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Albentas
Albendazole
Albentas
Albendazole
Indications
Worm infections
Indication detailsView
Albendazole is indicated in single and mixed infestations of-
- Hookworm (Ancylostoma, Necator)
- Roundworm (Ascaris)
- Threadworm (Enterobius)
- Whipworm (Trichuris)
- Strongyloides
- Tapeworm
- Opisthorchi
- Hydatid.
Therapeutic classView
Anthelmintic
PharmacologyView
Albendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic. Albendazole exhibits vermicidal, ovicidal and larvicidal activities. The drug is thought to exert its anthelmintic effect by blocking glucose uptake in the susceptible helminths, thereby depleting the energy level until it becomes inadequate for survival. Immobilization is followed by the parasite. These events may be a consequence of the binding and subsequent inhibition of parasite tubulin polymerization by Albendazole and its metabolites, although the drug also binds to human tubulin. Albendazole is extensively metabolized, probably in the liver. Albendazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but rapidly undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. The principal metabolite albendazole sulphoxide has anthelmintic activity and a plasma half-life of about 8.5 hrs. It is excreted in the urine together with other metabolites.
DosageView
Adults & children over 2 years:
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) as a single dose in cases of Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
- In cases of strongyloidiasis or taeniasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) daily should be given for 3 consecutive days. If the patient is not cured on follow-up after three weeks, a second course of treatment is indicated.
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- Albendazole is given by mouth with meals in a dose of 400 mg twice daily for 28 days for patients weighing over 60 kg.
- A dose of 15 mg/kg body weight daily in two divided doses (to a maximum total daily dose of 800 mg) is used for patients weighing less than 60 kg.
- For cystic echinococcosis, the 28 days course may be repeated after 14 days without treatment, to a total of 3 treatment cycles.
- For alveolar echinococcosis, cycles of 28 days of treatment followed by 14 days without treatment, may need to continue for months or years.
- In giardiasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) once daily for five days is used.
Side effectsView
Gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, dizziness, changes in liver enzymes, rarely reversible alopecia; rash, fever, blood disorders including leucopenia and pancytopenia reported; allergic shock if cyst leakage; convulsion and meningism in cerebral disease.
ContraindicationsView
Neonates: Albendazole is not normally used in neonates.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
PrecautionsView
Blood counts and liver function tests before treatment and twice during each cycle; breastfeeding; exclude pregnancy before starting treatment. Albendazole should only be used in the treatment of Echinococcosis if there is constant medical supervision with regular monitoring of serum-transaminase concentrations and of leucocyte and platelet counts
InteractionsView
No interaction involving Albendazole, either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic, has been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy category of Albendazole is C. So, Albendazole should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place, away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Albezen
Albendazole
Albezen
Albendazole
Indications
Worm infections
Indication detailsView
Albendazole is indicated in single and mixed infestations of-
- Hookworm (Ancylostoma, Necator)
- Roundworm (Ascaris)
- Threadworm (Enterobius)
- Whipworm (Trichuris)
- Strongyloides
- Tapeworm
- Opisthorchi
- Hydatid.
Therapeutic classView
Anthelmintic
PharmacologyView
Albendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic. Albendazole exhibits vermicidal, ovicidal and larvicidal activities. The drug is thought to exert its anthelmintic effect by blocking glucose uptake in the susceptible helminths, thereby depleting the energy level until it becomes inadequate for survival. Immobilization is followed by the parasite. These events may be a consequence of the binding and subsequent inhibition of parasite tubulin polymerization by Albendazole and its metabolites, although the drug also binds to human tubulin. Albendazole is extensively metabolized, probably in the liver. Albendazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but rapidly undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. The principal metabolite albendazole sulphoxide has anthelmintic activity and a plasma half-life of about 8.5 hrs. It is excreted in the urine together with other metabolites.
DosageView
Adults & children over 2 years:
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) as a single dose in cases of Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
- In cases of strongyloidiasis or taeniasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) daily should be given for 3 consecutive days. If the patient is not cured on follow-up after three weeks, a second course of treatment is indicated.
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- Albendazole is given by mouth with meals in a dose of 400 mg twice daily for 28 days for patients weighing over 60 kg.
- A dose of 15 mg/kg body weight daily in two divided doses (to a maximum total daily dose of 800 mg) is used for patients weighing less than 60 kg.
- For cystic echinococcosis, the 28 days course may be repeated after 14 days without treatment, to a total of 3 treatment cycles.
- For alveolar echinococcosis, cycles of 28 days of treatment followed by 14 days without treatment, may need to continue for months or years.
- In giardiasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) once daily for five days is used.
Side effectsView
Gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, dizziness, changes in liver enzymes, rarely reversible alopecia; rash, fever, blood disorders including leucopenia and pancytopenia reported; allergic shock if cyst leakage; convulsion and meningism in cerebral disease.
ContraindicationsView
Neonates: Albendazole is not normally used in neonates.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
PrecautionsView
Blood counts and liver function tests before treatment and twice during each cycle; breastfeeding; exclude pregnancy before starting treatment. Albendazole should only be used in the treatment of Echinococcosis if there is constant medical supervision with regular monitoring of serum-transaminase concentrations and of leucocyte and platelet counts
InteractionsView
No interaction involving Albendazole, either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic, has been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy category of Albendazole is C. So, Albendazole should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place, away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Albezole
Albendazole
Albezole
Albendazole
Indications
Worm infections
Indication detailsView
Albendazole is indicated in single and mixed infestations of-
- Hookworm (Ancylostoma, Necator)
- Roundworm (Ascaris)
- Threadworm (Enterobius)
- Whipworm (Trichuris)
- Strongyloides
- Tapeworm
- Opisthorchi
- Hydatid.
Therapeutic classView
Anthelmintic
PharmacologyView
Albendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic. Albendazole exhibits vermicidal, ovicidal and larvicidal activities. The drug is thought to exert its anthelmintic effect by blocking glucose uptake in the susceptible helminths, thereby depleting the energy level until it becomes inadequate for survival. Immobilization is followed by the parasite. These events may be a consequence of the binding and subsequent inhibition of parasite tubulin polymerization by Albendazole and its metabolites, although the drug also binds to human tubulin. Albendazole is extensively metabolized, probably in the liver. Albendazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but rapidly undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. The principal metabolite albendazole sulphoxide has anthelmintic activity and a plasma half-life of about 8.5 hrs. It is excreted in the urine together with other metabolites.
DosageView
Adults & children over 2 years:
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) as a single dose in cases of Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
- In cases of strongyloidiasis or taeniasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) daily should be given for 3 consecutive days. If the patient is not cured on follow-up after three weeks, a second course of treatment is indicated.
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- Albendazole is given by mouth with meals in a dose of 400 mg twice daily for 28 days for patients weighing over 60 kg.
- A dose of 15 mg/kg body weight daily in two divided doses (to a maximum total daily dose of 800 mg) is used for patients weighing less than 60 kg.
- For cystic echinococcosis, the 28 days course may be repeated after 14 days without treatment, to a total of 3 treatment cycles.
- For alveolar echinococcosis, cycles of 28 days of treatment followed by 14 days without treatment, may need to continue for months or years.
- In giardiasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) once daily for five days is used.
Side effectsView
Gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, dizziness, changes in liver enzymes, rarely reversible alopecia; rash, fever, blood disorders including leucopenia and pancytopenia reported; allergic shock if cyst leakage; convulsion and meningism in cerebral disease.
ContraindicationsView
Neonates: Albendazole is not normally used in neonates.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
PrecautionsView
Blood counts and liver function tests before treatment and twice during each cycle; breastfeeding; exclude pregnancy before starting treatment. Albendazole should only be used in the treatment of Echinococcosis if there is constant medical supervision with regular monitoring of serum-transaminase concentrations and of leucocyte and platelet counts
InteractionsView
No interaction involving Albendazole, either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic, has been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy category of Albendazole is C. So, Albendazole should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place, away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Albol-DS
Albendazole
Albol-DS
Albendazole
Indications
Worm infections
Indication detailsView
Albendazole is indicated in single and mixed infestations of-
- Hookworm (Ancylostoma, Necator)
- Roundworm (Ascaris)
- Threadworm (Enterobius)
- Whipworm (Trichuris)
- Strongyloides
- Tapeworm
- Opisthorchi
- Hydatid.
Therapeutic classView
Anthelmintic
PharmacologyView
Albendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic. Albendazole exhibits vermicidal, ovicidal and larvicidal activities. The drug is thought to exert its anthelmintic effect by blocking glucose uptake in the susceptible helminths, thereby depleting the energy level until it becomes inadequate for survival. Immobilization is followed by the parasite. These events may be a consequence of the binding and subsequent inhibition of parasite tubulin polymerization by Albendazole and its metabolites, although the drug also binds to human tubulin. Albendazole is extensively metabolized, probably in the liver. Albendazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but rapidly undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. The principal metabolite albendazole sulphoxide has anthelmintic activity and a plasma half-life of about 8.5 hrs. It is excreted in the urine together with other metabolites.
DosageView
Adults & children over 2 years:
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) as a single dose in cases of Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
- In cases of strongyloidiasis or taeniasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) daily should be given for 3 consecutive days. If the patient is not cured on follow-up after three weeks, a second course of treatment is indicated.
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- Albendazole is given by mouth with meals in a dose of 400 mg twice daily for 28 days for patients weighing over 60 kg.
- A dose of 15 mg/kg body weight daily in two divided doses (to a maximum total daily dose of 800 mg) is used for patients weighing less than 60 kg.
- For cystic echinococcosis, the 28 days course may be repeated after 14 days without treatment, to a total of 3 treatment cycles.
- For alveolar echinococcosis, cycles of 28 days of treatment followed by 14 days without treatment, may need to continue for months or years.
- In giardiasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) once daily for five days is used.
Side effectsView
Gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, dizziness, changes in liver enzymes, rarely reversible alopecia; rash, fever, blood disorders including leucopenia and pancytopenia reported; allergic shock if cyst leakage; convulsion and meningism in cerebral disease.
ContraindicationsView
Neonates: Albendazole is not normally used in neonates.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
PrecautionsView
Blood counts and liver function tests before treatment and twice during each cycle; breastfeeding; exclude pregnancy before starting treatment. Albendazole should only be used in the treatment of Echinococcosis if there is constant medical supervision with regular monitoring of serum-transaminase concentrations and of leucocyte and platelet counts
InteractionsView
No interaction involving Albendazole, either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic, has been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy category of Albendazole is C. So, Albendazole should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place, away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Albrex
Albendazole
Albrex
Albendazole
Indications
Worm infections
Indication detailsView
Albendazole is indicated in single and mixed infestations of-
- Hookworm (Ancylostoma, Necator)
- Roundworm (Ascaris)
- Threadworm (Enterobius)
- Whipworm (Trichuris)
- Strongyloides
- Tapeworm
- Opisthorchi
- Hydatid.
Therapeutic classView
Anthelmintic
PharmacologyView
Albendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic. Albendazole exhibits vermicidal, ovicidal and larvicidal activities. The drug is thought to exert its anthelmintic effect by blocking glucose uptake in the susceptible helminths, thereby depleting the energy level until it becomes inadequate for survival. Immobilization is followed by the parasite. These events may be a consequence of the binding and subsequent inhibition of parasite tubulin polymerization by Albendazole and its metabolites, although the drug also binds to human tubulin. Albendazole is extensively metabolized, probably in the liver. Albendazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but rapidly undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. The principal metabolite albendazole sulphoxide has anthelmintic activity and a plasma half-life of about 8.5 hrs. It is excreted in the urine together with other metabolites.
DosageView
Adults & children over 2 years:
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) as a single dose in cases of Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.
- In cases of strongyloidiasis or taeniasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) daily should be given for 3 consecutive days. If the patient is not cured on follow-up after three weeks, a second course of treatment is indicated.
Children under 1 year: Not recommended.
In Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis):
- Albendazole is given by mouth with meals in a dose of 400 mg twice daily for 28 days for patients weighing over 60 kg.
- A dose of 15 mg/kg body weight daily in two divided doses (to a maximum total daily dose of 800 mg) is used for patients weighing less than 60 kg.
- For cystic echinococcosis, the 28 days course may be repeated after 14 days without treatment, to a total of 3 treatment cycles.
- For alveolar echinococcosis, cycles of 28 days of treatment followed by 14 days without treatment, may need to continue for months or years.
- In giardiasis, 400 mg (1 tablet or 10 ml suspension) once daily for five days is used.
Side effectsView
Gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, dizziness, changes in liver enzymes, rarely reversible alopecia; rash, fever, blood disorders including leucopenia and pancytopenia reported; allergic shock if cyst leakage; convulsion and meningism in cerebral disease.
ContraindicationsView
Neonates: Albendazole is not normally used in neonates.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
Children: Reduction of the dose from 400 mg to 200 mg may be indicated in children weighing less than 10 kg but there are no grounds for a general reduction in dosage to children.
Pregnant woman: Albendazole should not be given during pregnancy or women thought to be pregnant. No information is available on placental transfer.
Concurrent disease: There is no evidence to suggest that dose should be altered in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure.
PrecautionsView
Blood counts and liver function tests before treatment and twice during each cycle; breastfeeding; exclude pregnancy before starting treatment. Albendazole should only be used in the treatment of Echinococcosis if there is constant medical supervision with regular monitoring of serum-transaminase concentrations and of leucocyte and platelet counts
InteractionsView
No interaction involving Albendazole, either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic, has been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy category of Albendazole is C. So, Albendazole should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place, away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Albumin Human
Albumin (Human)
Albumin Human
Albumin (Human)
Indications
Hypoproteinaemia
Indication detailsView
Shock: Albumin is indicated in the emergency treatment of shock and in other similar conditions where the restoration of blood volume is urgent. If there has been considerable loss of red blood cells, transfusion with packed red blood cells is indicated.
Burns: Albumin or Albumin in either normal saline or dextrose is indicated to prevent marked hemoconcentration and to maintain appropriate electrolyte balance.
Hypoproteinemia with or without edema: Albumin is indicated in those clinical situations usually associated with a low concentration of plasma protein and a resulting decreased circulating blood volume. Although diuresis may occur soon after albumin administration has been instituted, best results are obtained if albumin is continued until the normal serum protein level is regained.
Burns: Albumin or Albumin in either normal saline or dextrose is indicated to prevent marked hemoconcentration and to maintain appropriate electrolyte balance.
Hypoproteinemia with or without edema: Albumin is indicated in those clinical situations usually associated with a low concentration of plasma protein and a resulting decreased circulating blood volume. Although diuresis may occur soon after albumin administration has been instituted, best results are obtained if albumin is continued until the normal serum protein level is regained.
Therapeutic classView
Plasma expanders
PharmacologyView
The main function of albumin results from its contribution to plasma colloid oncotic pressure and transport function. Albumin stabilizes circulating blood volume and carries hormones, enzymes, medicines, and toxins. Other physiological functions include antioxidant properties, free radical scavenging, in addition to maintenance capillary membrane integrity. Exogenously administered albumin increases the oncotic pressure of the intravascular system, moving fluids from the interstitial space, thereby decreasing edema and increasing the circulating blood volume. The increase in volume reduces the concentration and viscosity of blood in patients with decreased circulating blood volume while maintaining cardiac output in shock. In dehydrated patients, negligible effects exist on circulating blood volume. In addition to the above albumin replaces protein in patients with hypoproteinemia until the cause of the deficiency can be determined.
This drug has thousands of endogenous and exogenous targets. Human albumin also binds and carries a plethora of hydrophobic molecules, such as endogenous (i.e., cholesterol, fatty acids, bilirubin, thyroxine) or exogenous substances (for example, drugs and toxins), transition metal ions, as well as gas (nitric oxide [NO]), with resulting implications for their solubilisation, transport, metabolism, and detoxification.
This drug has thousands of endogenous and exogenous targets. Human albumin also binds and carries a plethora of hydrophobic molecules, such as endogenous (i.e., cholesterol, fatty acids, bilirubin, thyroxine) or exogenous substances (for example, drugs and toxins), transition metal ions, as well as gas (nitric oxide [NO]), with resulting implications for their solubilisation, transport, metabolism, and detoxification.
DosageView
Human albumin 25% is for intravenous administration only. Human albumin may be diluted with 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride. Concentration, dosage, and infusion-rate should be adjusted to the patient’s individual requirements and indication.
Human albumin 5% may be given intravenously without further dilution. This concentration is approximately isotonic and iso-osmotic with citrated plasma. Albumin (Human) in this concentration provides additional fluid for plasma volume expansion. Therefore, when it is administered to patients with normal blood volume, the rate of infusion should be slow enough to prevent too rapid expansion of plasma volume.
In the treatment of shock in an adult patient an initial dose of 500 mL of the 5% albumin solution is given as rapidly as tolerated. If response within 30 minutes is inadequate, an additional 500 mL of 5% albumin solution may be given. The 50 mL dosage form would be appropriate for pediatric use, with a dose of 10-20 mL per kg of body weight infused intravenously at a rate up to 5-10 mL per minute. Therapy should be guided by the clinical response, blood pressure and an assessment of relative anemia. If more than 1000 mL are given, or if hemorrhage has occurred, the administration of packed red blood cells may be desirable.
In severe burns, immediate therapy should include large volumes of crystalloid with lesser amounts of 5% albumin solution to maintain an adequate plasma volume. After the first 24 hours, the ratio of albumin to crystalloid may be increased to establish and maintain a plasma albumin level of about 2.5 g/100 mL or a total serum protein level of about 5.2 g/100 mL. However, an optimal regimen for the use of colloids, electrolytes and water after severe burns has not been established.
The infusion of Albumin (Human) as a nutrient in the treatment of chronic hypoproteinemia is not recommended. In acute hypoproteinemia, 5% albumin may be used in replacing the protein lost in hypoproteinemic conditions. However, if edema is present or if large amounts of albumin are lost, Albumin (Human) 25% is preferred because of the greater amount of protein in the concentrated solution. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
- Hypovolemia: Initial dose 25 g is suggested.
- Hypoalbuminemia: 50-75 gm
- Prevention of central volume fluid removed depletion after
- paracentesis due to cirrhotic ascites: 6-8 gm for every 1000 mL of ascitic.
- OHSS: 50 to 100 gm over 4 hours and repeated at 4-12 hour intervals as necessary. 10-50 gm; single infusion.
- ARDS: 25 g over 30 minutes and repeated at 8 hours for 3 days if necessary.
- Burns: Determined by direct observation of vital sign or measurement of either plasma oncotic pressure or protein content.
- arterial blood pressure and pulse rate
- central venous pressure
- pulmonary artery wedge pressure
- urine output
- electrolyte
- haematocrit / haemoglobin
Human albumin 5% may be given intravenously without further dilution. This concentration is approximately isotonic and iso-osmotic with citrated plasma. Albumin (Human) in this concentration provides additional fluid for plasma volume expansion. Therefore, when it is administered to patients with normal blood volume, the rate of infusion should be slow enough to prevent too rapid expansion of plasma volume.
In the treatment of shock in an adult patient an initial dose of 500 mL of the 5% albumin solution is given as rapidly as tolerated. If response within 30 minutes is inadequate, an additional 500 mL of 5% albumin solution may be given. The 50 mL dosage form would be appropriate for pediatric use, with a dose of 10-20 mL per kg of body weight infused intravenously at a rate up to 5-10 mL per minute. Therapy should be guided by the clinical response, blood pressure and an assessment of relative anemia. If more than 1000 mL are given, or if hemorrhage has occurred, the administration of packed red blood cells may be desirable.
In severe burns, immediate therapy should include large volumes of crystalloid with lesser amounts of 5% albumin solution to maintain an adequate plasma volume. After the first 24 hours, the ratio of albumin to crystalloid may be increased to establish and maintain a plasma albumin level of about 2.5 g/100 mL or a total serum protein level of about 5.2 g/100 mL. However, an optimal regimen for the use of colloids, electrolytes and water after severe burns has not been established.
The infusion of Albumin (Human) as a nutrient in the treatment of chronic hypoproteinemia is not recommended. In acute hypoproteinemia, 5% albumin may be used in replacing the protein lost in hypoproteinemic conditions. However, if edema is present or if large amounts of albumin are lost, Albumin (Human) 25% is preferred because of the greater amount of protein in the concentrated solution. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Side effectsView
Allergic or pyrogenic reactions are characterized primarily by fever and chills; rash, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia and hypotension have also been reported. Should an adverse reaction occur, slow or stop the infusion for a period of time which may result in the disappearance of the symptoms. If administration has been stopped and the patient requires additional Albumin (Human), material from a different lot should be used. Albumin (Human), particularly if administered rapidly, may result in vascular overload with resultant pulmonary edema.
ContraindicationsView
Albumin (Human) may be contraindicated in patients with severe anemia or cardiac failure and in patients with a history of allergic reactions to human albumin.
PrecautionsView
Hypertension or low cardiac reserve; additional fluids for dehydrated patients. Monitor for signs of cardiac overload in injured or postoperative patients. May carry risk of viral transmission. Volume admin and rate of infusion must always be individualised according to situation and response. Pregnancy, lactation.
InteractionsView
Albumin solution should not be mixed by protein hydrolysates or alcoholic solutions. Risk of atypical reactions to ACE inhibitors in patients undergoing therapeutic plasma exchange with albumin human replacement.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the foetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.
Pediatric usageView
No clinical studies using Albumin (Human) have been conducted in pediatric patients. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. However, extensive experience in patients suggests that children respond to Albumin (Human) in the same manner as adults.
StorageView
Store below 30°C. Do not freeze.
Albutein
Albumin (Human)
Albutein
Albumin (Human)
Indications
Hypoproteinaemia
Indication detailsView
Shock: Albumin is indicated in the emergency treatment of shock and in other similar conditions where the restoration of blood volume is urgent. If there has been considerable loss of red blood cells, transfusion with packed red blood cells is indicated.
Burns: Albumin or Albumin in either normal saline or dextrose is indicated to prevent marked hemoconcentration and to maintain appropriate electrolyte balance.
Hypoproteinemia with or without edema: Albumin is indicated in those clinical situations usually associated with a low concentration of plasma protein and a resulting decreased circulating blood volume. Although diuresis may occur soon after albumin administration has been instituted, best results are obtained if albumin is continued until the normal serum protein level is regained.
Burns: Albumin or Albumin in either normal saline or dextrose is indicated to prevent marked hemoconcentration and to maintain appropriate electrolyte balance.
Hypoproteinemia with or without edema: Albumin is indicated in those clinical situations usually associated with a low concentration of plasma protein and a resulting decreased circulating blood volume. Although diuresis may occur soon after albumin administration has been instituted, best results are obtained if albumin is continued until the normal serum protein level is regained.
Therapeutic classView
Plasma expanders
PharmacologyView
The main function of albumin results from its contribution to plasma colloid oncotic pressure and transport function. Albumin stabilizes circulating blood volume and carries hormones, enzymes, medicines, and toxins. Other physiological functions include antioxidant properties, free radical scavenging, in addition to maintenance capillary membrane integrity. Exogenously administered albumin increases the oncotic pressure of the intravascular system, moving fluids from the interstitial space, thereby decreasing edema and increasing the circulating blood volume. The increase in volume reduces the concentration and viscosity of blood in patients with decreased circulating blood volume while maintaining cardiac output in shock. In dehydrated patients, negligible effects exist on circulating blood volume. In addition to the above albumin replaces protein in patients with hypoproteinemia until the cause of the deficiency can be determined.
This drug has thousands of endogenous and exogenous targets. Human albumin also binds and carries a plethora of hydrophobic molecules, such as endogenous (i.e., cholesterol, fatty acids, bilirubin, thyroxine) or exogenous substances (for example, drugs and toxins), transition metal ions, as well as gas (nitric oxide [NO]), with resulting implications for their solubilisation, transport, metabolism, and detoxification.
This drug has thousands of endogenous and exogenous targets. Human albumin also binds and carries a plethora of hydrophobic molecules, such as endogenous (i.e., cholesterol, fatty acids, bilirubin, thyroxine) or exogenous substances (for example, drugs and toxins), transition metal ions, as well as gas (nitric oxide [NO]), with resulting implications for their solubilisation, transport, metabolism, and detoxification.
DosageView
Human albumin 25% is for intravenous administration only. Human albumin may be diluted with 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride. Concentration, dosage, and infusion-rate should be adjusted to the patient’s individual requirements and indication.
Human albumin 5% may be given intravenously without further dilution. This concentration is approximately isotonic and iso-osmotic with citrated plasma. Albumin (Human) in this concentration provides additional fluid for plasma volume expansion. Therefore, when it is administered to patients with normal blood volume, the rate of infusion should be slow enough to prevent too rapid expansion of plasma volume.
In the treatment of shock in an adult patient an initial dose of 500 mL of the 5% albumin solution is given as rapidly as tolerated. If response within 30 minutes is inadequate, an additional 500 mL of 5% albumin solution may be given. The 50 mL dosage form would be appropriate for pediatric use, with a dose of 10-20 mL per kg of body weight infused intravenously at a rate up to 5-10 mL per minute. Therapy should be guided by the clinical response, blood pressure and an assessment of relative anemia. If more than 1000 mL are given, or if hemorrhage has occurred, the administration of packed red blood cells may be desirable.
In severe burns, immediate therapy should include large volumes of crystalloid with lesser amounts of 5% albumin solution to maintain an adequate plasma volume. After the first 24 hours, the ratio of albumin to crystalloid may be increased to establish and maintain a plasma albumin level of about 2.5 g/100 mL or a total serum protein level of about 5.2 g/100 mL. However, an optimal regimen for the use of colloids, electrolytes and water after severe burns has not been established.
The infusion of Albumin (Human) as a nutrient in the treatment of chronic hypoproteinemia is not recommended. In acute hypoproteinemia, 5% albumin may be used in replacing the protein lost in hypoproteinemic conditions. However, if edema is present or if large amounts of albumin are lost, Albumin (Human) 25% is preferred because of the greater amount of protein in the concentrated solution. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
- Hypovolemia: Initial dose 25 g is suggested.
- Hypoalbuminemia: 50-75 gm
- Prevention of central volume fluid removed depletion after
- paracentesis due to cirrhotic ascites: 6-8 gm for every 1000 mL of ascitic.
- OHSS: 50 to 100 gm over 4 hours and repeated at 4-12 hour intervals as necessary. 10-50 gm; single infusion.
- ARDS: 25 g over 30 minutes and repeated at 8 hours for 3 days if necessary.
- Burns: Determined by direct observation of vital sign or measurement of either plasma oncotic pressure or protein content.
- arterial blood pressure and pulse rate
- central venous pressure
- pulmonary artery wedge pressure
- urine output
- electrolyte
- haematocrit / haemoglobin
Human albumin 5% may be given intravenously without further dilution. This concentration is approximately isotonic and iso-osmotic with citrated plasma. Albumin (Human) in this concentration provides additional fluid for plasma volume expansion. Therefore, when it is administered to patients with normal blood volume, the rate of infusion should be slow enough to prevent too rapid expansion of plasma volume.
In the treatment of shock in an adult patient an initial dose of 500 mL of the 5% albumin solution is given as rapidly as tolerated. If response within 30 minutes is inadequate, an additional 500 mL of 5% albumin solution may be given. The 50 mL dosage form would be appropriate for pediatric use, with a dose of 10-20 mL per kg of body weight infused intravenously at a rate up to 5-10 mL per minute. Therapy should be guided by the clinical response, blood pressure and an assessment of relative anemia. If more than 1000 mL are given, or if hemorrhage has occurred, the administration of packed red blood cells may be desirable.
In severe burns, immediate therapy should include large volumes of crystalloid with lesser amounts of 5% albumin solution to maintain an adequate plasma volume. After the first 24 hours, the ratio of albumin to crystalloid may be increased to establish and maintain a plasma albumin level of about 2.5 g/100 mL or a total serum protein level of about 5.2 g/100 mL. However, an optimal regimen for the use of colloids, electrolytes and water after severe burns has not been established.
The infusion of Albumin (Human) as a nutrient in the treatment of chronic hypoproteinemia is not recommended. In acute hypoproteinemia, 5% albumin may be used in replacing the protein lost in hypoproteinemic conditions. However, if edema is present or if large amounts of albumin are lost, Albumin (Human) 25% is preferred because of the greater amount of protein in the concentrated solution. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Side effectsView
Allergic or pyrogenic reactions are characterized primarily by fever and chills; rash, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia and hypotension have also been reported. Should an adverse reaction occur, slow or stop the infusion for a period of time which may result in the disappearance of the symptoms. If administration has been stopped and the patient requires additional Albumin (Human), material from a different lot should be used. Albumin (Human), particularly if administered rapidly, may result in vascular overload with resultant pulmonary edema.
ContraindicationsView
Albumin (Human) may be contraindicated in patients with severe anemia or cardiac failure and in patients with a history of allergic reactions to human albumin.
PrecautionsView
Hypertension or low cardiac reserve; additional fluids for dehydrated patients. Monitor for signs of cardiac overload in injured or postoperative patients. May carry risk of viral transmission. Volume admin and rate of infusion must always be individualised according to situation and response. Pregnancy, lactation.
InteractionsView
Albumin solution should not be mixed by protein hydrolysates or alcoholic solutions. Risk of atypical reactions to ACE inhibitors in patients undergoing therapeutic plasma exchange with albumin human replacement.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the foetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.
Pediatric usageView
No clinical studies using Albumin (Human) have been conducted in pediatric patients. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. However, extensive experience in patients suggests that children respond to Albumin (Human) in the same manner as adults.
StorageView
Store below 30°C. Do not freeze.
Albutein
Albumin (Human)
Albutein
Albumin (Human)
Indications
Hypoproteinaemia
Indication detailsView
Shock: Albumin is indicated in the emergency treatment of shock and in other similar conditions where the restoration of blood volume is urgent. If there has been considerable loss of red blood cells, transfusion with packed red blood cells is indicated.
Burns: Albumin or Albumin in either normal saline or dextrose is indicated to prevent marked hemoconcentration and to maintain appropriate electrolyte balance.
Hypoproteinemia with or without edema: Albumin is indicated in those clinical situations usually associated with a low concentration of plasma protein and a resulting decreased circulating blood volume. Although diuresis may occur soon after albumin administration has been instituted, best results are obtained if albumin is continued until the normal serum protein level is regained.
Burns: Albumin or Albumin in either normal saline or dextrose is indicated to prevent marked hemoconcentration and to maintain appropriate electrolyte balance.
Hypoproteinemia with or without edema: Albumin is indicated in those clinical situations usually associated with a low concentration of plasma protein and a resulting decreased circulating blood volume. Although diuresis may occur soon after albumin administration has been instituted, best results are obtained if albumin is continued until the normal serum protein level is regained.
Therapeutic classView
Plasma expanders
PharmacologyView
The main function of albumin results from its contribution to plasma colloid oncotic pressure and transport function. Albumin stabilizes circulating blood volume and carries hormones, enzymes, medicines, and toxins. Other physiological functions include antioxidant properties, free radical scavenging, in addition to maintenance capillary membrane integrity. Exogenously administered albumin increases the oncotic pressure of the intravascular system, moving fluids from the interstitial space, thereby decreasing edema and increasing the circulating blood volume. The increase in volume reduces the concentration and viscosity of blood in patients with decreased circulating blood volume while maintaining cardiac output in shock. In dehydrated patients, negligible effects exist on circulating blood volume. In addition to the above albumin replaces protein in patients with hypoproteinemia until the cause of the deficiency can be determined.
This drug has thousands of endogenous and exogenous targets. Human albumin also binds and carries a plethora of hydrophobic molecules, such as endogenous (i.e., cholesterol, fatty acids, bilirubin, thyroxine) or exogenous substances (for example, drugs and toxins), transition metal ions, as well as gas (nitric oxide [NO]), with resulting implications for their solubilisation, transport, metabolism, and detoxification.
This drug has thousands of endogenous and exogenous targets. Human albumin also binds and carries a plethora of hydrophobic molecules, such as endogenous (i.e., cholesterol, fatty acids, bilirubin, thyroxine) or exogenous substances (for example, drugs and toxins), transition metal ions, as well as gas (nitric oxide [NO]), with resulting implications for their solubilisation, transport, metabolism, and detoxification.
DosageView
Human albumin 25% is for intravenous administration only. Human albumin may be diluted with 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride. Concentration, dosage, and infusion-rate should be adjusted to the patient’s individual requirements and indication.
Human albumin 5% may be given intravenously without further dilution. This concentration is approximately isotonic and iso-osmotic with citrated plasma. Albumin (Human) in this concentration provides additional fluid for plasma volume expansion. Therefore, when it is administered to patients with normal blood volume, the rate of infusion should be slow enough to prevent too rapid expansion of plasma volume.
In the treatment of shock in an adult patient an initial dose of 500 mL of the 5% albumin solution is given as rapidly as tolerated. If response within 30 minutes is inadequate, an additional 500 mL of 5% albumin solution may be given. The 50 mL dosage form would be appropriate for pediatric use, with a dose of 10-20 mL per kg of body weight infused intravenously at a rate up to 5-10 mL per minute. Therapy should be guided by the clinical response, blood pressure and an assessment of relative anemia. If more than 1000 mL are given, or if hemorrhage has occurred, the administration of packed red blood cells may be desirable.
In severe burns, immediate therapy should include large volumes of crystalloid with lesser amounts of 5% albumin solution to maintain an adequate plasma volume. After the first 24 hours, the ratio of albumin to crystalloid may be increased to establish and maintain a plasma albumin level of about 2.5 g/100 mL or a total serum protein level of about 5.2 g/100 mL. However, an optimal regimen for the use of colloids, electrolytes and water after severe burns has not been established.
The infusion of Albumin (Human) as a nutrient in the treatment of chronic hypoproteinemia is not recommended. In acute hypoproteinemia, 5% albumin may be used in replacing the protein lost in hypoproteinemic conditions. However, if edema is present or if large amounts of albumin are lost, Albumin (Human) 25% is preferred because of the greater amount of protein in the concentrated solution. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
- Hypovolemia: Initial dose 25 g is suggested.
- Hypoalbuminemia: 50-75 gm
- Prevention of central volume fluid removed depletion after
- paracentesis due to cirrhotic ascites: 6-8 gm for every 1000 mL of ascitic.
- OHSS: 50 to 100 gm over 4 hours and repeated at 4-12 hour intervals as necessary. 10-50 gm; single infusion.
- ARDS: 25 g over 30 minutes and repeated at 8 hours for 3 days if necessary.
- Burns: Determined by direct observation of vital sign or measurement of either plasma oncotic pressure or protein content.
- arterial blood pressure and pulse rate
- central venous pressure
- pulmonary artery wedge pressure
- urine output
- electrolyte
- haematocrit / haemoglobin
Human albumin 5% may be given intravenously without further dilution. This concentration is approximately isotonic and iso-osmotic with citrated plasma. Albumin (Human) in this concentration provides additional fluid for plasma volume expansion. Therefore, when it is administered to patients with normal blood volume, the rate of infusion should be slow enough to prevent too rapid expansion of plasma volume.
In the treatment of shock in an adult patient an initial dose of 500 mL of the 5% albumin solution is given as rapidly as tolerated. If response within 30 minutes is inadequate, an additional 500 mL of 5% albumin solution may be given. The 50 mL dosage form would be appropriate for pediatric use, with a dose of 10-20 mL per kg of body weight infused intravenously at a rate up to 5-10 mL per minute. Therapy should be guided by the clinical response, blood pressure and an assessment of relative anemia. If more than 1000 mL are given, or if hemorrhage has occurred, the administration of packed red blood cells may be desirable.
In severe burns, immediate therapy should include large volumes of crystalloid with lesser amounts of 5% albumin solution to maintain an adequate plasma volume. After the first 24 hours, the ratio of albumin to crystalloid may be increased to establish and maintain a plasma albumin level of about 2.5 g/100 mL or a total serum protein level of about 5.2 g/100 mL. However, an optimal regimen for the use of colloids, electrolytes and water after severe burns has not been established.
The infusion of Albumin (Human) as a nutrient in the treatment of chronic hypoproteinemia is not recommended. In acute hypoproteinemia, 5% albumin may be used in replacing the protein lost in hypoproteinemic conditions. However, if edema is present or if large amounts of albumin are lost, Albumin (Human) 25% is preferred because of the greater amount of protein in the concentrated solution. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Side effectsView
Allergic or pyrogenic reactions are characterized primarily by fever and chills; rash, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia and hypotension have also been reported. Should an adverse reaction occur, slow or stop the infusion for a period of time which may result in the disappearance of the symptoms. If administration has been stopped and the patient requires additional Albumin (Human), material from a different lot should be used. Albumin (Human), particularly if administered rapidly, may result in vascular overload with resultant pulmonary edema.
ContraindicationsView
Albumin (Human) may be contraindicated in patients with severe anemia or cardiac failure and in patients with a history of allergic reactions to human albumin.
PrecautionsView
Hypertension or low cardiac reserve; additional fluids for dehydrated patients. Monitor for signs of cardiac overload in injured or postoperative patients. May carry risk of viral transmission. Volume admin and rate of infusion must always be individualised according to situation and response. Pregnancy, lactation.
InteractionsView
Albumin solution should not be mixed by protein hydrolysates or alcoholic solutions. Risk of atypical reactions to ACE inhibitors in patients undergoing therapeutic plasma exchange with albumin human replacement.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C. Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the foetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.
Pediatric usageView
No clinical studies using Albumin (Human) have been conducted in pediatric patients. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. However, extensive experience in patients suggests that children respond to Albumin (Human) in the same manner as adults.
StorageView
Store below 30°C. Do not freeze.
Alcadin
Alcaftadine
Alcadin
Alcaftadine
Indications
Prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis
Indication detailsView
Alcaftadine eye drops is indicated for the prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis. Alcaftadine ophthalmic solution is an H1 receptor antagonist, in a sterile ophthalmic solution for topical ophthalmic use.
Therapeutic classView
Ophthalmic Anti-allergic preparations
PharmacologyView
This eye drops is a sterile topical ophthalmic solution containing Alcaftadine. Alcaftadine is an histamine receptor antagonist and inhibitor of the release of histamine from mast cell. It is also a potent histamine H2 and H4 receptor antagonist that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory property. In doing so, antihistaminic effect provides relief from itching associated with early phase of ocular allergic response, whereas mast cell stabilization inhibits the release of mediators such as cytokines and lipid mediators that play a role in late-phase response of allergic conjunctivitis.
DosageView
Adults and children 2 years and over: Instill one drop in each eye once daily.
Side effectsView
The most frequent ocular reactions are eye irritation, burning or/and stinging upon instillation, eye redness and eye pruritus, nasopharyngitis and headache.
ContraindicationsView
Alcaftadine is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to any component in the product.
PrecautionsView
To minimize eye injury and contamination of the dropper tip and solution, care should be taken not to touch the eyelids or surrounding areas with the dropper tip of the bottle. Patients should be advised not to wear a contact lens if their eye is red. This preparation should not be used to treat contact lens related irritation and should not be instilled while wearing contact lenses. Remove contact lenses prior to instillation this preparation. Lenses may be reinserted after 10 minutes following administration. If more than 1 topical ophthalmic medicinal product is being used, each one should be administered at least 5 minutes apart.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy category B. There are however, no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women, thus this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised while administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 2 years have not been established.
Geriatric Use: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between elderly and younger subjects.
StorageView
Store in a cool (15°C - 25°C) and dry place protected from light. Do not use after one month once the cap is opened.
Alcaft
Alcaftadine
Alcaft
Alcaftadine
Indications
Prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis
Indication detailsView
Alcaftadine eye drops is indicated for the prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis. Alcaftadine ophthalmic solution is an H1 receptor antagonist, in a sterile ophthalmic solution for topical ophthalmic use.
Therapeutic classView
Ophthalmic Anti-allergic preparations
PharmacologyView
This eye drops is a sterile topical ophthalmic solution containing Alcaftadine. Alcaftadine is an histamine receptor antagonist and inhibitor of the release of histamine from mast cell. It is also a potent histamine H2 and H4 receptor antagonist that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory property. In doing so, antihistaminic effect provides relief from itching associated with early phase of ocular allergic response, whereas mast cell stabilization inhibits the release of mediators such as cytokines and lipid mediators that play a role in late-phase response of allergic conjunctivitis.
DosageView
Adults and children 2 years and over: Instill one drop in each eye once daily.
Side effectsView
The most frequent ocular reactions are eye irritation, burning or/and stinging upon instillation, eye redness and eye pruritus, nasopharyngitis and headache.
ContraindicationsView
Alcaftadine is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to any component in the product.
PrecautionsView
To minimize eye injury and contamination of the dropper tip and solution, care should be taken not to touch the eyelids or surrounding areas with the dropper tip of the bottle. Patients should be advised not to wear a contact lens if their eye is red. This preparation should not be used to treat contact lens related irritation and should not be instilled while wearing contact lenses. Remove contact lenses prior to instillation this preparation. Lenses may be reinserted after 10 minutes following administration. If more than 1 topical ophthalmic medicinal product is being used, each one should be administered at least 5 minutes apart.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy category B. There are however, no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women, thus this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised while administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 2 years have not been established.
Geriatric Use: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between elderly and younger subjects.
StorageView
Store in a cool (15°C - 25°C) and dry place protected from light. Do not use after one month once the cap is opened.
Alcafta
Alcaftadine
Alcafta
Alcaftadine
Indications
Prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis
Indication detailsView
Alcaftadine eye drops is indicated for the prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis. Alcaftadine ophthalmic solution is an H1 receptor antagonist, in a sterile ophthalmic solution for topical ophthalmic use.
Therapeutic classView
Ophthalmic Anti-allergic preparations
PharmacologyView
This eye drops is a sterile topical ophthalmic solution containing Alcaftadine. Alcaftadine is an histamine receptor antagonist and inhibitor of the release of histamine from mast cell. It is also a potent histamine H2 and H4 receptor antagonist that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory property. In doing so, antihistaminic effect provides relief from itching associated with early phase of ocular allergic response, whereas mast cell stabilization inhibits the release of mediators such as cytokines and lipid mediators that play a role in late-phase response of allergic conjunctivitis.
DosageView
Adults and children 2 years and over: Instill one drop in each eye once daily.
Side effectsView
The most frequent ocular reactions are eye irritation, burning or/and stinging upon instillation, eye redness and eye pruritus, nasopharyngitis and headache.
ContraindicationsView
Alcaftadine is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to any component in the product.
PrecautionsView
To minimize eye injury and contamination of the dropper tip and solution, care should be taken not to touch the eyelids or surrounding areas with the dropper tip of the bottle. Patients should be advised not to wear a contact lens if their eye is red. This preparation should not be used to treat contact lens related irritation and should not be instilled while wearing contact lenses. Remove contact lenses prior to instillation this preparation. Lenses may be reinserted after 10 minutes following administration. If more than 1 topical ophthalmic medicinal product is being used, each one should be administered at least 5 minutes apart.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy category B. There are however, no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women, thus this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised while administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 2 years have not been established.
Geriatric Use: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between elderly and younger subjects.
StorageView
Store in a cool (15°C - 25°C) and dry place protected from light. Do not use after one month once the cap is opened.
Alcavir
Entecavir
Alcavir
Entecavir
Indications
Chronic hepatitis B
Indication detailsView
Entecavir is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in adults and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older with evidence of active viral replication and either evidence of persistent elevation in serum aminotransferases (ALT or AST) or histologically active disease.
Therapeutic classView
Hepatic viral infections (Hepatitis B)
PharmacologyView
By competing with the natural substrate deoxyguanosine triphosphate, entecavir functionally inhibits all three activities of the HBV polymerase (reverse transcriptase, rt):
- Base priming,
- Reverse transcription of the negative strand from the pregenomic messenger RNA, and
- Synthesis of the positive strand of HBV DNA. Upon activation by kinases, the drug can be incorporated into the DNA which has the ultimate effect of inhibiting the HBV polymerase activity.
DosageView
The recommended dose of Entecavir for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in nucleoside-treatment-naive adults and adolescents 16 years of age is 0.5 mg once daily. For Lamivudine-refractory or known Lamivudine or Telbivudine resistance mutations, the recommended dose of Entecavir is 1 mg once daily. For patients with decompensated liver disease (adult) the recommended dose of Entecavir is 1 mg once daily. Entecavir should be administered on an empty stomach (at least 2 hours after a meal or 2 hours before the next meal).
Missed Dose: If it is almost time for next dose, skip the missed dose and take the next dose at the proper time. Nobody should take a double dose to make up for the missed dose.
Missed Dose: If it is almost time for next dose, skip the missed dose and take the next dose at the proper time. Nobody should take a double dose to make up for the missed dose.
Side effectsView
The most common adverse events are headache, fatigue, dizziness and nausea.
ContraindicationsView
Entecavir is contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to Entecavir or any component of the product.
PrecautionsView
Lactic acidosis: Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination with antiretrovirals.
Exacerbations of hepatitis after discontinuation of treatment: Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B therapy, including Entecavir.
Exacerbations of hepatitis after discontinuation of treatment: Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B therapy, including Entecavir.
InteractionsView
Co-administration of Entecavir with Lamivudine or Adefovir dipivoxil did not result in significant drug interactions. The effects of co-administration of Entecavir with other drugs that are eliminated through renal or are known to affect renal function have not been evaluated and patients should be monitored closely for adverse events when coadministered with such drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no data on the effect of Entecavir on the transmission of HBV from mother to infant. Therefore, appropriate care should be taken. It is not known whether it is excreted in human milk. Mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are taking Entecavir.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric: Safety and effectiveness of Entecavir in pediatric patients below the age of 2 years have not been established.
Geriatric: Clinical studies of Entecavir did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. But care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Dose adjustment in renal impairment: Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with CrCl <50 ml/min including patients on hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) as shown below:
Geriatric: Clinical studies of Entecavir did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. But care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Dose adjustment in renal impairment: Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with CrCl <50 ml/min including patients on hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) as shown below:
- CrCl ≥50 ml/min: 0.5 mg every 24 hours
- CrCl 30 to <50 ml/min: 0.5 mg every 48 hours
- CrCl 10 to <30 ml/min: 0.5 mg every 72 hours
- CrCl <10 ml/min or Hemodialysis or CAPD: 0.5 mg every 7 days
Overdose effectsView
There is no experience of Entecavir overdosage reported in patients. Healthy subjects who received up to 20 mg daily for up to 14 days and single doses up to 40 mg had no unexpected adverse events. If overdosage occurs, the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity and standard supportive treatment as necessary.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place and store below 30°C. Protect from light and keep out of the reach of children.
Alcefen
Aceclofenac
Alcefen
Aceclofenac
Indications
Spondylitis
Indication detailsView
Aceclofenac is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, toothache, trauma and lumbago.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
DosageView
Extended release tablet: The recommended dose in adults is one 200 mg Aceclofenac tablet daily or as prescribed by the physician.
Film coated tablet: The recommended dose in adults is 100 mg, twice daily.
Side effectsView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
ContraindicationsView
Aceclofenac is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to it or in whom aspirin or NSAIDs precipitate attacks of asthma.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised to patients with active or suspected peptic ulcer or gastro-intestinal bleeding moderate to severe hepatic impairment and cardiac or renal impairment. Caution should also be exercised in patients suffering from dizziness or urticaria.
InteractionsView
No significant drug interactions has not been observed but close monitoring of patients is required when it is used with:
- Lithium and Digoxin: may increase plasma concentration of lithium and digoxin.
- Diuretics: may interact the activity of diuretics.
- Anticoagulants: may enhance the activity of anticoagulant.
- Methotrexate: may increase the plasma level of methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The use of Aceclofenac should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
Pediatric usageView
There are no clinical data on the use of Aceclofenac in children.
StorageView
keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Alcet
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
Alcet
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
Levocetirizine is indicated in the treatment of symptoms associated with allergic conditions such as perennial allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria.
Therapeutic classView
Non-sedating antihistamines
PharmacologyView
This preparation contains Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride. Levocetirizine is the active (Levo) isomer of cetirizine. It is a new highly effective and well-tolerated nonsedating antihistamine with potent antiallergic properties. It has a two-fold higher affinity for H1 receptors than cetirizine. Levocetirizine has a rapid and long-acting action, allowing once-a-day administration.
DosageView
Adult and children 12 years of age and older: The recommended dose is 5 mg once daily.
Children 6 to 11 years of age: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg (1/2 tablet or 1 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 months to 5 years of age: The recommended dose is 1.25 mg (1/2 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 to 11 years of age: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg (1/2 tablet or 1 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 months to 5 years of age: The recommended dose is 1.25 mg (1/2 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Side effectsView
Generally, levocetirizine is well tolerated. However, a few side effects like headache, dry mouth, fatigue and skin rash have been reported rarely.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity to levocetirizine, cetirizine or its parent compound hydroxyzine. Patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: <10 ml/min) should not be administered levocetirizine.
PrecautionsView
Epileptic patients and patients at risk of convulsions. Renal impairment. Pregnancy and lactation.
InteractionsView
Levocetirizine is not known to have any interactions with other drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Catagory B. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, levocetirizine should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Since levocetirizine is excreted in breast milk it is not recommended for use by nursing mothers.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric use: The recommended dose for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in patients 6 months to 17 years of age is based on extrapolation of efficacy from adults 18 years of age and older.
Geriatric use: In clinical studies, each approved indication did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with solely hepatic impairment.
Renal impairment:
Geriatric use: In clinical studies, each approved indication did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with solely hepatic impairment.
Renal impairment:
- Mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 50-80 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg once daily is recommended.
- Moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 30-50 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg once every other day is recommended.
- Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 10-30 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg twice weekly (administered once every 3-4 days) is recommended.
- End-stage renal disease patients (creatinine clearance: <10 ml/min) and patients undergoing hemodialysis: should not receive Levocetirizine.
Overdose effectsView
No clinically relevant adverse events have been reported in case of overdose. However in the event of overdosage, symptomatic and supportive treatment is recommended.
StorageView
Store at a temperature not exceeding 30°C in a dry place. Protect from light.
Alcet
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
Alcet
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
Levocetirizine is indicated in the treatment of symptoms associated with allergic conditions such as perennial allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria.
Therapeutic classView
Non-sedating antihistamines
PharmacologyView
This preparation contains Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride. Levocetirizine is the active (Levo) isomer of cetirizine. It is a new highly effective and well-tolerated nonsedating antihistamine with potent antiallergic properties. It has a two-fold higher affinity for H1 receptors than cetirizine. Levocetirizine has a rapid and long-acting action, allowing once-a-day administration.
DosageView
Adult and children 12 years of age and older: The recommended dose is 5 mg once daily.
Children 6 to 11 years of age: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg (1/2 tablet or 1 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 months to 5 years of age: The recommended dose is 1.25 mg (1/2 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 to 11 years of age: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg (1/2 tablet or 1 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 months to 5 years of age: The recommended dose is 1.25 mg (1/2 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Side effectsView
Generally, levocetirizine is well tolerated. However, a few side effects like headache, dry mouth, fatigue and skin rash have been reported rarely.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity to levocetirizine, cetirizine or its parent compound hydroxyzine. Patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: <10 ml/min) should not be administered levocetirizine.
PrecautionsView
Epileptic patients and patients at risk of convulsions. Renal impairment. Pregnancy and lactation.
InteractionsView
Levocetirizine is not known to have any interactions with other drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Catagory B. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, levocetirizine should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Since levocetirizine is excreted in breast milk it is not recommended for use by nursing mothers.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric use: The recommended dose for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in patients 6 months to 17 years of age is based on extrapolation of efficacy from adults 18 years of age and older.
Geriatric use: In clinical studies, each approved indication did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with solely hepatic impairment.
Renal impairment:
Geriatric use: In clinical studies, each approved indication did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with solely hepatic impairment.
Renal impairment:
- Mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 50-80 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg once daily is recommended.
- Moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 30-50 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg once every other day is recommended.
- Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 10-30 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg twice weekly (administered once every 3-4 days) is recommended.
- End-stage renal disease patients (creatinine clearance: <10 ml/min) and patients undergoing hemodialysis: should not receive Levocetirizine.
Overdose effectsView
No clinically relevant adverse events have been reported in case of overdose. However in the event of overdosage, symptomatic and supportive treatment is recommended.
StorageView
Store at a temperature not exceeding 30°C in a dry place. Protect from light.
Alchek
Olopatadine Hydrochloride (Ophthalmic)
Alchek
Olopatadine Hydrochloride (Ophthalmic)
Indications
Rhinitis
Indication detailsView
Olopatadine is indicated for the treatment of ocular itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.
Therapeutic classView
Ophthalmic Non-Steroid drugs
PharmacologyView
Olopatadine is an inhibitor of the release of histamine from the mast cell and a relatively selective histamine H1‐antagonist that inhibits the in vivo and in vitro type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction including inhibition of histamine induced effects on human conjunctival epithelial cells. Olopatadine is devoid of effects on alpha adrenergic, dopamine and muscarinic type 1 and 2 receptors. Following topical ocular administration in human, olopatadine was shown to have low systemic exposure.
DosageView
0.1% Sterile Eye Drops: One drop in each affected eye two times per day at an interval of 6 to 8 hours.
0.2% Sterile Eye Drops: One drop in the affected eye once a day.
0.7% Sterile Eye Drops: One drop in each affected eye once a day.
0.2% Sterile Eye Drops: One drop in the affected eye once a day.
0.7% Sterile Eye Drops: One drop in each affected eye once a day.
Side effectsView
Headaches have been reported at an incidence of 7%. The following adverse experiences have been reported in less than 5% of patients: Asthenia, blurred vision, burning or stinging, cold syndrome, dry eye, foreign body sensation, hyperemia, hypersensitivity, keratitis, lid edema, nausea, pharyngitis, pruritus, rhinitis, sinusitis, and taste perversion
ContraindicationsView
Olopatadine Hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is contraindicated in persons with a known hypersensitivity to Olopatadine Hydrochloride.
PrecautionsView
Olopatadine HCl ophthalmic solution should not be used to treat contact lens related irritation. Patients who wear soft contact lenses should be instructed to wait at least ten minutes after instilling Olopatadine Hydrochloride ophthalmic solution before they insert their contact lenses.
InteractionsView
May result in additive CNS depression with CNS depressants.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal studies are not always predictive of human responses, this drug should be used in pregnant women only if the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
It is not known whether topical ocular administration could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in the human breast milk. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised when Olopatadine Hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing mother.
It is not known whether topical ocular administration could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in the human breast milk. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised when Olopatadine Hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing mother.
Pediatric usageView
Geriatric Use: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed betweents.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: Drowsiness in adults and, initially, agitation and restlessness, followed by drowsiness in childn.
Management: Symptomatic or supportive treatment.
Management: Symptomatic or supportive treatment.
StorageView
Store below 30° C in a cool and dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children. Do not touch the dropper tip to surfaces since this may contaminate the solution. Do not use after 30 days of first opening.
Alchek DS
Olopatadine Hydrochloride (Ophthalmic)
Alchek DS
Olopatadine Hydrochloride (Ophthalmic)
Indications
Rhinitis
Indication detailsView
Olopatadine is indicated for the treatment of ocular itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.
Therapeutic classView
Ophthalmic Non-Steroid drugs
PharmacologyView
Olopatadine is an inhibitor of the release of histamine from the mast cell and a relatively selective histamine H1‐antagonist that inhibits the in vivo and in vitro type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction including inhibition of histamine induced effects on human conjunctival epithelial cells. Olopatadine is devoid of effects on alpha adrenergic, dopamine and muscarinic type 1 and 2 receptors. Following topical ocular administration in human, olopatadine was shown to have low systemic exposure.
DosageView
0.1% Sterile Eye Drops: One drop in each affected eye two times per day at an interval of 6 to 8 hours.
0.2% Sterile Eye Drops: One drop in the affected eye once a day.
0.7% Sterile Eye Drops: One drop in each affected eye once a day.
0.2% Sterile Eye Drops: One drop in the affected eye once a day.
0.7% Sterile Eye Drops: One drop in each affected eye once a day.
Side effectsView
Headaches have been reported at an incidence of 7%. The following adverse experiences have been reported in less than 5% of patients: Asthenia, blurred vision, burning or stinging, cold syndrome, dry eye, foreign body sensation, hyperemia, hypersensitivity, keratitis, lid edema, nausea, pharyngitis, pruritus, rhinitis, sinusitis, and taste perversion
ContraindicationsView
Olopatadine Hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is contraindicated in persons with a known hypersensitivity to Olopatadine Hydrochloride.
PrecautionsView
Olopatadine HCl ophthalmic solution should not be used to treat contact lens related irritation. Patients who wear soft contact lenses should be instructed to wait at least ten minutes after instilling Olopatadine Hydrochloride ophthalmic solution before they insert their contact lenses.
InteractionsView
May result in additive CNS depression with CNS depressants.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal studies are not always predictive of human responses, this drug should be used in pregnant women only if the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
It is not known whether topical ocular administration could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in the human breast milk. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised when Olopatadine Hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing mother.
It is not known whether topical ocular administration could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in the human breast milk. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised when Olopatadine Hydrochloride ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing mother.
Pediatric usageView
Geriatric Use: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed betweents.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: Drowsiness in adults and, initially, agitation and restlessness, followed by drowsiness in childn.
Management: Symptomatic or supportive treatment.
Management: Symptomatic or supportive treatment.
StorageView
Store below 30° C in a cool and dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children. Do not touch the dropper tip to surfaces since this may contaminate the solution. Do not use after 30 days of first opening.
Alclor
Cefaclor Monohydrate
Alclor
Cefaclor Monohydrate
Indications
Urinary tract infection
Indication detailsView
Cefaclor is indicated in the treatment of the following infections: Otitis media, Lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, bronchitis and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, Upper respiratory tract infections, including pharyngitis and tonsillitis, Urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis and cystitis, Skin and soft tissue infections, Sinusitis
Therapeutic classView
Second generation Cephalosporins
PharmacologyView
Cefaclor is a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic which has stability against b-lactamase inactivation and possesses a broad spectrum of activity. Cefaclor is active against the following organisms in vitro: Alpha and beta haemolytic Streptococci, Staphylococci; including coagulase-positive, coagulase negative and penicillinase-producing strains, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A b-haemolytic Streptococci), Branhamella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella species Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains. Cefaclor is generally effective in the eradication of Streptococci from the nasopharynx.
DosageView
Adult-
- Usual dose: 250 mg 8 hrly.
- Bronchitis & pneumonia: 250 mg tid.
- Sinusitis: 500 mg tid for 10 days.
- Pneumonia & other more severe infections: Max: 4 gm/day for 28 days.
- Acute gonococcal urethritis: 3 gm as a single dose combined with probenecid 1 gm.
- Recommended dose: 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses 8 hrly.
- Bronchitis & pneumonia: 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses tid.
- Serious infections, sinusitis, otitis media & infections: caused by less susceptible organisms 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses. Max: 1 gm/day.
AdministrationView
May be taken with or without food.
Side effectsView
Gastro-intestinal: Diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting have been reported. Hypersensitivity: Allergic reactions such as eruptions, pruritis and urticaria have been observed. These reactions usually subside upon discontinuation of therapy. Serum sickness like reactions have been reported.
Haematological: Eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, transient lymphocytosis and leucopenia may occur rarely. Hepatic: Transient hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice, slight elevation in AST, ALT or alkaline phosphate values have been reported rarely.
Renal: Reversible interstitial nephritis has occurred rarely, also slight elevations in blood urea or serum creatinine or abnormal urinalysis.
Central Nervous System: Reversible hyperactivity, nervousness, confusion, hypertonia, dizziness, hallucinations and somnolence have been reported rarely.
Haematological: Eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, transient lymphocytosis and leucopenia may occur rarely. Hepatic: Transient hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice, slight elevation in AST, ALT or alkaline phosphate values have been reported rarely.
Renal: Reversible interstitial nephritis has occurred rarely, also slight elevations in blood urea or serum creatinine or abnormal urinalysis.
Central Nervous System: Reversible hyperactivity, nervousness, confusion, hypertonia, dizziness, hallucinations and somnolence have been reported rarely.
ContraindicationsView
Cefaclor is contraindicated in patients with known allergy to the Cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
PrecautionsView
Cefaclor should be administered with caution in the presence of markedly impaired renal function. Dosage adjustments for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment are not usually required.
InteractionsView
The nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin and tobramicin may be enhanced by any cephalosporin. Therefore, one should be cautious in concomitant use of these categories of drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Small amounts of Cefaclor have been detected in mother's milk. The effect on nursing infants is not known. Caution should be exercised when Cefaclor is administered to a nursing woman.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress and diarrhoea would be anticipated.
Treatment: Unless 5 times the normal total daily dose has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination will not be necessary. General management may consist of supportive therapy.
Treatment: Unless 5 times the normal total daily dose has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination will not be necessary. General management may consist of supportive therapy.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place. Protect from light.
Alclor
Cefaclor Monohydrate
Alclor
Cefaclor Monohydrate
Indications
Urinary tract infection
Indication detailsView
Cefaclor is indicated in the treatment of the following infections: Otitis media, Lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, bronchitis and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, Upper respiratory tract infections, including pharyngitis and tonsillitis, Urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis and cystitis, Skin and soft tissue infections, Sinusitis
Therapeutic classView
Second generation Cephalosporins
PharmacologyView
Cefaclor is a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic which has stability against b-lactamase inactivation and possesses a broad spectrum of activity. Cefaclor is active against the following organisms in vitro: Alpha and beta haemolytic Streptococci, Staphylococci; including coagulase-positive, coagulase negative and penicillinase-producing strains, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A b-haemolytic Streptococci), Branhamella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella species Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains. Cefaclor is generally effective in the eradication of Streptococci from the nasopharynx.
DosageView
Adult-
- Usual dose: 250 mg 8 hrly.
- Bronchitis & pneumonia: 250 mg tid.
- Sinusitis: 500 mg tid for 10 days.
- Pneumonia & other more severe infections: Max: 4 gm/day for 28 days.
- Acute gonococcal urethritis: 3 gm as a single dose combined with probenecid 1 gm.
- Recommended dose: 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses 8 hrly.
- Bronchitis & pneumonia: 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses tid.
- Serious infections, sinusitis, otitis media & infections: caused by less susceptible organisms 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses. Max: 1 gm/day.
AdministrationView
May be taken with or without food.
Side effectsView
Gastro-intestinal: Diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting have been reported. Hypersensitivity: Allergic reactions such as eruptions, pruritis and urticaria have been observed. These reactions usually subside upon discontinuation of therapy. Serum sickness like reactions have been reported.
Haematological: Eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, transient lymphocytosis and leucopenia may occur rarely. Hepatic: Transient hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice, slight elevation in AST, ALT or alkaline phosphate values have been reported rarely.
Renal: Reversible interstitial nephritis has occurred rarely, also slight elevations in blood urea or serum creatinine or abnormal urinalysis.
Central Nervous System: Reversible hyperactivity, nervousness, confusion, hypertonia, dizziness, hallucinations and somnolence have been reported rarely.
Haematological: Eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, transient lymphocytosis and leucopenia may occur rarely. Hepatic: Transient hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice, slight elevation in AST, ALT or alkaline phosphate values have been reported rarely.
Renal: Reversible interstitial nephritis has occurred rarely, also slight elevations in blood urea or serum creatinine or abnormal urinalysis.
Central Nervous System: Reversible hyperactivity, nervousness, confusion, hypertonia, dizziness, hallucinations and somnolence have been reported rarely.
ContraindicationsView
Cefaclor is contraindicated in patients with known allergy to the Cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
PrecautionsView
Cefaclor should be administered with caution in the presence of markedly impaired renal function. Dosage adjustments for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment are not usually required.
InteractionsView
The nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin and tobramicin may be enhanced by any cephalosporin. Therefore, one should be cautious in concomitant use of these categories of drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Small amounts of Cefaclor have been detected in mother's milk. The effect on nursing infants is not known. Caution should be exercised when Cefaclor is administered to a nursing woman.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress and diarrhoea would be anticipated.
Treatment: Unless 5 times the normal total daily dose has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination will not be necessary. General management may consist of supportive therapy.
Treatment: Unless 5 times the normal total daily dose has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination will not be necessary. General management may consist of supportive therapy.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place. Protect from light.
Alclor
Cefaclor Monohydrate
Alclor
Cefaclor Monohydrate
Indications
Urinary tract infection
Indication detailsView
Cefaclor is indicated in the treatment of the following infections: Otitis media, Lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, bronchitis and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, Upper respiratory tract infections, including pharyngitis and tonsillitis, Urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis and cystitis, Skin and soft tissue infections, Sinusitis
Therapeutic classView
Second generation Cephalosporins
PharmacologyView
Cefaclor is a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic which has stability against b-lactamase inactivation and possesses a broad spectrum of activity. Cefaclor is active against the following organisms in vitro: Alpha and beta haemolytic Streptococci, Staphylococci; including coagulase-positive, coagulase negative and penicillinase-producing strains, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A b-haemolytic Streptococci), Branhamella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella species Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains. Cefaclor is generally effective in the eradication of Streptococci from the nasopharynx.
DosageView
Adult-
- Usual dose: 250 mg 8 hrly.
- Bronchitis & pneumonia: 250 mg tid.
- Sinusitis: 500 mg tid for 10 days.
- Pneumonia & other more severe infections: Max: 4 gm/day for 28 days.
- Acute gonococcal urethritis: 3 gm as a single dose combined with probenecid 1 gm.
- Recommended dose: 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses 8 hrly.
- Bronchitis & pneumonia: 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses tid.
- Serious infections, sinusitis, otitis media & infections: caused by less susceptible organisms 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses. Max: 1 gm/day.
AdministrationView
May be taken with or without food.
Side effectsView
Gastro-intestinal: Diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting have been reported. Hypersensitivity: Allergic reactions such as eruptions, pruritis and urticaria have been observed. These reactions usually subside upon discontinuation of therapy. Serum sickness like reactions have been reported.
Haematological: Eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, transient lymphocytosis and leucopenia may occur rarely. Hepatic: Transient hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice, slight elevation in AST, ALT or alkaline phosphate values have been reported rarely.
Renal: Reversible interstitial nephritis has occurred rarely, also slight elevations in blood urea or serum creatinine or abnormal urinalysis.
Central Nervous System: Reversible hyperactivity, nervousness, confusion, hypertonia, dizziness, hallucinations and somnolence have been reported rarely.
Haematological: Eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, transient lymphocytosis and leucopenia may occur rarely. Hepatic: Transient hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice, slight elevation in AST, ALT or alkaline phosphate values have been reported rarely.
Renal: Reversible interstitial nephritis has occurred rarely, also slight elevations in blood urea or serum creatinine or abnormal urinalysis.
Central Nervous System: Reversible hyperactivity, nervousness, confusion, hypertonia, dizziness, hallucinations and somnolence have been reported rarely.
ContraindicationsView
Cefaclor is contraindicated in patients with known allergy to the Cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
PrecautionsView
Cefaclor should be administered with caution in the presence of markedly impaired renal function. Dosage adjustments for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment are not usually required.
InteractionsView
The nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin and tobramicin may be enhanced by any cephalosporin. Therefore, one should be cautious in concomitant use of these categories of drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Small amounts of Cefaclor have been detected in mother's milk. The effect on nursing infants is not known. Caution should be exercised when Cefaclor is administered to a nursing woman.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress and diarrhoea would be anticipated.
Treatment: Unless 5 times the normal total daily dose has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination will not be necessary. General management may consist of supportive therapy.
Treatment: Unless 5 times the normal total daily dose has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination will not be necessary. General management may consist of supportive therapy.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place. Protect from light.