Medicines
Find Medicines
Search 21,000+ medicines by brand, generic, indication, or drug class
Dettol
Chloroxylenol
Dettol
Chloroxylenol
Indications
Sunburn
Indication detailsView
Disinfectant for skin and gloved hands; obstetrics, antiseptic lubricant for vaginal examinations and on forceps; for hand antisepsis .
Therapeutic classView
Chlorhexidine & Chloroxylenol preparations
PharmacologyView
Chloroxylenol is used in hospitals and households for disinfection and sanitation. It is also commonly used in antibacterial soaps, wound-cleansing applications and household antiseptics such as liquid (to which it contributes its distinctive odor), cream and ointments.
DosageView
Wash with one table spoonful of Chloroxylenol to a tumbler of water (1 in 13) for urgent application, undiluted Chloroxylenol may be used but not in a sensitive skin.
Side effectsView
Skin sensitivity; irritation of conjunctiva, mucosal irritation; reversible brown staining of the teeth; tongue discoloration and burning sensation; transient taste disturbance; parotid gland swelling.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity
PrecautionsView
Condition worsens or symptoms persist for more than 7 days or clear up and occur again within a few days
InteractionsView
There are no known drug interactions and none well documented.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category-Not Classified. FDA has not yet classified the drug into a specified pregnancy category.
Dettol
Chloroxylenol + Triclosan
Dettol
Chloroxylenol + Triclosan
Indications
Sunburn
Indication detailsView
Chloroxylenol & Triclosan is indicated in Insect bites, Sunburn, Cuts, Scratches, Abrasions, Disinfection of the skin, Minor burns, Sore lips, Minor skin infections, Chapped roughened hands, Cracked itchy skin
Therapeutic classView
Chlorhexidine & Chloroxylenol preparations
PharmacologyView
It is bactericidal against most gram-positive bacteria. Chloroxylenol is used in hospitals and households for disinfection and sanitation. It is also commonly used in antibacterial soaps, wound-cleansing applications and household antiseptics such as Dettol liquid (to which it contributes its distinctive odor), cream and ointments.
Triclosan, a chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic, is active against fungi, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Triclosan, a chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic, is active against fungi, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
DosageView
Adults and children 2 years of age and older: apply to the affected area no more than 3 to 4 times daily.
children under 2 years of age: consult a doctor
children under 2 years of age: consult a doctor
Side effectsView
Skin sensitivity; irritation of conjunctiva, mucosal irritation; reversible brown staining of the teeth; tongue discoloration and burning sensation; transient taste disturbance; parotid gland swelling.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity
PrecautionsView
Condition worsens or symptoms persist for more than 7 days or clear up and occur again within a few days
InteractionsView
There are no known drug interactions and none well documented.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category: Not Classified
FDA has not yet classified the drug into a specified pregnancy category.
FDA has not yet classified the drug into a specified pregnancy category.
Dettol
Chloroxylenol
Dettol
Chloroxylenol
Indications
Sunburn
Indication detailsView
Disinfectant for skin and gloved hands; obstetrics, antiseptic lubricant for vaginal examinations and on forceps; for hand antisepsis .
Therapeutic classView
Chlorhexidine & Chloroxylenol preparations
PharmacologyView
Chloroxylenol is used in hospitals and households for disinfection and sanitation. It is also commonly used in antibacterial soaps, wound-cleansing applications and household antiseptics such as liquid (to which it contributes its distinctive odor), cream and ointments.
DosageView
Wash with one table spoonful of Chloroxylenol to a tumbler of water (1 in 13) for urgent application, undiluted Chloroxylenol may be used but not in a sensitive skin.
Side effectsView
Skin sensitivity; irritation of conjunctiva, mucosal irritation; reversible brown staining of the teeth; tongue discoloration and burning sensation; transient taste disturbance; parotid gland swelling.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity
PrecautionsView
Condition worsens or symptoms persist for more than 7 days or clear up and occur again within a few days
InteractionsView
There are no known drug interactions and none well documented.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category-Not Classified. FDA has not yet classified the drug into a specified pregnancy category.
Deu
Omeprazole
Deu
Omeprazole
Indications
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Indication detailsView
Omeprazole is indicated for the treatment of-
- Gastric and duodenal ulcer
- NSAID-associated duodenal and gastric ulcer
- As prophylaxis in patients with a history of NSAID-associated duodenal and gastric ulcer
- Gastro-esophageal reflux disease
- Long-term management of acid reflux disease
- Acid-related dyspepsia
- Severe ulcerating reflux esophagitis
- Prophylaxis of acid aspiration during general anesthesia
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- Helicobacter pylori-induced peptic ulcer.
Therapeutic classView
Proton Pump Inhibitor
PharmacologyView
Omeprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, is an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. It inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking hydrogen-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (H+/K+ ATPase) enzyme system in the gastric parietal cell. After oral administration, the onset of the antisecretory effect occurs within one hour, with the maximum effect occurring within two hours and inhibition of secretion lasts up to 72 hours. When the drug is discontinued, secretory activity returns gradually, over 3 to 5 days.
DosageView
Oral-
IV Injection-
- Benign gastric and duodenal ulcer: 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks in duodenal ulceration, 8 weeks in gastric ulceration; in severe or recurrent cases, dose to be increased to 40 mg daily; maintenance dose for recurrent duodenal ulcer, 20 mg once daily; in prevention of relapse in duodenal ulcer, 10-20 mg daily.
- NSAID-associated duodenal or gastric ulcer: 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks, continued for further 4 weeks, if not fully healed. 20 mg once daily is used as prophylaxis in patients with a history of NSAID-associated duodenal or gastric ulcers.
- Gastro-esophageal reflux disease: 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks, continued for further 4-8 weeks, if not fully healed; 40 mg once daily has been given for 8 weeks in gastro-esophageal reflux disease, refractory to other treatment; maintenance dose is 20 mg once daily.
- Long-term management of acid reflux disease: 10-20 mg daily.
- Acid-related dyspepsia: 10-20 mg once daily for 2-4 weeks.
- Prophylaxis of acid aspiration: 40 mg on the preceding evening, then 40 mg 2-6 hours before surgery.
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Initially 60 mg once daily; usual range 20-120 mg daily (If daily dose is more than 80 mg, 2 divided dose should be used).
- Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen in peptic ulcer disease: Omeprazole is recommended at a dose of 20 mg twice daily in association with antimicrobial agents as detailed below: Amoxicillin 500 mg and Metronidazole 400 mg both three times a day for one week, or Clarithromycin 250 mg and Metronidazole 400 mg both twice a day for one week, or Amoxicillin 1 g and Clarithromycin 500 mg both twice a day for one week.
- Paeditaric use in severe ulcerating reflux esophagitis (Child>1 year): If body-weight 10-20 kg, 10-20 -mg once daily for 4-12 weeks; if body-weight over 20 kg, 20-40 mg once daily for 4-12 weeks.
IV Injection-
- Prophylaxis of acid aspiration: Omeprazole 40 mg to be given slowly (over a period of 5 minutes) as an intravenous injection, one hour before surgery.
- Duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or reflux oesophagitis: In patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or reflux oesophagitis where oral medication is inappropriate, Omeprazole IV 40 mg once daily is recommended.
- Zollinger- Ellison syndrome (ZES): In patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome the recommended initial dose of Omeprazole given intravenously is 60 mg daily. Higher daily doses may be required and the dose should be adjusted individually. When doses exceed 60 mg daily, the dose should be divided & given twice daily.
AdministrationView
Direction for use of IV Injection: Omeprazole lyophilized powder and water for injection is for intravenous administration only and must not be given by any other route. Omeprazole IV injection should be given as a slow intravenous injection. The solution for IV injection is obtained by adding 10 ml water for injection to the vial containing powder. After reconstitution the injection should be given slowly over a period of at least 2 to 5 minutes at a maximum rate of 4 ml/minute. Use only freshly prepared solution. The solution should be used within 4 hours of reconstitution.
Direction for use of IV Infusion: Omeprazole IV infusion should be given as an intravenous infusion over a period of 20-30 minutes or more. The contents of one vial must be dissolved in 100 ml saline for infusion or 100 ml 5% Dextrose for infusion. The solution should be used within 12 hours when Omeprazole is dissolved in saline and within 6 hours when dissolved in 5% Dextrose. The reconstituted solution should not be mixed or co-administered in the same infusion set with any other drug.
Direction for use of IV Infusion: Omeprazole IV infusion should be given as an intravenous infusion over a period of 20-30 minutes or more. The contents of one vial must be dissolved in 100 ml saline for infusion or 100 ml 5% Dextrose for infusion. The solution should be used within 12 hours when Omeprazole is dissolved in saline and within 6 hours when dissolved in 5% Dextrose. The reconstituted solution should not be mixed or co-administered in the same infusion set with any other drug.
Side effectsView
Omeprazole is generally well tolerated. Nausea, abdominal colic, paresthesia, dizziness and headache have been stated to be generally mild and transient and not requiring a reduction in dosage.
ContraindicationsView
Omeprazole is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to any of the components of the formulation.
PrecautionsView
When gastric ulcer is suspected, the possibility of gastric malignancy should be excluded before treatment with Omeprazole is instituted, as treatment may alleviate the symptoms and delay diagnosis.
InteractionsView
Omeprazole can prolong the elimination of diazepam, warfarin and phenytoin. So, reduction of warfarin or phenytoin dose may be necessary when Omeprazole is added to the treatment. There is no evidence of an interaction of Omeprazole with theophylline, propranolol or antacids.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA pregnancy category of Omeprazole is C. However, results from three prospective epidemiological studies indicate no adverse effects of Omeprazole on pregnancy or on the health of the fetus/newborn child. There is no information available on the passage of Omeprazole into breast milk or its effects on the neonate. Breast-feeding should, therefore, be discontinued, if the use of Omeprazole is considered essential.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Deu
Omeprazole
Deu
Omeprazole
Indications
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Indication detailsView
Omeprazole is indicated for the treatment of-
- Gastric and duodenal ulcer
- NSAID-associated duodenal and gastric ulcer
- As prophylaxis in patients with a history of NSAID-associated duodenal and gastric ulcer
- Gastro-esophageal reflux disease
- Long-term management of acid reflux disease
- Acid-related dyspepsia
- Severe ulcerating reflux esophagitis
- Prophylaxis of acid aspiration during general anesthesia
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- Helicobacter pylori-induced peptic ulcer.
Therapeutic classView
Proton Pump Inhibitor
PharmacologyView
Omeprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, is an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. It inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking hydrogen-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (H+/K+ ATPase) enzyme system in the gastric parietal cell. After oral administration, the onset of the antisecretory effect occurs within one hour, with the maximum effect occurring within two hours and inhibition of secretion lasts up to 72 hours. When the drug is discontinued, secretory activity returns gradually, over 3 to 5 days.
DosageView
Oral-
IV Injection-
- Benign gastric and duodenal ulcer: 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks in duodenal ulceration, 8 weeks in gastric ulceration; in severe or recurrent cases, dose to be increased to 40 mg daily; maintenance dose for recurrent duodenal ulcer, 20 mg once daily; in prevention of relapse in duodenal ulcer, 10-20 mg daily.
- NSAID-associated duodenal or gastric ulcer: 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks, continued for further 4 weeks, if not fully healed. 20 mg once daily is used as prophylaxis in patients with a history of NSAID-associated duodenal or gastric ulcers.
- Gastro-esophageal reflux disease: 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks, continued for further 4-8 weeks, if not fully healed; 40 mg once daily has been given for 8 weeks in gastro-esophageal reflux disease, refractory to other treatment; maintenance dose is 20 mg once daily.
- Long-term management of acid reflux disease: 10-20 mg daily.
- Acid-related dyspepsia: 10-20 mg once daily for 2-4 weeks.
- Prophylaxis of acid aspiration: 40 mg on the preceding evening, then 40 mg 2-6 hours before surgery.
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Initially 60 mg once daily; usual range 20-120 mg daily (If daily dose is more than 80 mg, 2 divided dose should be used).
- Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen in peptic ulcer disease: Omeprazole is recommended at a dose of 20 mg twice daily in association with antimicrobial agents as detailed below: Amoxicillin 500 mg and Metronidazole 400 mg both three times a day for one week, or Clarithromycin 250 mg and Metronidazole 400 mg both twice a day for one week, or Amoxicillin 1 g and Clarithromycin 500 mg both twice a day for one week.
- Paeditaric use in severe ulcerating reflux esophagitis (Child>1 year): If body-weight 10-20 kg, 10-20 -mg once daily for 4-12 weeks; if body-weight over 20 kg, 20-40 mg once daily for 4-12 weeks.
IV Injection-
- Prophylaxis of acid aspiration: Omeprazole 40 mg to be given slowly (over a period of 5 minutes) as an intravenous injection, one hour before surgery.
- Duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or reflux oesophagitis: In patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or reflux oesophagitis where oral medication is inappropriate, Omeprazole IV 40 mg once daily is recommended.
- Zollinger- Ellison syndrome (ZES): In patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome the recommended initial dose of Omeprazole given intravenously is 60 mg daily. Higher daily doses may be required and the dose should be adjusted individually. When doses exceed 60 mg daily, the dose should be divided & given twice daily.
AdministrationView
Direction for use of IV Injection: Omeprazole lyophilized powder and water for injection is for intravenous administration only and must not be given by any other route. Omeprazole IV injection should be given as a slow intravenous injection. The solution for IV injection is obtained by adding 10 ml water for injection to the vial containing powder. After reconstitution the injection should be given slowly over a period of at least 2 to 5 minutes at a maximum rate of 4 ml/minute. Use only freshly prepared solution. The solution should be used within 4 hours of reconstitution.
Direction for use of IV Infusion: Omeprazole IV infusion should be given as an intravenous infusion over a period of 20-30 minutes or more. The contents of one vial must be dissolved in 100 ml saline for infusion or 100 ml 5% Dextrose for infusion. The solution should be used within 12 hours when Omeprazole is dissolved in saline and within 6 hours when dissolved in 5% Dextrose. The reconstituted solution should not be mixed or co-administered in the same infusion set with any other drug.
Direction for use of IV Infusion: Omeprazole IV infusion should be given as an intravenous infusion over a period of 20-30 minutes or more. The contents of one vial must be dissolved in 100 ml saline for infusion or 100 ml 5% Dextrose for infusion. The solution should be used within 12 hours when Omeprazole is dissolved in saline and within 6 hours when dissolved in 5% Dextrose. The reconstituted solution should not be mixed or co-administered in the same infusion set with any other drug.
Side effectsView
Omeprazole is generally well tolerated. Nausea, abdominal colic, paresthesia, dizziness and headache have been stated to be generally mild and transient and not requiring a reduction in dosage.
ContraindicationsView
Omeprazole is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to any of the components of the formulation.
PrecautionsView
When gastric ulcer is suspected, the possibility of gastric malignancy should be excluded before treatment with Omeprazole is instituted, as treatment may alleviate the symptoms and delay diagnosis.
InteractionsView
Omeprazole can prolong the elimination of diazepam, warfarin and phenytoin. So, reduction of warfarin or phenytoin dose may be necessary when Omeprazole is added to the treatment. There is no evidence of an interaction of Omeprazole with theophylline, propranolol or antacids.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA pregnancy category of Omeprazole is C. However, results from three prospective epidemiological studies indicate no adverse effects of Omeprazole on pregnancy or on the health of the fetus/newborn child. There is no information available on the passage of Omeprazole into breast milk or its effects on the neonate. Breast-feeding should, therefore, be discontinued, if the use of Omeprazole is considered essential.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Devas
Herbal cough syrup [Adhatoda Vasica]
Devas
Herbal cough syrup [Adhatoda Vasica]
Indications
Whooping cough
Indication detailsView
This herbal cough syrup liquefies phlegm. It soothes irritation of the throat. Helps to relieve hoarseness. It is a remedy for all types of cough such as dry irritable cough, allergic & smokers cough.
Therapeutic classView
Herbal and Nutraceuticals
PharmacologyView
- Adhatoda vasica (Basok): Relieves cough & bronchial spasm. It liquefies mucous.
- Piper longum (Pipul): Relieves cold allergy & asthma.
- Glycyrrhiza glabra (Jashthi Modhu) : Relieves irritation of throat. Enhances the immune system. It is anti-inflammatory, demulcent & expectorant.
- Piper nigrum (Marich): It is fungistatic, bacteriostatic & anti-inflammatory.
- Zingiber officinale (Shunthi): It is antihistaminic. Very much effective in common cold.
- Terminalia chebula (Haritaki): It removes toxin from the body. It has beneficial effect on all tissues.
- Vitis venifera (Kismiss): Relieves cough and general tonic.
- Acorus calamus (Bacha): Helps in bronchial catarrh & intermittent fever.
- Saussurea lappa (Kur): It is antiseptic & disinfectant. It is very useful in bronchial asthma.
- Syzygium aromaticum (Labango): Useful in cough & other respiratory diseases. It prevents bad breath.
- Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Darchini): It is antibacterial & antifungal and relieves cough due to its soothing action.
- Elettaria cardamomum (Elachi): It is aromatic in nature and shows antimicrobial activity.
- Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpata): It is a tonic & appetizer agent.
- Pistacia integerrima (Kakra sringi): It helps in asthma.
- Myrica nagi ( Kotfal): It is a remedy for sore throat.
- Woodfordia fruticosa (Daiful): It is good anti-infective agent and is useful in relieving cough due to its soothing action.
- Tulsi extract & other ingredients: Tulsi extract & some other ingredients are added to DEVAS syrup for relieving acute cough.
DosageView
Children under 12 years: 1-2 teaspoonful (5-10 ml) 2-3 times a day. '
Adult: 3 teaspoonful (15 ml) 2-3 times a day.
Some warm water may be added for better results.
Adult: 3 teaspoonful (15 ml) 2-3 times a day.
Some warm water may be added for better results.
Side effectsView
This syrup is proven as safe. It is well tolerated. In high dose diarrhea, vomiting may occur.
ContraindicationsView
No report is available on contraindication. It may be happen in patients who are hypersensitive to any of its ingredients.
InteractionsView
No report is available.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The safety of this syrup in pregnancy has not been studied. Therefore, it should be used with caution during pregnancy.
StorageView
Keep out of reach of children. Keep away from direct sunlight. Store in a cool and dry place.
Devoid
Meclizine + Pyridoxine
Devoid
Meclizine + Pyridoxine
Indications
Pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting
Indication detailsView
Prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, motion sickness, radiation sickness and vertigo associated with diseases of the vestibular system (e.g. Meniere's syndrome, labyrinthitis and other vestibular disturbances).
Therapeutic classView
Anti-emetic drugs
PharmacologyView
Meclizine is a piperazine-derivative antihistamine that is used as an antiemetic. It has antiemetic, anticholinergic and antihistaminic properties. It reduces the sensitivity of the labyrinthine apparatus. The action may be mediated through nerve pathways to the vomiting center (VC) from the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), peripheral nerve pathways, the VC, or other CNS centers. Pyridoxine is vitamin B-6. It has been added to enhance the anti-emetic effects & as a dietary suppliment.
DosageView
Adult and Children 12 years of age & over:
- Nausea and vomiting: 25-50 mg daily or as directed by a physician.
- Motion sickness: Take an initial dose of 25-50 mg, 1 hour prior to travel. May repeat the dose every 24 hours for the duration of the journey.
- Radiation sickness: 50 mg administered 2-12 hours prior to radiation treatment.
- Vertigo: 25-100 mg daily in divided doses.
- Prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emergency contraceptive pill (ECP): 25-50 mg, 1 hour before first ECP dose; repeat if needed in 24 hours.
Side effectsView
Drowsiness, dry mouth and, on rare occasions, blurred vision have been reported.
ContraindicationsView
Meclizine Hydrochloride and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to these ingredients.
PrecautionsView
Patients should be warned that Meclizine Hydrochloride may impair their ability to perform hazardous activities requiring mental alertness or physical coordination (e.g., operating machinery, driving a motor vehicle). Patients should avoid alcoholic beverages while taking this drug. Due to its potential anticholinergic action, this drug should be used with caution in patients with asthma, glaucoma or enlargement of the prostate gland.
InteractionsView
The CNS depressant effects of Meclizine can be potentiated by concurrent use of Ethanol or other CNS depressant agents such as Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Tricyclic antidepressants, opiate agonists, skeletal muscle relaxants and antihistamines. Concurrent use of other anticholinergics can potentiate the anticholinergic effects of Meclizine. Meclizine can increase the absorption of digoxin by decreasing gastrointestinal motility.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category B. Large-scale human studies have not demonstrated adverse fetal effects. It has been suggested that based on available data, Meclizine presents the lowest risk of teratogenicity and is the drug of first choice in treating nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Safety for use in the nursing mother has not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: Extreme excitability, seizures, drowsiness and hallucinations.
Treatment: Appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment. Consider dialysis
Treatment: Appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment. Consider dialysis
StorageView
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Devolac
Lactulose
Devolac
Lactulose
Indications
Osmotic laxative
Indication detailsView
Constipation (Chronic Constipation): In every case of chronic constipation, initial treatment should consist of a diet rich in fiber (vegetables, salads, fruits etc.) a generous amount of liquids and much physical exercise. Lactulose is only to be taken when these measures prove insufficient.
Intestinal flora disturbances:
Intestinal flora disturbances:
- In damaged to intestinal flora (e.g. following long-term antibiotic treatment)
- gall bladder diseases
- intestinal diseases ( Colitis, Diverticulosis, Megacolon)
Therapeutic classView
Osmotic purgatives
PharmacologyView
Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide. Lactulose is metabolized in the colon by the saccharolytic bacteria, producing low molecular weight organic acids (mainly lactic acid), which lowers the pH of the colon contents, promote the retention of water by an osmotic effect; thus increasing peristaltic activity. Lactulose is minimally absorbed; therefore, the pharmacokinetics of the absorbed material are not relevant to the principal therapeutic action.
DosageView
In constipation ( chronic constipation):
- Adults: Initially 3-6 tea-spoons daily, In long-term therapy 1½-6 tea-spoons daily
- Children up to 14 years: Initially 3 tea-spoons daily, In long-term therapy 1-2 tea-spoons daily
- Infants and toddlers: Initially 1-2 tea-spoons daily, In long-term therapy 1 tea-spoon daily
- Adults: 1-2 tea-spoons daily
- Children: 1 tea-spoon daily
- Hyper-ammoniemia in hepatopathy: a maximum of 18-30 tea-spoons daily.
- In portal systemic encephalopathy: hourly doses of 6-9 tea-spoons of Lactulose solution may be used to induce the rapid laxation. When the laxative effect has been achieved, the dose may then be reduced.
Side effectsView
Occasionally flatulence, cramp and abdominal discomfort can occur at the beginning of treatment; this is rapidly eliminated by reducing the dose. Overdose can result in diarrhoea. In abuse, loss of electrolytes (primarily potassium).
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity to either galactose and or lactose; galactose-free diet, gastro-cardial symptom complex, suspected intestinal obstruction.
PrecautionsView
Lactulose should be administered with care to patients who are intolerant to lactulose. The dose used in the treatment of (pre) coma hepaticum is usually much higher and may need to be taken into consideration for diabetics.
InteractionsView
There is no significant drug interactions with lactulose. The glycosidic effect of cardiac glycosides can be intensified by potassium deficiency in abuse.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy Category of Lactulose is B. Studies show that Lactulose has no adverse effects. Decisions regarding use during pregnancy and lactation must be made by registered physician.
Overdose effectsView
There have been no reports of accidental overdosage. In the event of acute overdosage it is expected that diarrhoea and abdominal cramps would be the major symptoms.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Devomit
Meclizine + Pyridoxine
Devomit
Meclizine + Pyridoxine
Indications
Pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting
Indication detailsView
Prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, motion sickness, radiation sickness and vertigo associated with diseases of the vestibular system (e.g. Meniere's syndrome, labyrinthitis and other vestibular disturbances).
Therapeutic classView
Anti-emetic drugs
PharmacologyView
Meclizine is a piperazine-derivative antihistamine that is used as an antiemetic. It has antiemetic, anticholinergic and antihistaminic properties. It reduces the sensitivity of the labyrinthine apparatus. The action may be mediated through nerve pathways to the vomiting center (VC) from the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), peripheral nerve pathways, the VC, or other CNS centers. Pyridoxine is vitamin B-6. It has been added to enhance the anti-emetic effects & as a dietary suppliment.
DosageView
Adult and Children 12 years of age & over:
- Nausea and vomiting: 25-50 mg daily or as directed by a physician.
- Motion sickness: Take an initial dose of 25-50 mg, 1 hour prior to travel. May repeat the dose every 24 hours for the duration of the journey.
- Radiation sickness: 50 mg administered 2-12 hours prior to radiation treatment.
- Vertigo: 25-100 mg daily in divided doses.
- Prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emergency contraceptive pill (ECP): 25-50 mg, 1 hour before first ECP dose; repeat if needed in 24 hours.
Side effectsView
Drowsiness, dry mouth and, on rare occasions, blurred vision have been reported.
ContraindicationsView
Meclizine Hydrochloride and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to these ingredients.
PrecautionsView
Patients should be warned that Meclizine Hydrochloride may impair their ability to perform hazardous activities requiring mental alertness or physical coordination (e.g., operating machinery, driving a motor vehicle). Patients should avoid alcoholic beverages while taking this drug. Due to its potential anticholinergic action, this drug should be used with caution in patients with asthma, glaucoma or enlargement of the prostate gland.
InteractionsView
The CNS depressant effects of Meclizine can be potentiated by concurrent use of Ethanol or other CNS depressant agents such as Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Tricyclic antidepressants, opiate agonists, skeletal muscle relaxants and antihistamines. Concurrent use of other anticholinergics can potentiate the anticholinergic effects of Meclizine. Meclizine can increase the absorption of digoxin by decreasing gastrointestinal motility.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category B. Large-scale human studies have not demonstrated adverse fetal effects. It has been suggested that based on available data, Meclizine presents the lowest risk of teratogenicity and is the drug of first choice in treating nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Safety for use in the nursing mother has not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: Extreme excitability, seizures, drowsiness and hallucinations.
Treatment: Appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment. Consider dialysis
Treatment: Appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment. Consider dialysis
StorageView
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Dewgel Liquigel
Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium
Dewgel Liquigel
Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium
Indication detailsView
It is used as a lubricant to relieve irritation and discomfort due to dryness of the eye or due to exposure to wind or sun.
PharmacologyView
Carboxymethylcellulose binds to the surface of corneal epithelial cells via its glucopyranose subunits binding to glucose receptors GLUT-1. The residence time of carboxymethylcellulose bound to corneal cells is approximately 2 hours as indicated by a short-term binding assay. Binding of carboxymethylcellulose to the matrix proteins stimulated corneal epithelial cell attachment, migration, and re-epithelialization of corneal wounds.
This eye drop contains Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium similar to normal tears which acts as an ocular lubricant. It provides a lubricating and hydrating protective shield on the ocular surface.
This eye drop contains Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium similar to normal tears which acts as an ocular lubricant. It provides a lubricating and hydrating protective shield on the ocular surface.
DosageView
Instill 1 drop in the affected eye(s) 4 times a day or as needed.
Side effectsView
Burning, Eye Irritation or Pruritus, Visual disturbance, Ocular discharge were reported with this eye drop.
ContraindicationsView
This eye drop is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to any ingredient of the product.
PrecautionsView
Concomitant ocular medication should be administered 15 minutes prior to the instillation of this eye drop.
InteractionsView
Not known.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Safe use during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric use: This eye drop should not be used in infants and small children under 3 years.
Geriatric use: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and other adult patients.
Geriatric use: No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and other adult patients.
StorageView
The drug is to be used within 30 days after the first opening. Store at temperature not exceeding 30°C in a dry place. Protect from light. The bottle is to be closed strongly immediately after use. Keep away from the reach of children.
Dex-i
Dexibuprofen
Dex-i
Dexibuprofen
Indications
Rheumatic disorders
Indication detailsView
Dexibuprofen is indicated in-
- The relief of sign and symptoms of osteoarthritis.
- Indicated in rheumatoidal disorders such as osseous rheumatism, ankylosing spondilitis, juvenile arthritis, muscular rheumatism, degenerative joint diseases
- Acute symptomatic treatment of painful menstruation (primary dysmenorrhoea)
- Common headache and fever
- Symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate pain, such as muscle pain, headache and dental pain
- As an adjuvant with common cold and influenza associated with headache.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Dexibuprofen (S (+)-ibuprofen) is considered as the pharmacologically active enantiomer of racemic ibuprofen. Like racemic ibuprofen, Dexibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic action. Like ibuprofen, Dexibuprofen acts by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
Pharmacokinetics: Dexibuprofen is absorbed primarily from the small intestine. After metabolic transformation in the liver (hydroxylation, carboxylation) the pharmacologically inactive metabolites are completely excreted, mainly by the kidneys (90%), but also in the bile. The elimination half-life is 1.8-3.5 hours; the plasma protein binding is about 99%. Maximum plasma levels are reached about 2 hours after oral administration. The administration of dexibuprofen with a meal delays the time to reach maximum concentrations (from 2.1 hours after fasting conditions to 2.8 hours after non-fasting conditions) and decreases the maximum plasma concentrations (from 20.6 to 18.1 mcg/ml, which is of no clinical relevance), but has no effect on the extent of absorption.
Pharmacokinetics: Dexibuprofen is absorbed primarily from the small intestine. After metabolic transformation in the liver (hydroxylation, carboxylation) the pharmacologically inactive metabolites are completely excreted, mainly by the kidneys (90%), but also in the bile. The elimination half-life is 1.8-3.5 hours; the plasma protein binding is about 99%. Maximum plasma levels are reached about 2 hours after oral administration. The administration of dexibuprofen with a meal delays the time to reach maximum concentrations (from 2.1 hours after fasting conditions to 2.8 hours after non-fasting conditions) and decreases the maximum plasma concentrations (from 20.6 to 18.1 mcg/ml, which is of no clinical relevance), but has no effect on the extent of absorption.
DosageView
The dosage must be adjusted to the seriousness of the syndrome and the complaints of the patient. During chronic pain, the dosage must be adapted to the lowest effective dose.
The recommended dosage: 600-900 mg Dexibuprofen per day, at 2-3 divided doses. The dosage can be raised temporarily up to 1200 mg Dexibuprofen per day in patients with acute disorders or exacerbations. The maximum daily dose is 1200 mg.
At dysmenorrhea: A dosage of 600 up to 900 mg Dexibuprofen per day, at a divided dose.
The recommended dosage: 600-900 mg Dexibuprofen per day, at 2-3 divided doses. The dosage can be raised temporarily up to 1200 mg Dexibuprofen per day in patients with acute disorders or exacerbations. The maximum daily dose is 1200 mg.
At dysmenorrhea: A dosage of 600 up to 900 mg Dexibuprofen per day, at a divided dose.
Side effectsView
Clinical experience has shown that adverse effects of Dexibuprofen are similar to those of racemic ibuprofen. Common side-effects are dyspepsia, diarrhea, fatigue, and headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hypersensitivity reactions - bleeding, ulcer.
ContraindicationsView
Dexibuprofen is contraindicated in patients with previous history of hypersensitivity to Dexibuprofen, or another NSAID, or any other component of the product. Patients, who experience attack of asthma, arouse bronchospasm, acute rhinitis, urticaria or edema after use of similar drugs (e.g. aspirin or other NSAID's). It is also contraindicated in patients with active or suspected hemorrhage, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, patients with serious heart diseases, kidney function impairment (GFR <30ml/min), and liver function impairment.
PrecautionsView
Dexibuprofen should be used with particular caution in patients with bronchial asthma or other chronic diseases of the pulmonary tract as well as in persons prone to allergy. The drug should be used in patients with hepatic, renal or cardiac insufficiency and with hypertension not responding to any treatment. Consultation with a doctor is recommended for patients with systemic lupus or with other autoimmunological disease before beginning therapy using the drug. Dexibuprofen should be used with extreme cautions in active and suspected hemorrhagic conditions such as gastro-duodenal ulcers, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, alcoholism. Allergic reactions to the drug may appear even for the first-time user and in such case, it should immediately be stopped.
InteractionsView
The reported drug interactions of Dexibuprofen are similar to that of racemic mixture of ibuprofen. Drug interactions is noticed with simultaneous use of anticoagulant, hydantoine and sulfonamide, ticlopidine, lithium, other NSAID's, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, corticosteroids, digoxin, methotrexate, pentoxyfiline, phenytoine, probenecid, sulfinpyrazon, sulfonylurea, thiazide and thiazide type diuretics, and zidovudine.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy: Although no teratogennic impact has been observed in the animal-experimental research with dexibuprofen or ibuprofen, the use should be avoided during the pregnancy. However, animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response. Because of the known effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the fetal cardiovascular system (closure of ductus arteriosus), use during late pregnancy should be avoided.
Lactation: Studies at people have shown that racimic ibuprofen proceed in small to negligible degree in mother milk. So, Dexibuprofen should be used with cautions in nursing mothers.
Lactation: Studies at people have shown that racimic ibuprofen proceed in small to negligible degree in mother milk. So, Dexibuprofen should be used with cautions in nursing mothers.
Pediatric usageView
Hepatic impairment: Patients with mild to moderate liver function impairments must start with low amounts, and must closely be monitored. Dexibuprofen should not be used in patients with serious liver function impairments.
Renal impairment: The start amount must be reduced at patients with mild to moderate kidney function impairments. Dexibuprofen cannot be used patients with serious kidney function impairments.
Children Dose: Although Dexibuprofen is not licensed for use in children under 18 years of age in the UK, some countries permit such use. For example, in Switzerland, Dexibuprofen has been given to children aged 6 years and over at a dose of 10 to 15 mg/kg daily in 2-4 divided doses.
For elderly people: Lowest effective dose is recommended. The dosage can be raised to adult dosage if well tolerated.
Renal impairment: The start amount must be reduced at patients with mild to moderate kidney function impairments. Dexibuprofen cannot be used patients with serious kidney function impairments.
Children Dose: Although Dexibuprofen is not licensed for use in children under 18 years of age in the UK, some countries permit such use. For example, in Switzerland, Dexibuprofen has been given to children aged 6 years and over at a dose of 10 to 15 mg/kg daily in 2-4 divided doses.
For elderly people: Lowest effective dose is recommended. The dosage can be raised to adult dosage if well tolerated.
Overdose effectsView
Dexibuprofen has low acute toxicities. Symptoms of toxicity occur at doses between 80 and 100 mg/kg body weight. Mild symptoms are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, headache, tinnitus and ataxia. Moderate to serious symptoms, such as flatulence, hypotension, hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, reduced kidney function, coma, and apnoea. The treatment must be symptomatic: there is no specific antidote. In case of large quantities of Dexibuprofen, activated charcoal should be administered. Vomiting can be induced only when life-threatening quantities of the substance ingested and the procedure can be carried out within 60 minutes after ingestion. Dialysis and hemodialysis are of little value as Dexibuprofen binds strongly to plasma protein.
StorageView
Do not store above 30°C. Keep away from light and out of the reach of children
Dexa
Dexamethasone
Dexa
Dexamethasone
Indication detailsView
Allergic states: Control of severe or incapacitating allergic conditions intractable to adequate trials of conventional treatment in asthma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, drug hypersensitivity reactions, perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis and serum sickness.
Collagen disease: Like lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis etc.
Dermatologic diseases: Bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, exfoliative erythroderma, mycosis fungoides, pemphigus and severe erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome).
Endocrine disorders: Primary or secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypercalcemia associated with cancer and nonsuppurative thyroiditis.
Gastrointestinal diseases: Regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis.
Hematologic disorders: Acquired (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia, congenital (erythroid) hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan anemia), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults and selected cases of secondary thrombocytopenia.
Neoplastic diseases: Leukemias and lymphomas.
Nervous system: Acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis, cerebral edema associated with primary or metastatic brain tumor, craniotomy or head injury.
Ophthalmic diseases: Temporal arteritis, uveitis, and ocular inflammatory conditions unresponsive to topical corticosteroids.
Renal diseases: To induce a diuresis or remission of proteinuria in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or that due to lupus erythematosus.
Respiratory diseases: Berylliosis, fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis when used concurrently with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonias, symptomatic sarcoidosis.
Rheumatic disorders: As adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to tide the patient over an acute episode or exacerbation) in acute gouty arthritis, acute rheumatic carditis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (selected cases may require low-dose maintenance therapy). For the treatment of dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Miscellaneous: Diagnostic testing of adrenocortical hyperfunction, trichinosis with neurologic or myocardial involvement, tuberculous meningitis with subarachnoid block or impending block when used with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy.
Collagen disease: Like lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis etc.
Dermatologic diseases: Bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, exfoliative erythroderma, mycosis fungoides, pemphigus and severe erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome).
Endocrine disorders: Primary or secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypercalcemia associated with cancer and nonsuppurative thyroiditis.
Gastrointestinal diseases: Regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis.
Hematologic disorders: Acquired (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia, congenital (erythroid) hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan anemia), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults and selected cases of secondary thrombocytopenia.
Neoplastic diseases: Leukemias and lymphomas.
Nervous system: Acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis, cerebral edema associated with primary or metastatic brain tumor, craniotomy or head injury.
Ophthalmic diseases: Temporal arteritis, uveitis, and ocular inflammatory conditions unresponsive to topical corticosteroids.
Renal diseases: To induce a diuresis or remission of proteinuria in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or that due to lupus erythematosus.
Respiratory diseases: Berylliosis, fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis when used concurrently with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonias, symptomatic sarcoidosis.
Rheumatic disorders: As adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to tide the patient over an acute episode or exacerbation) in acute gouty arthritis, acute rheumatic carditis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (selected cases may require low-dose maintenance therapy). For the treatment of dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Miscellaneous: Diagnostic testing of adrenocortical hyperfunction, trichinosis with neurologic or myocardial involvement, tuberculous meningitis with subarachnoid block or impending block when used with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy.
PharmacologyView
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid which decreases inflammation by inhibiting the migration of leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability. It suppresses normal immune response.
DosageView
In general, glucocorticoid dosage depends on the severity of the condition and the response of the patient. If no favourable response is noted within a couple of days, continuation of glucocorticoid therapy is undesirable. In chronic conditions requiring long-term therapy the lowest dosage that provides adequate, but not necessarily complete, relief should be used.
For tablet:
For tablet:
- In adult patients, daily oral dosages vary from 1 mg to 10 mg and in children from 0.03-0.20 mg/kg body weight,according to the individual response.
- In some patients higher dosages may be temporarily required,to control the disease. As soon as circumstances permit,dosage should be decreased.
- For a short dexamethasone suppression test 1 mg dexamethasone is given at 11 p.m. and plasmacortisol measured the next morning.
- Patients who do not show a decrease in cortisol can be exposed to a longer test: 0.5 mg dexamethasone is given at 6-hour intervals
- for 48 hours followed by 2 mg every 6 hours for a further 48 hours. 24-hour urine collections are made before, during and at the end of the test for the determination of 17 alpha-hydroxycorticoids.
- Dexamethasone can be given by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) or local injection. Dexamethasone injections can also be diluted with an infusion fluid or be injected directly into the infusion line.
- Intravenous injections of massive doses should be given slowly, over a period of several minutes.
- Intramuscular administration should be given by deep intramuscular injection,to prevent atrophy of the subcutaneous adipose tissues.
- Intra-articular injections should be given under strictly aseptic conditions as glucocorticoids decrease the resistance to infection. When diluted with these infusion fluids, Dexamethasone will keep its potency for at least 24 hours (at room temperature and in daylight conditions). As infusion fluids, Sodium chloride 0.9%, Anhydrous glucose 5%, Invert sugar 10%, Sorbitol 5%, Ringer's solution, Hartman's solution (Ringer-lactate) etc.can be used.
- The dosage of Dexamethasone depends on the severity of the condition and the response of the patient.
- For systemic therapy in adults, daily doses of 0.05-0.20 mg/kg body weight are usually sufficient. For emergencies (e.g. anaphylaxis, acute severe asthma, cerebral edema) substantially higher doses are required. An initial dose of 10-20 mg IV is followed by 6 mg IV or IM every 6 hours,until a satisfactory result has been obtained. Thereafter the dosage has to be tapered off gradually.
- Intra-articularly: 2-4 mg in large and 0.8-1 mg in small joints
- Intrabursally: 2-4 mg;in tendon sheaths:0.4-1 mg
- The frequency of these injections may vary from every 3-5 days to every 2-3 weeks
Side effectsView
The following adverse reactions have been associated with prolonged systemic glucocorticoid therapy.
Endocrine and metabolic disturbances: Cushing-like syndrome, hirsutism, menstrual irregularities, premature epiphyseal closure, secondary adrenocortical and pituitary unresponsiveness, decreased glucose tolerance, negative nitrogen and calcium balance.
Fluid and electrolyte disturbances: Sodium and fluid retention, hypertension, potassium loss, hypokalaemic alkalosis.
Musculo-skeletal effects: Myopathy, abdominal distension, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis of femoral and humeral heads.
Gastro-intestinal effects: Gastric and duodenal ulceration, perforation and haemorrhage.
Dermatological effects: Impaired wound healing, skin atrophy, striae, petechiae and ecchymoses, bruising, facial erythema, increased sweating, acne.
Central Nervous System effects: Psychic disturbances ranging from euphoria to frank psychotic manifestations,convulsions,in children pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension) with vomiting and papilloedema.
Ophthalmic effects: Glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, posterior subcapsular cataracts.
Immunosuppressive effects: Increased susceptibility to infections, decreased responsiveness to vaccination and skin tests.
Endocrine and metabolic disturbances: Cushing-like syndrome, hirsutism, menstrual irregularities, premature epiphyseal closure, secondary adrenocortical and pituitary unresponsiveness, decreased glucose tolerance, negative nitrogen and calcium balance.
Fluid and electrolyte disturbances: Sodium and fluid retention, hypertension, potassium loss, hypokalaemic alkalosis.
Musculo-skeletal effects: Myopathy, abdominal distension, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis of femoral and humeral heads.
Gastro-intestinal effects: Gastric and duodenal ulceration, perforation and haemorrhage.
Dermatological effects: Impaired wound healing, skin atrophy, striae, petechiae and ecchymoses, bruising, facial erythema, increased sweating, acne.
Central Nervous System effects: Psychic disturbances ranging from euphoria to frank psychotic manifestations,convulsions,in children pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension) with vomiting and papilloedema.
Ophthalmic effects: Glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, posterior subcapsular cataracts.
Immunosuppressive effects: Increased susceptibility to infections, decreased responsiveness to vaccination and skin tests.
ContraindicationsView
- Gastric and duodenal ulcers.
- Systemic and ophthalmic fungal infections.
- Viral infections, e.g. varicella and herpes genitalis infections. Viral infections of the eye.
- Glaucoma.
- Hypersensitivity to corticosteroids
PrecautionsView
General: The lowest possible dose of corticosteroids should be used to control the condition under treatment.The reduction should be gradual.
Cardio-renal: These agents should be used with caution in patients with congestive heart failure,hypertension, or renal insufficiency.
Endocrine: Drug-induced secondary adrenocortical insufficiency may be minimized by gradual reduction of dosage.
Gastrointestinal: Steroids should be used with caution in active or latent peptic ulcers, diverticulitis, intestinal anastomoses, and nonspecific ulcerative colitis, since they may increase the risk of a perforation.
Musculoskeletal: Special consideration should be given to patients at increased risk of osteoporosis (e.g.,postmenopausal women) before initiating corticosteroid therapy.
Neuro-psychiatric: An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids, most often occurring in patients with myasthenia gravis or in patients receiving concomitant therapy with neuromuscular blocking drugs (e.g., pancuronium). Psychic derangements may appear ranging from euphoria, insomnia, mood swings, personality changes, and severe depression, to frank psychotic manifestations.
Cardio-renal: These agents should be used with caution in patients with congestive heart failure,hypertension, or renal insufficiency.
Endocrine: Drug-induced secondary adrenocortical insufficiency may be minimized by gradual reduction of dosage.
Gastrointestinal: Steroids should be used with caution in active or latent peptic ulcers, diverticulitis, intestinal anastomoses, and nonspecific ulcerative colitis, since they may increase the risk of a perforation.
Musculoskeletal: Special consideration should be given to patients at increased risk of osteoporosis (e.g.,postmenopausal women) before initiating corticosteroid therapy.
Neuro-psychiatric: An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids, most often occurring in patients with myasthenia gravis or in patients receiving concomitant therapy with neuromuscular blocking drugs (e.g., pancuronium). Psychic derangements may appear ranging from euphoria, insomnia, mood swings, personality changes, and severe depression, to frank psychotic manifestations.
InteractionsView
- Diuretics and/or cardiac glycosides, since potassium loss may be enhanced.This is a particular risk in patients using cardiac glycosides; since hypokalaemia increases the toxicity of these drugs.
- Antidiabetics, since glucocorticoids may impair glucose tolerance, thereby increasing the need for antidiabetic drugs.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, since the incidence and/or severity of gastro-intestinal ulceration may increase.
- Oral anti-coagulants since glucocorticoids may alter the need for these drugs.
- Glucocorticoids may be less effective when used concomitantly with liver enzyme inducing drugs,such as rifampicin, ephedrine, barbiturates, phenytoin and primidone.
- If patients undergoing long-term therapy with glucocorticoids are concomitantly given salicylates, any reduction in glucocorticoid dosage should be made with caution, since salicylate intoxication has been reported in such cases.
- Antacids;especially those containing magnesium trisilicate,have been reported to impair the gastro-intestinal absorption of glucocorticoids. Therefore, doses of one agent should be spaced as far as possible from the other.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C.There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Corticosteroids should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Glucocorticoids appear in breast milk.Mothers taking high dosages of corticosteroids should be advised not to breast-feed
Pediatric usageView
In order to minimize the potential growth effects of corticosteroids, pediatric patients should be titrated to the lowest effective dose.
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage is unlikely, however, treatment of overdosage is by supportive and symptomatic therapy
StorageView
Tablet: Store in a cool & dry place, protected from light & moisture.
Injection: Store below 30° C, protected from light.Do not freeze. Keep medicines out of the reach of children
Injection: Store below 30° C, protected from light.Do not freeze. Keep medicines out of the reach of children
Dexa
Dexamethasone
Dexa
Dexamethasone
Indication detailsView
Allergic states: Control of severe or incapacitating allergic conditions intractable to adequate trials of conventional treatment in asthma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, drug hypersensitivity reactions, perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis and serum sickness.
Collagen disease: Like lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis etc.
Dermatologic diseases: Bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, exfoliative erythroderma, mycosis fungoides, pemphigus and severe erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome).
Endocrine disorders: Primary or secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypercalcemia associated with cancer and nonsuppurative thyroiditis.
Gastrointestinal diseases: Regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis.
Hematologic disorders: Acquired (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia, congenital (erythroid) hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan anemia), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults and selected cases of secondary thrombocytopenia.
Neoplastic diseases: Leukemias and lymphomas.
Nervous system: Acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis, cerebral edema associated with primary or metastatic brain tumor, craniotomy or head injury.
Ophthalmic diseases: Temporal arteritis, uveitis, and ocular inflammatory conditions unresponsive to topical corticosteroids.
Renal diseases: To induce a diuresis or remission of proteinuria in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or that due to lupus erythematosus.
Respiratory diseases: Berylliosis, fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis when used concurrently with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonias, symptomatic sarcoidosis.
Rheumatic disorders: As adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to tide the patient over an acute episode or exacerbation) in acute gouty arthritis, acute rheumatic carditis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (selected cases may require low-dose maintenance therapy). For the treatment of dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Miscellaneous: Diagnostic testing of adrenocortical hyperfunction, trichinosis with neurologic or myocardial involvement, tuberculous meningitis with subarachnoid block or impending block when used with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy.
Collagen disease: Like lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis etc.
Dermatologic diseases: Bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, exfoliative erythroderma, mycosis fungoides, pemphigus and severe erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome).
Endocrine disorders: Primary or secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypercalcemia associated with cancer and nonsuppurative thyroiditis.
Gastrointestinal diseases: Regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis.
Hematologic disorders: Acquired (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia, congenital (erythroid) hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan anemia), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults and selected cases of secondary thrombocytopenia.
Neoplastic diseases: Leukemias and lymphomas.
Nervous system: Acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis, cerebral edema associated with primary or metastatic brain tumor, craniotomy or head injury.
Ophthalmic diseases: Temporal arteritis, uveitis, and ocular inflammatory conditions unresponsive to topical corticosteroids.
Renal diseases: To induce a diuresis or remission of proteinuria in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or that due to lupus erythematosus.
Respiratory diseases: Berylliosis, fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis when used concurrently with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonias, symptomatic sarcoidosis.
Rheumatic disorders: As adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to tide the patient over an acute episode or exacerbation) in acute gouty arthritis, acute rheumatic carditis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (selected cases may require low-dose maintenance therapy). For the treatment of dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Miscellaneous: Diagnostic testing of adrenocortical hyperfunction, trichinosis with neurologic or myocardial involvement, tuberculous meningitis with subarachnoid block or impending block when used with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy.
PharmacologyView
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid which decreases inflammation by inhibiting the migration of leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability. It suppresses normal immune response.
DosageView
In general, glucocorticoid dosage depends on the severity of the condition and the response of the patient. If no favourable response is noted within a couple of days, continuation of glucocorticoid therapy is undesirable. In chronic conditions requiring long-term therapy the lowest dosage that provides adequate, but not necessarily complete, relief should be used.
For tablet:
For tablet:
- In adult patients, daily oral dosages vary from 1 mg to 10 mg and in children from 0.03-0.20 mg/kg body weight,according to the individual response.
- In some patients higher dosages may be temporarily required,to control the disease. As soon as circumstances permit,dosage should be decreased.
- For a short dexamethasone suppression test 1 mg dexamethasone is given at 11 p.m. and plasmacortisol measured the next morning.
- Patients who do not show a decrease in cortisol can be exposed to a longer test: 0.5 mg dexamethasone is given at 6-hour intervals
- for 48 hours followed by 2 mg every 6 hours for a further 48 hours. 24-hour urine collections are made before, during and at the end of the test for the determination of 17 alpha-hydroxycorticoids.
- Dexamethasone can be given by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) or local injection. Dexamethasone injections can also be diluted with an infusion fluid or be injected directly into the infusion line.
- Intravenous injections of massive doses should be given slowly, over a period of several minutes.
- Intramuscular administration should be given by deep intramuscular injection,to prevent atrophy of the subcutaneous adipose tissues.
- Intra-articular injections should be given under strictly aseptic conditions as glucocorticoids decrease the resistance to infection. When diluted with these infusion fluids, Dexamethasone will keep its potency for at least 24 hours (at room temperature and in daylight conditions). As infusion fluids, Sodium chloride 0.9%, Anhydrous glucose 5%, Invert sugar 10%, Sorbitol 5%, Ringer's solution, Hartman's solution (Ringer-lactate) etc.can be used.
- The dosage of Dexamethasone depends on the severity of the condition and the response of the patient.
- For systemic therapy in adults, daily doses of 0.05-0.20 mg/kg body weight are usually sufficient. For emergencies (e.g. anaphylaxis, acute severe asthma, cerebral edema) substantially higher doses are required. An initial dose of 10-20 mg IV is followed by 6 mg IV or IM every 6 hours,until a satisfactory result has been obtained. Thereafter the dosage has to be tapered off gradually.
- Intra-articularly: 2-4 mg in large and 0.8-1 mg in small joints
- Intrabursally: 2-4 mg;in tendon sheaths:0.4-1 mg
- The frequency of these injections may vary from every 3-5 days to every 2-3 weeks
Side effectsView
The following adverse reactions have been associated with prolonged systemic glucocorticoid therapy.
Endocrine and metabolic disturbances: Cushing-like syndrome, hirsutism, menstrual irregularities, premature epiphyseal closure, secondary adrenocortical and pituitary unresponsiveness, decreased glucose tolerance, negative nitrogen and calcium balance.
Fluid and electrolyte disturbances: Sodium and fluid retention, hypertension, potassium loss, hypokalaemic alkalosis.
Musculo-skeletal effects: Myopathy, abdominal distension, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis of femoral and humeral heads.
Gastro-intestinal effects: Gastric and duodenal ulceration, perforation and haemorrhage.
Dermatological effects: Impaired wound healing, skin atrophy, striae, petechiae and ecchymoses, bruising, facial erythema, increased sweating, acne.
Central Nervous System effects: Psychic disturbances ranging from euphoria to frank psychotic manifestations,convulsions,in children pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension) with vomiting and papilloedema.
Ophthalmic effects: Glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, posterior subcapsular cataracts.
Immunosuppressive effects: Increased susceptibility to infections, decreased responsiveness to vaccination and skin tests.
Endocrine and metabolic disturbances: Cushing-like syndrome, hirsutism, menstrual irregularities, premature epiphyseal closure, secondary adrenocortical and pituitary unresponsiveness, decreased glucose tolerance, negative nitrogen and calcium balance.
Fluid and electrolyte disturbances: Sodium and fluid retention, hypertension, potassium loss, hypokalaemic alkalosis.
Musculo-skeletal effects: Myopathy, abdominal distension, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis of femoral and humeral heads.
Gastro-intestinal effects: Gastric and duodenal ulceration, perforation and haemorrhage.
Dermatological effects: Impaired wound healing, skin atrophy, striae, petechiae and ecchymoses, bruising, facial erythema, increased sweating, acne.
Central Nervous System effects: Psychic disturbances ranging from euphoria to frank psychotic manifestations,convulsions,in children pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension) with vomiting and papilloedema.
Ophthalmic effects: Glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, posterior subcapsular cataracts.
Immunosuppressive effects: Increased susceptibility to infections, decreased responsiveness to vaccination and skin tests.
ContraindicationsView
- Gastric and duodenal ulcers.
- Systemic and ophthalmic fungal infections.
- Viral infections, e.g. varicella and herpes genitalis infections. Viral infections of the eye.
- Glaucoma.
- Hypersensitivity to corticosteroids
PrecautionsView
General: The lowest possible dose of corticosteroids should be used to control the condition under treatment.The reduction should be gradual.
Cardio-renal: These agents should be used with caution in patients with congestive heart failure,hypertension, or renal insufficiency.
Endocrine: Drug-induced secondary adrenocortical insufficiency may be minimized by gradual reduction of dosage.
Gastrointestinal: Steroids should be used with caution in active or latent peptic ulcers, diverticulitis, intestinal anastomoses, and nonspecific ulcerative colitis, since they may increase the risk of a perforation.
Musculoskeletal: Special consideration should be given to patients at increased risk of osteoporosis (e.g.,postmenopausal women) before initiating corticosteroid therapy.
Neuro-psychiatric: An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids, most often occurring in patients with myasthenia gravis or in patients receiving concomitant therapy with neuromuscular blocking drugs (e.g., pancuronium). Psychic derangements may appear ranging from euphoria, insomnia, mood swings, personality changes, and severe depression, to frank psychotic manifestations.
Cardio-renal: These agents should be used with caution in patients with congestive heart failure,hypertension, or renal insufficiency.
Endocrine: Drug-induced secondary adrenocortical insufficiency may be minimized by gradual reduction of dosage.
Gastrointestinal: Steroids should be used with caution in active or latent peptic ulcers, diverticulitis, intestinal anastomoses, and nonspecific ulcerative colitis, since they may increase the risk of a perforation.
Musculoskeletal: Special consideration should be given to patients at increased risk of osteoporosis (e.g.,postmenopausal women) before initiating corticosteroid therapy.
Neuro-psychiatric: An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids, most often occurring in patients with myasthenia gravis or in patients receiving concomitant therapy with neuromuscular blocking drugs (e.g., pancuronium). Psychic derangements may appear ranging from euphoria, insomnia, mood swings, personality changes, and severe depression, to frank psychotic manifestations.
InteractionsView
- Diuretics and/or cardiac glycosides, since potassium loss may be enhanced.This is a particular risk in patients using cardiac glycosides; since hypokalaemia increases the toxicity of these drugs.
- Antidiabetics, since glucocorticoids may impair glucose tolerance, thereby increasing the need for antidiabetic drugs.
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, since the incidence and/or severity of gastro-intestinal ulceration may increase.
- Oral anti-coagulants since glucocorticoids may alter the need for these drugs.
- Glucocorticoids may be less effective when used concomitantly with liver enzyme inducing drugs,such as rifampicin, ephedrine, barbiturates, phenytoin and primidone.
- If patients undergoing long-term therapy with glucocorticoids are concomitantly given salicylates, any reduction in glucocorticoid dosage should be made with caution, since salicylate intoxication has been reported in such cases.
- Antacids;especially those containing magnesium trisilicate,have been reported to impair the gastro-intestinal absorption of glucocorticoids. Therefore, doses of one agent should be spaced as far as possible from the other.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category C.There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Corticosteroids should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Glucocorticoids appear in breast milk.Mothers taking high dosages of corticosteroids should be advised not to breast-feed
Pediatric usageView
In order to minimize the potential growth effects of corticosteroids, pediatric patients should be titrated to the lowest effective dose.
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage is unlikely, however, treatment of overdosage is by supportive and symptomatic therapy
StorageView
Tablet: Store in a cool & dry place, protected from light & moisture.
Injection: Store below 30° C, protected from light.Do not freeze. Keep medicines out of the reach of children
Injection: Store below 30° C, protected from light.Do not freeze. Keep medicines out of the reach of children
Dexacol
Dexamethasone + Chloramphenicol
Dexacol
Dexamethasone + Chloramphenicol
Indications
Post-herpetic keratitis
Indication detailsView
Eye: This combination is indicated in acute purulent conjunctivitis, fresh inflammation of the superficial and deeper corneal layers and corneal ulceration. It is also used in keratitis disciformis and the more deep-seated forms of post-herpetic keratitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic blepharitis, acute and chronic iritis, chronic anterior uveitis and corneal injury from chemical radiation or thermal burns, or penetration of foreign bodies. The combination is used in steroid-responsive inflammatory ocular conditions for which a corticosteroid is indicated and where bacterial infection or arisk of bacterial ocular infection exists. The combination can also be used for post-operative inflammation and any other ocular inflammation associated with infection.
Ear: This combination is indicated in otitis externa, otitis media and chronic suppurative otitis media.
Ear: This combination is indicated in otitis externa, otitis media and chronic suppurative otitis media.
Therapeutic classView
Ophthalmic steroid - antibiotic combined preparations
PharmacologyView
Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid. It has an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic action. It is used topically in the treatment of inflammatory conditions of the anterior segment of the eye. Dexamethasone is absorbed rapidly after oral administration with a half-life of about 190 minutes. Sufficient absorption may occur after topical application to the skin and eye to produce systemic effects.
Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic active against a wide variety of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Chloramphenicol exerts its antibacterial effect by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis at an early stage
Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic active against a wide variety of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Chloramphenicol exerts its antibacterial effect by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis at an early stage
DosageView
Eye:
- Bacterial Conjunctivitis: The recommended dosage regimen for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis is 1 to 2 drops instilled into the conjunctival sac (s) every 2 hours for 2 days and 1 or 2 drops every 4 hours for the next 5(five days) while awake.
- Corneal Ulcers: The recommended dosage regimen for the treatment of comeal ulcer is 2 drops in the affected eye (s) every 15 minutes for the first 6 hours then 2 drops into the affected eye(s) every 30 minutes for the remainder of first day. On the second day, instill 2 drops in the affected eye (s) hourly. On the 3 to 14 days, place 2 drops in the affected eye (s) every 4 hours. Treatment may be continued after 14 days if corneal re-epithelialization has not occurred.
Side effectsView
Adverse reactions seen with Chloramphenicol are transient ocular burning or discomfort and other reported reactions include stinging, redness, itching, conjunctivitis, foreign body sensation, photophobia, blurred vision, dryness and eye pain. Allergic sensitization may occur with the local use of Chloramphenicol. Elevation of intraocular pressure with possible development of glaucoma, infrequent optic nerve damage and posterior subcapsular cataract formation.
ContraindicationsView
The combination is contraindicated in epithelial herpes simplex cornealis, fungal, viral, tuberculous and other infections of the eye and in glaucoma. Myelosuppression during previous exposure to Chloramphenicol. Hypersensitivity to Chloramphenicol & Dexamethasone Phosphate or to any other ingredients of the preparations.
PrecautionsView
The possibility of persistent fungal infections of the cornea should be considered after prolonged corticosteroid dosing. Prolonged use of steroids containing products may result in posterior subcapsular cataract formation and glaucoma with optic nerve damage. Intraocular pressure monitoring is needed. Prolonged use of antibiotics may result in the overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. If new infections appear during treatment, the drug should be discontinued and alternative therapy should be instituted.
InteractionsView
If Chloramphenicol is absorbed from eye when taking anticoagulants e.g. warfarin, there may be an increase in the effect of this medicine. Action of Chloramphenicol will be inhibited if given simultaneously with Phenobarbital. The therapeutic efficacy of Dexamethasone may be reduced with the concomitant administration of phenytoin, phenobarbitone, ephedrine and rifampicin.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Caution should be exercised when Chloramphenicol and Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing mother.
StorageView
Keep in a cool and dry place, away from light & keep out of the reach of children. Do not use after 30 days of first opening.
Dexacort
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmic)
Dexacort
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmic)
Indication detailsView
Eye: Dexamethasone Phosphate is indicated for treatment of steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the eye such as: anterior uveitis, iritis, cyclitis, allergic and vernal conjunctivitis, herpes zoster keratitis, superficial punctate keratitis and non-specific superficial keratitis.
Also indicated for the treatment of corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns or following penetration by foreign bodies. Indicated for post operative use to reduce inflammatory reactions and suppress graft reaction.
Ear: Indicated in the steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and non-purulent infective otitis externa.
Also indicated for the treatment of corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns or following penetration by foreign bodies. Indicated for post operative use to reduce inflammatory reactions and suppress graft reaction.
Ear: Indicated in the steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and non-purulent infective otitis externa.
PharmacologyView
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid which decreases inflammation by inhibiting the migration of leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability. It suppresses normal immune response.
DosageView
Eye:
- As 0.1% drop: The frequency of instillation of drops and the duration of treatment will vary depending upon the severity of the underlying condition and the response to treatment. Severe inflammations require one to two drops instilled into the eye every thirty to sixty minutes until a satisfactory response occurs. Subconjunctival or systemic steroid therapy should be considered if there is no response. When a favourable response has been observed reduce the dosage towards one drop every four hours.
- As 0.05% ointment: Apply 0.5-1 inch ribbon of ointment into the conjunctival sac(s) up to 4 times daily. Reduce to once daily dosing once conditon has improved.
Side effectsView
Glaucoma with optic nerve damage, visual acuity and field defects, posterior subcapsular cataract formation, secondary ocular infection from pathogens including herpes simplex, perforation of the globe. Rarely, stinging and burning may occur.
ContraindicationsView
Epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), acute infections stages of vaccinia, varicella, and many other viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, Mycobacterial infection of the eye, Fungal diseases of ocular or auricular structures, perforation of a drum membrane. Hypersensitivity to any ingredient of this product.
PrecautionsView
The possibility of persistent fungal infections of the cornea should be considered after prolonged corticosteroid dosing. There have been reports of bacterial keratitis associated with the use of multiple dose containers of topical ophthalmic products. These containers had been inadvertently contaminated by patients who, in most cases, had a concurrent corneal disease or a disruption of the ocular epithelial surface.
InteractionsView
None relevant to topical use.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy category C. There is no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Lactation: Caution should be exercised when Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.
Lactation: Caution should be exercised when Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients below the age of 18 have not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Long-term intensive topical use may lead to systemic effects. Oral ingestion of the contents of the bottle (up to 10 ml) is unlikely to lead to any serious adverse effects.
StorageView
Store below 30° C in a cool and dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children. Do not touch the dropper tip to surfaces since this may contaminate the solution. Do not use after 30 days of first opening.
Dexadron
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmic)
Dexadron
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmic)
Indication detailsView
Eye: Dexamethasone Phosphate is indicated for treatment of steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the eye such as: anterior uveitis, iritis, cyclitis, allergic and vernal conjunctivitis, herpes zoster keratitis, superficial punctate keratitis and non-specific superficial keratitis.
Also indicated for the treatment of corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns or following penetration by foreign bodies. Indicated for post operative use to reduce inflammatory reactions and suppress graft reaction.
Ear: Indicated in the steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and non-purulent infective otitis externa.
Also indicated for the treatment of corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns or following penetration by foreign bodies. Indicated for post operative use to reduce inflammatory reactions and suppress graft reaction.
Ear: Indicated in the steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and non-purulent infective otitis externa.
PharmacologyView
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid which decreases inflammation by inhibiting the migration of leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability. It suppresses normal immune response.
DosageView
Eye:
- As 0.1% drop: The frequency of instillation of drops and the duration of treatment will vary depending upon the severity of the underlying condition and the response to treatment. Severe inflammations require one to two drops instilled into the eye every thirty to sixty minutes until a satisfactory response occurs. Subconjunctival or systemic steroid therapy should be considered if there is no response. When a favourable response has been observed reduce the dosage towards one drop every four hours.
- As 0.05% ointment: Apply 0.5-1 inch ribbon of ointment into the conjunctival sac(s) up to 4 times daily. Reduce to once daily dosing once conditon has improved.
Side effectsView
Glaucoma with optic nerve damage, visual acuity and field defects, posterior subcapsular cataract formation, secondary ocular infection from pathogens including herpes simplex, perforation of the globe. Rarely, stinging and burning may occur.
ContraindicationsView
Epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), acute infections stages of vaccinia, varicella, and many other viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, Mycobacterial infection of the eye, Fungal diseases of ocular or auricular structures, perforation of a drum membrane. Hypersensitivity to any ingredient of this product.
PrecautionsView
The possibility of persistent fungal infections of the cornea should be considered after prolonged corticosteroid dosing. There have been reports of bacterial keratitis associated with the use of multiple dose containers of topical ophthalmic products. These containers had been inadvertently contaminated by patients who, in most cases, had a concurrent corneal disease or a disruption of the ocular epithelial surface.
InteractionsView
None relevant to topical use.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy category C. There is no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Lactation: Caution should be exercised when Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.
Lactation: Caution should be exercised when Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients below the age of 18 have not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Long-term intensive topical use may lead to systemic effects. Oral ingestion of the contents of the bottle (up to 10 ml) is unlikely to lead to any serious adverse effects.
StorageView
Store below 30° C in a cool and dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children. Do not touch the dropper tip to surfaces since this may contaminate the solution. Do not use after 30 days of first opening.
Dexadron
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmic)
Dexadron
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmic)
Indication detailsView
Eye: Dexamethasone Phosphate is indicated for treatment of steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the eye such as: anterior uveitis, iritis, cyclitis, allergic and vernal conjunctivitis, herpes zoster keratitis, superficial punctate keratitis and non-specific superficial keratitis.
Also indicated for the treatment of corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns or following penetration by foreign bodies. Indicated for post operative use to reduce inflammatory reactions and suppress graft reaction.
Ear: Indicated in the steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and non-purulent infective otitis externa.
Also indicated for the treatment of corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns or following penetration by foreign bodies. Indicated for post operative use to reduce inflammatory reactions and suppress graft reaction.
Ear: Indicated in the steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and non-purulent infective otitis externa.
PharmacologyView
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid which decreases inflammation by inhibiting the migration of leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability. It suppresses normal immune response.
DosageView
Eye:
- As 0.1% drop: The frequency of instillation of drops and the duration of treatment will vary depending upon the severity of the underlying condition and the response to treatment. Severe inflammations require one to two drops instilled into the eye every thirty to sixty minutes until a satisfactory response occurs. Subconjunctival or systemic steroid therapy should be considered if there is no response. When a favourable response has been observed reduce the dosage towards one drop every four hours.
- As 0.05% ointment: Apply 0.5-1 inch ribbon of ointment into the conjunctival sac(s) up to 4 times daily. Reduce to once daily dosing once conditon has improved.
Side effectsView
Glaucoma with optic nerve damage, visual acuity and field defects, posterior subcapsular cataract formation, secondary ocular infection from pathogens including herpes simplex, perforation of the globe. Rarely, stinging and burning may occur.
ContraindicationsView
Epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), acute infections stages of vaccinia, varicella, and many other viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, Mycobacterial infection of the eye, Fungal diseases of ocular or auricular structures, perforation of a drum membrane. Hypersensitivity to any ingredient of this product.
PrecautionsView
The possibility of persistent fungal infections of the cornea should be considered after prolonged corticosteroid dosing. There have been reports of bacterial keratitis associated with the use of multiple dose containers of topical ophthalmic products. These containers had been inadvertently contaminated by patients who, in most cases, had a concurrent corneal disease or a disruption of the ocular epithelial surface.
InteractionsView
None relevant to topical use.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy category C. There is no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Lactation: Caution should be exercised when Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.
Lactation: Caution should be exercised when Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients below the age of 18 have not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Long-term intensive topical use may lead to systemic effects. Oral ingestion of the contents of the bottle (up to 10 ml) is unlikely to lead to any serious adverse effects.
StorageView
Store below 30° C in a cool and dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children. Do not touch the dropper tip to surfaces since this may contaminate the solution. Do not use after 30 days of first opening.
Dexaflox
Ciprofloxacin + Dexamethasone
Dexaflox
Ciprofloxacin + Dexamethasone
Indications
Steroid-responsive inflammatory ocular conditions
Indication detailsView
Eye: This combination eye drop is indicated for the treatment of steroid responsive inflammatory ocular conditions where bacterial infections or risk of bacterial infections co-exist. The use of a combination drug with an anti-infective component is indicated where the risk of infection is high or where is an expectation that potentially dangerous numbers of bacteria will be present in the eye. The combination can also be used for post-operative inflammation and any other ocular inflammation associated with infection.
Ear: It is indicated for the treatment of ear infections accompanied by inflammation such as otitis externa, otitis media and chronic suppurative otitis media etc. The combination can also be used for post-operative inflammation of ear.
Ear: It is indicated for the treatment of ear infections accompanied by inflammation such as otitis externa, otitis media and chronic suppurative otitis media etc. The combination can also be used for post-operative inflammation of ear.
Therapeutic classView
Aural steroid & antibiotic combined preparations
PharmacologyView
Dexamethasone is glucocorticoid. It has an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic action. It is used topically in the treatment of inflammatory conditions of the anterior segment of the eye. It reduces prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A2. Also, Dexamethasone inhibits the chemotactic infiltration of neutrophils into the site of inflammation.
Ciprofloxacin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, possessing the greatest antibacterial activity of all quinolones. The bactericidal action of Ciprofloxacin results from interference with the enzyme DNA gyrase which is needed for the synthesis of bacterial DNA.
Ciprofloxacin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, possessing the greatest antibacterial activity of all quinolones. The bactericidal action of Ciprofloxacin results from interference with the enzyme DNA gyrase which is needed for the synthesis of bacterial DNA.
DosageView
For Eye: 1 drop to be instilled into conjunctival sac(s) every four to six hours. During the initial 24 to 48 hours, the dosage may be increased to 1 drop every two hours.
For Ear:
For Ear:
- Acute otitis media in pediatric patients with typanastomy tube: 4 drops instilled into the affected ear 2 times daily for 7 days.
- Acute otitis externa: 4 drops instilled into the affected ear 2 times daily for 7 days.
Side effectsView
Frequently reported adverse reactions are transient ocular burning or discomfort. Other reported reactions include stinging, redness, itching, photophobia, conjunctivitis/ keratitis, Periocular/ facial edema, foreign body sensation, blurred vision, tearing, dryness, and eye pain. Elevation of IOP with development of glaucoma, and delayed wound healing may rarely occur.
ContraindicationsView
Known hypersensitivity to any ingredient of the product. Herpes simplex and other viral conditions, mycosis, glaucoma, newborn babies, fungal diseases of ocular or auricular structures.
PrecautionsView
Prolonged use may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms including fungi; in ocular hypertension and/or glaucoma, with damage to the optic nerve, defects in visual acuity and fields of vision and posterior sub capsular cataract formation. Patients wearing contact lenses must not use the drops during the time the lenses are worn.
InteractionsView
Specific drug interaction studies have not been conducted with ophthalmic Ciprofloxacin and Dexamethasone. However, the systemic administration of some quinolones has been shown to elevate plasma concentrations of theophylline, interfere with the metabolism of caffeine, enhance the effects of the oral anticoagulant warfarin and its derivatives and have been associated with transient elevations in serum creatinine in patients receiving cyclosporin concomitantly.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Use in pregnancy: This should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Use in lactation: It is not known whether topical administration of corticosteroids would result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in human milk. It is also not known whether ciprofloxacin is excreted in human milk following topical administration. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when the combination is administered to a nursing woman.
Use in lactation: It is not known whether topical administration of corticosteroids would result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in human milk. It is also not known whether ciprofloxacin is excreted in human milk following topical administration. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when the combination is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric usageView
Use in children: Safety & effectiveness for the use of this eye drops in children below the age of one year have not been established.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place, away from light. Keep out of reach of children. Shake well before each use.
Dexagen
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmic)
Dexagen
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmic)
Indication detailsView
Eye: Dexamethasone Phosphate is indicated for treatment of steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the eye such as: anterior uveitis, iritis, cyclitis, allergic and vernal conjunctivitis, herpes zoster keratitis, superficial punctate keratitis and non-specific superficial keratitis.
Also indicated for the treatment of corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns or following penetration by foreign bodies. Indicated for post operative use to reduce inflammatory reactions and suppress graft reaction.
Ear: Indicated in the steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and non-purulent infective otitis externa.
Also indicated for the treatment of corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns or following penetration by foreign bodies. Indicated for post operative use to reduce inflammatory reactions and suppress graft reaction.
Ear: Indicated in the steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and non-purulent infective otitis externa.
PharmacologyView
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid which decreases inflammation by inhibiting the migration of leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability. It suppresses normal immune response.
DosageView
Eye:
- As 0.1% drop: The frequency of instillation of drops and the duration of treatment will vary depending upon the severity of the underlying condition and the response to treatment. Severe inflammations require one to two drops instilled into the eye every thirty to sixty minutes until a satisfactory response occurs. Subconjunctival or systemic steroid therapy should be considered if there is no response. When a favourable response has been observed reduce the dosage towards one drop every four hours.
- As 0.05% ointment: Apply 0.5-1 inch ribbon of ointment into the conjunctival sac(s) up to 4 times daily. Reduce to once daily dosing once conditon has improved.
Side effectsView
Glaucoma with optic nerve damage, visual acuity and field defects, posterior subcapsular cataract formation, secondary ocular infection from pathogens including herpes simplex, perforation of the globe. Rarely, stinging and burning may occur.
ContraindicationsView
Epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), acute infections stages of vaccinia, varicella, and many other viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, Mycobacterial infection of the eye, Fungal diseases of ocular or auricular structures, perforation of a drum membrane. Hypersensitivity to any ingredient of this product.
PrecautionsView
The possibility of persistent fungal infections of the cornea should be considered after prolonged corticosteroid dosing. There have been reports of bacterial keratitis associated with the use of multiple dose containers of topical ophthalmic products. These containers had been inadvertently contaminated by patients who, in most cases, had a concurrent corneal disease or a disruption of the ocular epithelial surface.
InteractionsView
None relevant to topical use.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy category C. There is no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Lactation: Caution should be exercised when Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.
Lactation: Caution should be exercised when Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients below the age of 18 have not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Long-term intensive topical use may lead to systemic effects. Oral ingestion of the contents of the bottle (up to 10 ml) is unlikely to lead to any serious adverse effects.
StorageView
Store below 30° C in a cool and dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children. Do not touch the dropper tip to surfaces since this may contaminate the solution. Do not use after 30 days of first opening.
Dexagen
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmic)
Dexagen
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmic)
Indication detailsView
Eye: Dexamethasone Phosphate is indicated for treatment of steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the eye such as: anterior uveitis, iritis, cyclitis, allergic and vernal conjunctivitis, herpes zoster keratitis, superficial punctate keratitis and non-specific superficial keratitis.
Also indicated for the treatment of corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns or following penetration by foreign bodies. Indicated for post operative use to reduce inflammatory reactions and suppress graft reaction.
Ear: Indicated in the steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and non-purulent infective otitis externa.
Also indicated for the treatment of corneal injury from chemical, radiation or thermal burns or following penetration by foreign bodies. Indicated for post operative use to reduce inflammatory reactions and suppress graft reaction.
Ear: Indicated in the steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the external auditory meatus, such as allergic otitis externa, selected purulent and non-purulent infective otitis externa.
PharmacologyView
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid which decreases inflammation by inhibiting the migration of leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability. It suppresses normal immune response.
DosageView
Eye:
- As 0.1% drop: The frequency of instillation of drops and the duration of treatment will vary depending upon the severity of the underlying condition and the response to treatment. Severe inflammations require one to two drops instilled into the eye every thirty to sixty minutes until a satisfactory response occurs. Subconjunctival or systemic steroid therapy should be considered if there is no response. When a favourable response has been observed reduce the dosage towards one drop every four hours.
- As 0.05% ointment: Apply 0.5-1 inch ribbon of ointment into the conjunctival sac(s) up to 4 times daily. Reduce to once daily dosing once conditon has improved.
Side effectsView
Glaucoma with optic nerve damage, visual acuity and field defects, posterior subcapsular cataract formation, secondary ocular infection from pathogens including herpes simplex, perforation of the globe. Rarely, stinging and burning may occur.
ContraindicationsView
Epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), acute infections stages of vaccinia, varicella, and many other viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, Mycobacterial infection of the eye, Fungal diseases of ocular or auricular structures, perforation of a drum membrane. Hypersensitivity to any ingredient of this product.
PrecautionsView
The possibility of persistent fungal infections of the cornea should be considered after prolonged corticosteroid dosing. There have been reports of bacterial keratitis associated with the use of multiple dose containers of topical ophthalmic products. These containers had been inadvertently contaminated by patients who, in most cases, had a concurrent corneal disease or a disruption of the ocular epithelial surface.
InteractionsView
None relevant to topical use.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy category C. There is no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Lactation: Caution should be exercised when Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.
Lactation: Caution should be exercised when Dexamethasone ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric Use: Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients below the age of 18 have not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Long-term intensive topical use may lead to systemic effects. Oral ingestion of the contents of the bottle (up to 10 ml) is unlikely to lead to any serious adverse effects.
StorageView
Store below 30° C in a cool and dry place protected from light. Keep out of reach of children. Do not touch the dropper tip to surfaces since this may contaminate the solution. Do not use after 30 days of first opening.