatment examination: Patients must return to the clinic, medical office or hospital within 10 to 14 days after the administration of mifepristone. This visit is very important to confirm by clinical examination or ultrasonographic scan that a complete termination of pregnancy has occurred.
Patients who have an ongoing pregnancy at this visit have a risk of fetal malformation resulting from the treatment. Surgical termination/MVA is recommended to manage Menstrual Regulation (MR)/termination of pregnancy failures.
Side effectsView
Mifepristone: The treatment procedure is designed to induce vaginal bleeding and uterine cramping necessary for Menstrual Regulation (MR). Commonly reported side effects were nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Pelvic pain, fainting, headache, dizziness, and asthenia occurred rarely.
Misoprostol: Gastro-intestinal side-effects like diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence, dyspepsia, headache, vomiting and constipation, shivering, hyperthermia, dizziness, pain due to uterine contractions, severe vaginal bleeding, shock, pelvic pain, uterine rupture (requiring surgical repair, hysterectomy and/or salpingo-oophorectomy).
Misoprostol: Gastro-intestinal side-effects like diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence, dyspepsia, headache, vomiting and constipation, shivering, hyperthermia, dizziness, pain due to uterine contractions, severe vaginal bleeding, shock, pelvic pain, uterine rupture (requiring surgical repair, hysterectomy and/or salpingo-oophorectomy).
ContraindicationsView
Administration of Mifepristone is contraindicated in patients with any one of the following conditions: History of allergy or known hypersensitivity to Mifepristone, Misoprostol or other prostaglandin, confirmed or suspected ectopic pregnancy or undiagnosed adnexal mass (the treatment procedure will not be effective to terminate an ectopic pregnancy), IUD in place, chronic adrenal failure, haemorrhagic disorders or concurrent anticoagulant therapy, inherited porphyria, If a patient does not have adequate access to medical facilities equipped to provide emergency treatment of incomplete process, blood transfusions and emergency resuscitation during the period from the first visit until discharged by the administering physician.
PrecautionsView
The patient should not give combination of Mifepristone & Misoprostol to anyone else. The combination of Mifepristone & Misoprostol has been prescribed for the patient's specific condition, it may not be the correct treatment for another person, and may be dangerous to the other person if she is or were to become pregnant. Any Intra Uterine Device [IUD] should be removed before treatment with Mifepristone begins. Menstrual Regulation (MR) by surgery is recommended in cases when combination of Mifepristone & Misoprostol fails to cause Menstrual Regulation (MR). Patients who have an ongoing pregnancy at last visit have a risk of foetal malformation resulting from the treatment. Surgical termination/MVA is recommended to manage Menstrual Regulation (MR)/ termination of pregnancy failures.
InteractionsView
Mifepristone: Although specific drug or food interactions with Mifepristone have not been studied, on the basis of this drug's metabolism by CYP 3A4, it is possible that Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Erythromycin and grapefruit juice may inhibit its metabolism (increasing serum levels of mifepristone).
Misoprostol: Misoprostol has not been shown to interfere with the beneficial effects of aspirin on signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Misoprostol does not exert clinically significant effects on the absorption,blood levels and antiplatelet effects of therapeutic doses of aspirin.
Misoprostol: Misoprostol has not been shown to interfere with the beneficial effects of aspirin on signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Misoprostol does not exert clinically significant effects on the absorption,blood levels and antiplatelet effects of therapeutic doses of aspirin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy- Mifepristone: is indicated for Menstrual Regulation (MR) (through 63 days pregnancy) and has no other approved indication for use during pregnancy. Patients who have an ongoing pregnancy at the last visit have a risk of foetal malformation resulting from the treatment. Surgical termination is recommended to manage Menstrual Regulation (MR) treatment failures.
Lactation-
Lactation-
- Mifepristone: It is not known whether Mifepristone is excreted through human milk. Many hormones with a similar chemical structure, however, are excreted in breast milk. Since the effects of Mifepristone on infants are unknown, breast-feeding women should consult with their doctor to decide if they should discard their breast milk for a few days following administration of the medications.
- Misoprostol: Although it is not known whether Misoprostol or Misoprostol is excreted through human milk, Misoprostol should not be administered to nursing mothers because the potential excretion of misoprostol acid could cause diarrhoea in nursing infants.
Pediatric usageView
Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment: Patients with hepatic disease should receive a decreased dose of Misoprostol.
Use in Patients with Renal Impairment: No routine dosage adjustment is recommended of Misoprostol in older patients or patients with renal impairment but the dosage may need to be reduced if the usual dose is not tolerated.
Use in Patients with Renal Impairment: No routine dosage adjustment is recommended of Misoprostol in older patients or patients with renal impairment but the dosage may need to be reduced if the usual dose is not tolerated.
Overdose effectsView
Mifepristone: No serious adverse reactions were reported in tolerance studies in healthy nonpregnant female and healthy male subjects where Mifepristone was administered in single doses greater than threefold of 600mg for Menstrual Regulation (MR). If a patient ingests a massive overdose, she should be observed closely for signs of adrenal failure.
Misoprostol: Clinical signs that may indicate an overdose are a sedation, tremor, convulsions, dyspnea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, palpitations, hypotension or bradycardia. Symptoms should be treated with supportive therapy. However, because Misoprostol is metabolized like a fatty acid, it is unlikely that dialysis would be the appropriate treatment for overdosage.
Misoprostol: Clinical signs that may indicate an overdose are a sedation, tremor, convulsions, dyspnea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, palpitations, hypotension or bradycardia. Symptoms should be treated with supportive therapy. However, because Misoprostol is metabolized like a fatty acid, it is unlikely that dialysis would be the appropriate treatment for overdosage.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place, protected from light.
ABpres
Brimonidine Tartrate + Timolol Maleate
ABpres
Brimonidine Tartrate + Timolol Maleate
Indications
Open angle glaucoma
Indication detailsView
This eye drop is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for miotics and glaucoma
PharmacologyView
This eye drops is comprised of two components: Brimonidine Tartrate & Timolol Maleate. Brimonidine Tartrate is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist having a dual mechanism of action. It decreases aqueous humor production and increases nonpressure dependent uveoscleral outflow. Timolol Maleate is a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist that does not have significant intrinsic sympathomimetic, direct myocardial depressant, or local anesthetic (membrane-stabilizing) activity. It lowers IOP by reducing aqueous humor production. Therefore the combination of both drugs gives a rapid onset of action, with peak ocular hypotensive effect seen within two hours of administration.
DosageView
Instill 1 drop in the affected eye(s) twice daily.
Side effectsView
The most common side effects are allergic conjunctivitis, conjunctival folliculosis, conjunctival hyperaemia, eye pruritus and ocular burning or stinging.
ContraindicationsView
Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to any component of this product. Also contraindicated in bronchial asthma, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sinus bradycardia, second or third-degree atrioventricular block, overt cardiac failure and cardiogenic shock.
PrecautionsView
Like other topically applied ophthalmic agents, it may be absorbed systemically. Due to the presence of Timolol, the same types of cardiovascular and pulmonary adverse reactions as seen with systemic beta-blockers may occur. Cautions should be exercised in treating patients with severe or unstable and uncontrolled cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases.
InteractionsView
Specific drug interaction studies have not been conducted.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Combipres should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Timolol has been detected in human milk but it is not known whether Brimonidine Tartrate is excreted in human milk. A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Use in children: Safety and effectiveness in children below the age of 2 years have not been established.
Use in elderly patients: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and other adult patients.
Use in elderly patients: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and other adult patients.
StorageView
Store at a cool & dry place, protect from light. Do not use longer than 30 days after the first opening of the bottle. Keep out of the reach of children.
AC PR
Aceclofenac
AC PR
Aceclofenac
Indications
Spondylitis
Indication detailsView
Aceclofenac is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, toothache, trauma and lumbago.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
DosageView
Extended release tablet: The recommended dose in adults is one 200 mg Aceclofenac tablet daily or as prescribed by the physician.
Film coated tablet: The recommended dose in adults is 100 mg, twice daily.
Side effectsView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
ContraindicationsView
Aceclofenac is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to it or in whom aspirin or NSAIDs precipitate attacks of asthma.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised to patients with active or suspected peptic ulcer or gastro-intestinal bleeding moderate to severe hepatic impairment and cardiac or renal impairment. Caution should also be exercised in patients suffering from dizziness or urticaria.
InteractionsView
No significant drug interactions has not been observed but close monitoring of patients is required when it is used with:
- Lithium and Digoxin: may increase plasma concentration of lithium and digoxin.
- Diuretics: may interact the activity of diuretics.
- Anticoagulants: may enhance the activity of anticoagulant.
- Methotrexate: may increase the plasma level of methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The use of Aceclofenac should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
Pediatric usageView
There are no clinical data on the use of Aceclofenac in children.
StorageView
keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
ACF
Aceclofenac
ACF
Aceclofenac
Indications
Spondylitis
Indication detailsView
Aceclofenac is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, toothache, trauma and lumbago.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
DosageView
Extended release tablet: The recommended dose in adults is one 200 mg Aceclofenac tablet daily or as prescribed by the physician.
Film coated tablet: The recommended dose in adults is 100 mg, twice daily.
Side effectsView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
ContraindicationsView
Aceclofenac is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to it or in whom aspirin or NSAIDs precipitate attacks of asthma.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised to patients with active or suspected peptic ulcer or gastro-intestinal bleeding moderate to severe hepatic impairment and cardiac or renal impairment. Caution should also be exercised in patients suffering from dizziness or urticaria.
InteractionsView
No significant drug interactions has not been observed but close monitoring of patients is required when it is used with:
- Lithium and Digoxin: may increase plasma concentration of lithium and digoxin.
- Diuretics: may interact the activity of diuretics.
- Anticoagulants: may enhance the activity of anticoagulant.
- Methotrexate: may increase the plasma level of methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The use of Aceclofenac should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
Pediatric usageView
There are no clinical data on the use of Aceclofenac in children.
StorageView
keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
ACI ORS
Oral Rehydration Salt [Powder]
ACI ORS
Oral Rehydration Salt [Powder]
Indication detailsView
Oral Rehydration Salt replacement of fluid and electrolyte loss due to-
- Acute diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Dehydration
Therapeutic classView
Oral electrolytes preparations
PharmacologyView
This is the preparation of oral rehydration salt. It is composed of anhydrous glucose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium citrate (as dihydrate). This is a single formulation of glucose based oral rehydration salt to treat or prevent dehydration from diarrhea of any etiology, including cholera and in individuals of any age. This also prevents acidosis due to electrolyte imbalance.
DosageView
Daily dose should be equivalent to patients' fluid requirement for maintenance and replenishment of losses. During this therapy, mother should not stop breastfeeding to their child and normal food should be continued in case of adults.
Children less than 2 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 50-100 mL (10 to 20 teaspoonful) of prepared this.
Children 2 to 10 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 100-200 mL (1/2 to 1 glass) of prepared oral saline.
Adult and children above 10 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 200-400 mL (1 to 2 glass) of prepared this.
Children less than 2 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 50-100 mL (10 to 20 teaspoonful) of prepared this.
Children 2 to 10 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 100-200 mL (1/2 to 1 glass) of prepared oral saline.
Adult and children above 10 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 200-400 mL (1 to 2 glass) of prepared this.
AdministrationView
- Disperse the full contents of the sachet in 500 mL (1/2 liter) of pure drinking water.
- Do not mix the oral saline with hot water or heat the prepared solution.
- Discard the unused prepared oral saline after 12 hours of preparation.
PrecautionsView
Depressed renal function, severe continuing diarrhea or other critical fluid losses may need supplementation with parenteral fluids along with oral saline.
InteractionsView
There are no known drug interactions and none well documented.
StorageView
Do not store above 30°C temperature. Keep away from light and wet places. Keep out of reach of children.
ACI ORS Fruity
Oral Rehydration Salt [Flavored]
ACI ORS Fruity
Oral Rehydration Salt [Flavored]
Indications
Vomiting
Indication detailsView
Indicated for Diarrhea, Dehydration, Vomiting, Fluid and Electrolytes imbalance
Therapeutic classView
Oral electrolytes preparations
PharmacologyView
Potassium chloride is a major cation of the intracellular fluid. It plays an active role in the conduction of nerve impulses in the heart, brain and skeletal muscle; contraction of cardiac skeletal and smooth muscles; maintenance of normal renal function, acid-base balance, carbohydrate metabolism and gastric secretion.
Sodium chloride is the major extracellular cation. It is important in electrolyte and fluid balance, osmotic pressure control and water distribution as it restores sodium ions. It is used as a source of electrolytes and water for hydration, treatment of metabolic acidosis, priming solution in haemodialysis and treatment of hyperosmolar diabetes.
It is also used as diluents for infusion of compatible drug additives.
Dextrose is a monosaccharide that is used as a source of calories and water for hydration. It helps to reduce loss of body protein and nitrogen. It also promotes glycogen deposition in the liver. When used with insulin, it stimulates the uptake of potassium by cells, especially in muscle tissue, thus lowering serum potassium levels.
Sodium bicarbonate raises blood and urinary pH by dissociation to provide bicarbonate ions, which neutralises the hydrogen ion concentration. It also neutralises gastric acid via production of carbon dioxide.
Sodium chloride is the major extracellular cation. It is important in electrolyte and fluid balance, osmotic pressure control and water distribution as it restores sodium ions. It is used as a source of electrolytes and water for hydration, treatment of metabolic acidosis, priming solution in haemodialysis and treatment of hyperosmolar diabetes.
It is also used as diluents for infusion of compatible drug additives.
Dextrose is a monosaccharide that is used as a source of calories and water for hydration. It helps to reduce loss of body protein and nitrogen. It also promotes glycogen deposition in the liver. When used with insulin, it stimulates the uptake of potassium by cells, especially in muscle tissue, thus lowering serum potassium levels.
Sodium bicarbonate raises blood and urinary pH by dissociation to provide bicarbonate ions, which neutralises the hydrogen ion concentration. It also neutralises gastric acid via production of carbon dioxide.
DosageView
Daily dose should be equivalent to patients fluid requirement for maintenance and replenishment of losses. During saline therapy mother should not stop breast-feeding to their child and normal food should be continued in case of adults.
Children less than 2 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 10 to 20 spoonful (50-100 ml) of prepared saline.
Children 2 to 10 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 100-200 ml of prepared oral saline.
Adult and children above 10 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 200-400 ml of prepared saline.
Children less than 2 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 10 to 20 spoonful (50-100 ml) of prepared saline.
Children 2 to 10 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 100-200 ml of prepared oral saline.
Adult and children above 10 years: After each loose stool or vomiting 200-400 ml of prepared saline.
Side effectsView
No significant side effects.
ContraindicationsView
Patients with known hypersensitivity.
PrecautionsView
Depressed renal function, severe continuing diarrhoea or other critical fluid losses may need supplementation with parenteral fluids along with oral saline. Reconstitue saline should be used within 6 hours.
InteractionsView
There are no known drug interactions and none well documented.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category- Not Classified. FDA has not yet classified the drug into a specified pregnancy category.
ACN
Aceclofenac
ACN
Aceclofenac
Indications
Spondylitis
Indication detailsView
Aceclofenac is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, toothache, trauma and lumbago.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
DosageView
Extended release tablet: The recommended dose in adults is one 200 mg Aceclofenac tablet daily or as prescribed by the physician.
Film coated tablet: The recommended dose in adults is 100 mg, twice daily.
Side effectsView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
ContraindicationsView
Aceclofenac is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to it or in whom aspirin or NSAIDs precipitate attacks of asthma.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised to patients with active or suspected peptic ulcer or gastro-intestinal bleeding moderate to severe hepatic impairment and cardiac or renal impairment. Caution should also be exercised in patients suffering from dizziness or urticaria.
InteractionsView
No significant drug interactions has not been observed but close monitoring of patients is required when it is used with:
- Lithium and Digoxin: may increase plasma concentration of lithium and digoxin.
- Diuretics: may interact the activity of diuretics.
- Anticoagulants: may enhance the activity of anticoagulant.
- Methotrexate: may increase the plasma level of methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The use of Aceclofenac should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
Pediatric usageView
There are no clinical data on the use of Aceclofenac in children.
StorageView
keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
ADS-10
Sodium Chloride + Dextrose
ADS-10
Sodium Chloride + Dextrose
Indications
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Indication detailsView
This solution is indicated when there is combined water and sodium depletion. It provides Dextrose as a nutrient in a suitable medium of Sodium Chloride which is isotonic to body fluid, or it may also be employed as a source of isotonic Sodium Chloride or both. It is usually used in the maintenance and replacement of fluid, electrolyte and carbohydrate in patients who are unable to take fluid and nutrients by mouth e.g. in case of persistent vomiting, during and after surgery, shock or accidents.
Therapeutic classView
Intravenous fluid preparations, Parenteral nutritional preparations
DosageView
Dose is variable. It depends on the clinical condition, age and body surface area of the patients.
AdministrationView
- Check infusion set and infusion solution prior to use.
- Pull moderately to tear off the protective cover of the Eurocap.
- Hold lightly the Eurocap but not the bottle body.
- Open the flow regulator fully and hold the giving set on the top white area, but not the memorane venting region.
- Insert the spike of the administration set to the Eurocap and fit the connector of the administration set firmly to the needle.
- Gradually allow the fluid to flow down to the needletip and close.
- Remove the protective cover of the needle.
- Locate the venpuncture site and clean the site with an antiseptic solution, and then insert the needle.
- Securely tape the puncture site.
- Securely tape the wings and tubing
- Start infusion while adjusting drip speed.
Side effectsView
Reactions which may occur because of the solution or the technique of administration include febrile response, infection at the site of injection, venous thrombosis or phlebitis extending from the site of injection, extravasation and hypervolemia. If an adverse reaction does occur, discontinue the infusion, evaluate the patient, institute appropriate therapeutic countermeasures and save the remainder of the fluid for examination if deemed necessary.
ContraindicationsView
Do not take this medicine and tell your doctor if: Solutions containing dextrose may be contraindicated in patients with known allergy to corn or corn products.
PrecautionsView
As the preparation contains Sodium Chloride, it should be administered with caution to patients with congestive heart failure, peripheral or pulmonary oedema, impaired renal function or pre-eclampsia. Serum glucose concentration should also be carefully monitored and concurrent use of insulin may be needed in case of diabetic patients. Infusion of fluid should be immediately discontinued if rigor arises for any reason during the process. Do not use if the solution is cloudy, contains particles, or after expiry date.
Pregnancy & lactationView
FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether dextrose 5% in water will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant while using this medication. It is not known whether dextrose 5% in water passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.
StorageView
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
AFM
Fluorometholone Acetate
AFM
Fluorometholone Acetate
Indications
Ocular inflammation
Indication detailsView
Fluorometholone Acetate ophthalmic suspension is indicated for the treatment of-
- Acute and chronic non-infectious conjunctivitis and keratitis of allergic origin.
- Non-infectious inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye (including anterior uveitis, episcleritis and scleritis).
- Post-operative irritative conditions after strabismus, cataract and glaucoma surgery.
Therapeutic classView
Ophthalmic Steroid preparations
PharmacologyView
Fluorometholone is a corticosteroid with an excellent anti-inflammatory action with no significant influence on the intraocular pressure. The anti-inflammatory activity of Fluorometholone is at least 40 times stronger than that of Hydrocortisone. Corticosteroids are thought to act by the introduction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandin and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor, arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. In comparison with other corticosteroids Fluorometholone is more rapidly degraded in tissue and therefore has less effect on the intraocular pressure. The immunosuppressive action of Fluorometholone is less pronounced than that of Dexamethasone.
DosageView
1 drop instilled into the conjunctival sac 2-4 times daily. During the initial 24 to 48 hours the dosage may be safely increased to 1 drop every hour. Care should be taken not to discontinue therapy prematurely. Shake well before use.
Side effectsView
Glaucoma with optic nerve damage, visual acuity or field defects, cataract formation, secondary ocular infection following suppression of host immunity, perforation of the globe.
ContraindicationsView
- Hypersensitivity to any ingredient of the formulation.
- Infectious conjunctivitis or keratitis.
- Injuries and ulcerous processes of cornea, especially infections caused by virus, bacteria and fungi.
- Dry eyes, especially keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
- Glaucoma.
PrecautionsView
Shake well before using. If this product is used for 10 days or longer, intraocular pressure should be monitored.
InteractionsView
Specific drug interaction studies have not been conducted with Fluorometholone ophthalmic suspension.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Safety of the use of topical steroids during pregnancy and lactation has not been established. Fluorometholone ophthalmic suspension should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
StorageView
Store in a cool, dry place and protected from light. Keep out of the reach of children. Discard the container 4 weeks after opening.