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    Cozid

    Ceftazidime Pentahydrate
    IM/IV Injection 500 mg/vial Allopathic Third generation Cephalosporins

    Indications

    Urinary tract infection

    Indication detailsView
    Ceftazidime Injection is indicated for the treatment of patients with infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the following diseases:

    Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, including pneumonia, caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas spp., Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains; Klebsiella spp.; Enterobacter spp.; Proteus mirabilis; Escherichia coli; Serratia spp.; Citrobacter spp.; Streptococcus pneumoniae; and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains).

    Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella spp.; Escherichia coli; Proteus spp., including Proteus mirabilis and indole-positive Proteus, Enterobacter spp.; Serratia spp.; Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains); and Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptococci).

    Urinary Tract Infections, both complicated and uncomplicated, caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Enterobacter spp.; Proteus spp., including Proteus mirabilis and indole-positive Proteus, Klebsiella spp.; and Escherichia coli.

    Bacterial Septicemia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Serratia spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains).

    Bone and Joint Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains).

    Gynecologic Infections, including endometritis, pelvic cellulitis, and other infections of the female genital tract caused by Escherichia coli.

    Intraabdominal Infections, including peritonitis caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains) and polymicrobial infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic organisms and Bacteroides spp.

    Central Nervous System Infections, including meningitis, caused by Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    Therapeutic classView
    Third generation Cephalosporins
    PharmacologyView
    Ceftazidime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic for parenteral administration. Ceftazidime is bactericidal in action exerting its effect by inhibition of enzymes responsible for cell-wall synthesis. A wide range of gram-negative organisms is susceptible to ceftazidime in vitro, including strains resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides. In addition, ceftazidime has been shown to be active against gram-positive organisms. It is highly stable to most clinically important beta-lactamases, plasmid or chromosomal, which are produced by both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms and, consequently, is active against many strains resistant to ampicillin and other cephalosporins.
    DosageView
    The usual adult dosage is 1 gram administered intravenously or intramuscularly every 8 to 12 hours. The dosage and route should be determined by the susceptibility of the causative organisms, the severity of infection and the condition, and renal function of the patient.

    Ceftazidime is to be used by the parenteral route, the dosage depending upon the severity, sensitivity & type of infections and the age, weight & renal function of the patient.

    Adults: The adult dosage range for ceftazidime is 1 to 6 gm per day 8 or 12 hourly (IM/IV) in the majority of infections, 1 gm 8 hourly or 2 gm 12 hourly should be given.
    • In urinary tract infections and many less serious infections: 500 mg or 1 gm 12 hourly is usually adequate.
    • In severe infections, especially immunocompromised patients, including those with neutropenia: 2 gm 8 or 12 hourly should be administered. When used as a prophylactic agent in prostatic surgery 1 gm should be given at the induction of anesthesia. A second dose should be considered at the time of catheter removal.
    Elderly: In view of the reduced clearance of Ceftazidime in acutely ill elderly patients, the daily dosage should not normally exceed 3 gm, especially in those over 80 years of age.
    • Cystic fibrosis: In fibrocystic adults with normal renal function who have pseudomonal lung infections, high doses of 100 to 150 mg/kg/day as three divided doses should be used.
    Infants and Children: The usual dosage range for children aged over two months is 30 to 100 mg/kg/day, given as two or three divided doses. Doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (maximum 6 gm daily) in three divided doses may be given to infected immunocompromised or fibrocystic children or children with meningitis.

    Neonates and Children up to 2 months of age: The usual dosage range is 25 to 60 mg/kg/day as two divided doses.
    AdministrationView
    Ceftazidime may be given intravenously or by deep IM injection into a large muscle mass such as the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus or lateral proof of the thigh. Intra-arterial administration should be avoided. For IV/IM administration, Ceftazidime should be reconstituted with the supplied Sterile Water for Injection.
    Side effectsView
    The most common side-effects are local reactions following IV injection and allergic and gastrointestinal reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions are pruritus, rash, and fever. Angioedema and anaphylaxis have been reported very rarely. Gastrointestinal symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Central nervous system reactions included headache, dizziness, and paresthesia.
    ContraindicationsView
    Ceftazidime is contraindicated in patients who have shown hypersensitivity to Ceftazidime or the cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
    PrecautionsView
    The total daily dosage should be reduced when Ceftazidime is administered to patients with renal insufficiency. Ceftazidime should be prescribed with caution in individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: No adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have been conducted with Ceftazidime. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

    Lactation: Ceftazidime is excreted in human milk in low concentrations. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because the safety of the component of the injections in nursing infants has not been established, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    Impaired Renal Function: Ceftazidime is excreted by the kidneys, almost exclusively by glomerular filtration. Therefore, in patients with impaired renal function (glomerular filtration rate <50 mL/min), it is recommended that the dosage of ceftazidime be reduced to compensate for its slower excretion. In patients with suspected renal insufficiency, an initial loading dose of 1 gram of Ceftazidime may be given. An estimate of GFR should be made to determine the appropriate maintenance dosage.

    Dosage in peritoneal dialysis: Ceftazidime may also be used in peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). As well as using Ceftazidime intravenously, it can be incorporated into the dialysis fluid (usually 125 to 250 mg for 2L of dialysis fluid).

    Impaired Hepatic Function: No adjustment in dosage is required for patients with hepatic dysfunction.
    Overdose effectsView
    Ceftazidime overdosage has occurred in patients with renal failure. Reactions have included seizure activity, encephalopathy, asterixis, neuromuscular excitability, and coma. Patients who receive an acute overdosage should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment.
    ReconstitutionView
    Single-dose vial Administration Amount of WFI to be added: 250 mg IM in 1.5 ml, 250 mg IV in 5 ml, 500 mg IM in 1.5 ml, 500 mg IV in 5 ml and 1 g IM in 3 ml, 1 g IV in 10 ml.
    StorageView
    Store below 25°C, protected from light and moisture. Reconstituted solutions are stable for up to 24 h if stored between 2°-8°C.

    Cozid

    Ceftazidime Pentahydrate
    IM/IV Injection 250 mg/vial Allopathic Third generation Cephalosporins

    Indications

    Urinary tract infection

    Indication detailsView
    Ceftazidime Injection is indicated for the treatment of patients with infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the following diseases:

    Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, including pneumonia, caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas spp., Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains; Klebsiella spp.; Enterobacter spp.; Proteus mirabilis; Escherichia coli; Serratia spp.; Citrobacter spp.; Streptococcus pneumoniae; and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains).

    Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella spp.; Escherichia coli; Proteus spp., including Proteus mirabilis and indole-positive Proteus, Enterobacter spp.; Serratia spp.; Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains); and Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptococci).

    Urinary Tract Infections, both complicated and uncomplicated, caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Enterobacter spp.; Proteus spp., including Proteus mirabilis and indole-positive Proteus, Klebsiella spp.; and Escherichia coli.

    Bacterial Septicemia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Serratia spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains).

    Bone and Joint Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains).

    Gynecologic Infections, including endometritis, pelvic cellulitis, and other infections of the female genital tract caused by Escherichia coli.

    Intraabdominal Infections, including peritonitis caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains) and polymicrobial infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic organisms and Bacteroides spp.

    Central Nervous System Infections, including meningitis, caused by Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    Therapeutic classView
    Third generation Cephalosporins
    PharmacologyView
    Ceftazidime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic for parenteral administration. Ceftazidime is bactericidal in action exerting its effect by inhibition of enzymes responsible for cell-wall synthesis. A wide range of gram-negative organisms is susceptible to ceftazidime in vitro, including strains resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides. In addition, ceftazidime has been shown to be active against gram-positive organisms. It is highly stable to most clinically important beta-lactamases, plasmid or chromosomal, which are produced by both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms and, consequently, is active against many strains resistant to ampicillin and other cephalosporins.
    DosageView
    The usual adult dosage is 1 gram administered intravenously or intramuscularly every 8 to 12 hours. The dosage and route should be determined by the susceptibility of the causative organisms, the severity of infection and the condition, and renal function of the patient.

    Ceftazidime is to be used by the parenteral route, the dosage depending upon the severity, sensitivity & type of infections and the age, weight & renal function of the patient.

    Adults: The adult dosage range for ceftazidime is 1 to 6 gm per day 8 or 12 hourly (IM/IV) in the majority of infections, 1 gm 8 hourly or 2 gm 12 hourly should be given.
    • In urinary tract infections and many less serious infections: 500 mg or 1 gm 12 hourly is usually adequate.
    • In severe infections, especially immunocompromised patients, including those with neutropenia: 2 gm 8 or 12 hourly should be administered. When used as a prophylactic agent in prostatic surgery 1 gm should be given at the induction of anesthesia. A second dose should be considered at the time of catheter removal.
    Elderly: In view of the reduced clearance of Ceftazidime in acutely ill elderly patients, the daily dosage should not normally exceed 3 gm, especially in those over 80 years of age.
    • Cystic fibrosis: In fibrocystic adults with normal renal function who have pseudomonal lung infections, high doses of 100 to 150 mg/kg/day as three divided doses should be used.
    Infants and Children: The usual dosage range for children aged over two months is 30 to 100 mg/kg/day, given as two or three divided doses. Doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (maximum 6 gm daily) in three divided doses may be given to infected immunocompromised or fibrocystic children or children with meningitis.

    Neonates and Children up to 2 months of age: The usual dosage range is 25 to 60 mg/kg/day as two divided doses.
    AdministrationView
    Ceftazidime may be given intravenously or by deep IM injection into a large muscle mass such as the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus or lateral proof of the thigh. Intra-arterial administration should be avoided. For IV/IM administration, Ceftazidime should be reconstituted with the supplied Sterile Water for Injection.
    Side effectsView
    The most common side-effects are local reactions following IV injection and allergic and gastrointestinal reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions are pruritus, rash, and fever. Angioedema and anaphylaxis have been reported very rarely. Gastrointestinal symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Central nervous system reactions included headache, dizziness, and paresthesia.
    ContraindicationsView
    Ceftazidime is contraindicated in patients who have shown hypersensitivity to Ceftazidime or the cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
    PrecautionsView
    The total daily dosage should be reduced when Ceftazidime is administered to patients with renal insufficiency. Ceftazidime should be prescribed with caution in individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: No adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have been conducted with Ceftazidime. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

    Lactation: Ceftazidime is excreted in human milk in low concentrations. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because the safety of the component of the injections in nursing infants has not been established, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    Impaired Renal Function: Ceftazidime is excreted by the kidneys, almost exclusively by glomerular filtration. Therefore, in patients with impaired renal function (glomerular filtration rate <50 mL/min), it is recommended that the dosage of ceftazidime be reduced to compensate for its slower excretion. In patients with suspected renal insufficiency, an initial loading dose of 1 gram of Ceftazidime may be given. An estimate of GFR should be made to determine the appropriate maintenance dosage.

    Dosage in peritoneal dialysis: Ceftazidime may also be used in peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). As well as using Ceftazidime intravenously, it can be incorporated into the dialysis fluid (usually 125 to 250 mg for 2L of dialysis fluid).

    Impaired Hepatic Function: No adjustment in dosage is required for patients with hepatic dysfunction.
    Overdose effectsView
    Ceftazidime overdosage has occurred in patients with renal failure. Reactions have included seizure activity, encephalopathy, asterixis, neuromuscular excitability, and coma. Patients who receive an acute overdosage should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment.
    ReconstitutionView
    Single-dose vial Administration Amount of WFI to be added: 250 mg IM in 1.5 ml, 250 mg IV in 5 ml, 500 mg IM in 1.5 ml, 500 mg IV in 5 ml and 1 g IM in 3 ml, 1 g IV in 10 ml.
    StorageView
    Store below 25°C, protected from light and moisture. Reconstituted solutions are stable for up to 24 h if stored between 2°-8°C.

    Cozid

    Ceftazidime Pentahydrate
    IM/IV Injection 1 gm/vial Allopathic Third generation Cephalosporins

    Indications

    Urinary tract infection

    Indication detailsView
    Ceftazidime Injection is indicated for the treatment of patients with infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the following diseases:

    Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, including pneumonia, caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas spp., Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains; Klebsiella spp.; Enterobacter spp.; Proteus mirabilis; Escherichia coli; Serratia spp.; Citrobacter spp.; Streptococcus pneumoniae; and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains).

    Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella spp.; Escherichia coli; Proteus spp., including Proteus mirabilis and indole-positive Proteus, Enterobacter spp.; Serratia spp.; Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains); and Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptococci).

    Urinary Tract Infections, both complicated and uncomplicated, caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Enterobacter spp.; Proteus spp., including Proteus mirabilis and indole-positive Proteus, Klebsiella spp.; and Escherichia coli.

    Bacterial Septicemia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Serratia spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains).

    Bone and Joint Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains).

    Gynecologic Infections, including endometritis, pelvic cellulitis, and other infections of the female genital tract caused by Escherichia coli.

    Intraabdominal Infections, including peritonitis caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible strains) and polymicrobial infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic organisms and Bacteroides spp.

    Central Nervous System Infections, including meningitis, caused by Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    Therapeutic classView
    Third generation Cephalosporins
    PharmacologyView
    Ceftazidime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic for parenteral administration. Ceftazidime is bactericidal in action exerting its effect by inhibition of enzymes responsible for cell-wall synthesis. A wide range of gram-negative organisms is susceptible to ceftazidime in vitro, including strains resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides. In addition, ceftazidime has been shown to be active against gram-positive organisms. It is highly stable to most clinically important beta-lactamases, plasmid or chromosomal, which are produced by both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms and, consequently, is active against many strains resistant to ampicillin and other cephalosporins.
    DosageView
    The usual adult dosage is 1 gram administered intravenously or intramuscularly every 8 to 12 hours. The dosage and route should be determined by the susceptibility of the causative organisms, the severity of infection and the condition, and renal function of the patient.

    Ceftazidime is to be used by the parenteral route, the dosage depending upon the severity, sensitivity & type of infections and the age, weight & renal function of the patient.

    Adults: The adult dosage range for ceftazidime is 1 to 6 gm per day 8 or 12 hourly (IM/IV) in the majority of infections, 1 gm 8 hourly or 2 gm 12 hourly should be given.
    • In urinary tract infections and many less serious infections: 500 mg or 1 gm 12 hourly is usually adequate.
    • In severe infections, especially immunocompromised patients, including those with neutropenia: 2 gm 8 or 12 hourly should be administered. When used as a prophylactic agent in prostatic surgery 1 gm should be given at the induction of anesthesia. A second dose should be considered at the time of catheter removal.
    Elderly: In view of the reduced clearance of Ceftazidime in acutely ill elderly patients, the daily dosage should not normally exceed 3 gm, especially in those over 80 years of age.
    • Cystic fibrosis: In fibrocystic adults with normal renal function who have pseudomonal lung infections, high doses of 100 to 150 mg/kg/day as three divided doses should be used.
    Infants and Children: The usual dosage range for children aged over two months is 30 to 100 mg/kg/day, given as two or three divided doses. Doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (maximum 6 gm daily) in three divided doses may be given to infected immunocompromised or fibrocystic children or children with meningitis.

    Neonates and Children up to 2 months of age: The usual dosage range is 25 to 60 mg/kg/day as two divided doses.
    AdministrationView
    Ceftazidime may be given intravenously or by deep IM injection into a large muscle mass such as the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus or lateral proof of the thigh. Intra-arterial administration should be avoided. For IV/IM administration, Ceftazidime should be reconstituted with the supplied Sterile Water for Injection.
    Side effectsView
    The most common side-effects are local reactions following IV injection and allergic and gastrointestinal reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions are pruritus, rash, and fever. Angioedema and anaphylaxis have been reported very rarely. Gastrointestinal symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Central nervous system reactions included headache, dizziness, and paresthesia.
    ContraindicationsView
    Ceftazidime is contraindicated in patients who have shown hypersensitivity to Ceftazidime or the cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
    PrecautionsView
    The total daily dosage should be reduced when Ceftazidime is administered to patients with renal insufficiency. Ceftazidime should be prescribed with caution in individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: No adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have been conducted with Ceftazidime. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

    Lactation: Ceftazidime is excreted in human milk in low concentrations. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because the safety of the component of the injections in nursing infants has not been established, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    Impaired Renal Function: Ceftazidime is excreted by the kidneys, almost exclusively by glomerular filtration. Therefore, in patients with impaired renal function (glomerular filtration rate <50 mL/min), it is recommended that the dosage of ceftazidime be reduced to compensate for its slower excretion. In patients with suspected renal insufficiency, an initial loading dose of 1 gram of Ceftazidime may be given. An estimate of GFR should be made to determine the appropriate maintenance dosage.

    Dosage in peritoneal dialysis: Ceftazidime may also be used in peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). As well as using Ceftazidime intravenously, it can be incorporated into the dialysis fluid (usually 125 to 250 mg for 2L of dialysis fluid).

    Impaired Hepatic Function: No adjustment in dosage is required for patients with hepatic dysfunction.
    Overdose effectsView
    Ceftazidime overdosage has occurred in patients with renal failure. Reactions have included seizure activity, encephalopathy, asterixis, neuromuscular excitability, and coma. Patients who receive an acute overdosage should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment.
    ReconstitutionView
    Single-dose vial Administration Amount of WFI to be added: 250 mg IM in 1.5 ml, 250 mg IV in 5 ml, 500 mg IM in 1.5 ml, 500 mg IV in 5 ml and 1 g IM in 3 ml, 1 g IV in 10 ml.
    StorageView
    Store below 25°C, protected from light and moisture. Reconstituted solutions are stable for up to 24 h if stored between 2°-8°C.

    Cozid

    Mupirocin
    Ointment 2% w/w Allopathic Topical Antibiotic preparations

    Indications

    Superficial skin infections

    Indication detailsView
    Mupirocin ointment is indicated for the topical treatment of impetigo (skin diseases) due to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. It is also indicated in folliculitis, furunculosis.
    Therapeutic classView
    Topical Antibiotic preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Mupirocin is a naturally occurring antibiotic. This antibacterial agent is produced by fermentation using the organism Pseudomonas fluorescens. It is active against a wide range of bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains and Streptococcus pyogenes) those responsible for the majority of skin infections. It is also active against gram-negative pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. Mupirocin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly and specifically binding to bacterial isoleucyl transfer-RNA synthetase.
    DosageView
    A small amount of Bactropen ointment should be applied to the affected area 3 times daily for up to 10 days. The safety and effectiveness of Mupirocin ointment have been established in the age range of 2 months to 16 years.
    Side effectsView
    Reported side effects are burning, stinging or pain, itching and some patient may be suffered rash, nausea, erythema, dry skin, tenderness, swelling, contact dermatitis and increased exudate.
    ContraindicationsView
    The drug is contraindicated in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity reactions to Mupirocin or any of the components of the preparation.
    PrecautionsView
    Mupirocin ointment is not for ophthalmic or intra-nasal use. As with other antibacterial products, prolonged use may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. When Mupirocin is used on the face care should be taken to avoid the eyes. This is not suitable in conjunction with cannulae and at the site of central venous cannulation. In the event of a sensitization or severe local irritation from Mupirocin ointment, usage should be discontinued and appropriate alternative therapy for the infection instituted. Mixing of Mupirocin ointment with other preparations causes risk of dilution, resulting in a reduction of the antibacterial activity and potential loss of stability of the Mupirocin in the ointment.
    InteractionsView
    No drug interaction has been identified with Mupirocin ointment.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Reproduction studies on Mupirocin ointment in animals have revealed no evidence of harm to the foetus. As there is no clinical experience on it’s use during pregnancy, Mupirocin ointment should only be used in pregnancy when the potential benefits outweigh the possible risks of treatment.

    It is unknown whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Mupirocin ointment is administered to a nursing woman.
    Overdose effectsView
    There is currently limited data with overdose of Mupirocin ointment. In the event of overdose, the patient should be treated supportively with appropriate monitoring as necessary.
    StorageView
    Keep below 25° C temperature, protected from light and moisture. Do not keep in freeze. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cozinil

    Clonazepam
    Tablet 0.5 mg Allopathic Adjunct anti-epileptic drugs
    Indication detailsView
    It is indicated for the treatment of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia. Panic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of unexpected panic attacks and associated concern about having additional attacks, worry about the implications or consequences of the attacks.

    It is also indicated alone or as an adjunct in the treatment of the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (petit mal variant), akinetic and myoclonic seizures. It may be indicated in patients with absence seizures (petit mal) who have failed to respond to succinimides.

    The effectiveness of Clonazepam in long-term use, that is, for more than 9 weeks, has not been systematically studied in controlled clinical trials. The physician who elects to use Clonazepam for extended periods should periodically reevaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.
    Therapeutic classView
    Adjunct anti-epileptic drugs, Benzodiazepine hypnotics
    PharmacologyView
    Clonazepam exhibits pharmacological properties which are common to benzodiazepines and include anticonvulsive, sedative, muscle relaxing and anxiolytic effects. The central actions of benzodiazepines are mediated through an enhancement of the GABAergic neurotransmission at inhibitory synapses. In the presence of benzodiazepines the affinity of the GABA receptor for the neurotransmitter is enhanced through positive allosteric modulation resulting in an increased action of released GABA on the postsynaptic transmembrane chloride ion flux.

    There are also animal data showing an effect of clonazepam on serotonin. Animal data and electroencephalographic investigations in man have shown that clonazepam rapidly suppresses many types of paroxysmal activity including the spike and wave discharge in absences seizures (petit mal), slow spike wave, generalized spike wave, spikes with temporal or other locations as well as irregular spikes and waves. Generalized EEG abnormalities are more regularly suppressed than focal abnormalities. According to these findings clonazepam has beneficial effects in generalized and focal epilepsies.
    DosageView
    Oral:
    • Adults: The initial dose for adults with seizure disorders should not exceed 1.5 mg/day divided into three doses. Dosage may be increased in increments of 0.5 to 1 mg every 3 days until seizures are adequately controlled or until side effects preclude any further increase. Maintenance dosage must be individualized for each patient depending upon response. Maximum recommended daily dose is 20 mg.
    • The initial dose for adults with panic disorder is 0.25 mg given in two divided dose. An increase to the target dose for most patients of 1 mg/day may be made after 3 days.
    • Pediatric Patients: In order to minimize drowsiness, the initial dose for infants and children (up to 10 years of age or 30 kg of body weight) should be between 0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg/day but not to exceed 0.05 mg/kg/day given in two or three divided doses.

    Injection:
    • Infants and children: half of a vial (0.5 mg) by slow IV injection or by IV infusion.
    • Adults: 1 vial (1 mg) by slow IV injection or by IV infusion. This dose can be repeated as required (1-4 mg are usually sufficient to reverse the status). In adults, the rate of injection must not exceed 0.25 - 0.5 mg per minute (0.5-1.0 ml of the prepared solution) and a total dose of 10 mg should not be exceeded.
    Side effectsView
    The most frequently occurring side effects of Clonazepam are referable to CNS depression. Experience in treatment of seizures has shown that drowsiness has occurred in approximately 50% of patients and ataxia in approximately 30%. In some cases, these may diminish with time; behavior problems have been noted in approximately 25% of patients. Abnormal eye movements, aphonia, coma, tremor, vertigo, confusion, depression, amnesia, hallucinations, hysteria, increased libido, insomnia, psychosis & palpitations may also occur.
    ContraindicationsView
    It should not be used in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines, nor in patients with clinical or biochemical evidence of significant liver disease. It may be used in patients with open angle glaucoma who are receiving appropriate therapy but is contraindicated in acute narrow angle glaucoma.
    PrecautionsView
    When used in patients in whom several different types of seizure disorders coexist, Clonazepam may increase the incidence or precipitate the onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. This may require the addition of appropriate anticonvulsants or an increase in their dosages. The concomitant use of valproic acid and Clonazepam may produce absence status.
    InteractionsView
    Clonazepam does not appear to alter the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin, carbamazepine or phenobarbital. The effect of Clonazepam on the metabolism of other drugs has not been investigated.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: From preclinical studies it cannot be excluded that clonazepam possesses the possibility of producing congenital malformations. From epidemiological evaluations there is evidence that anticonvulsant drugs act as teratogens. However, it is difficult to determine from published epidemiological reports which drug or combination of drugs is responsible for defects in the newborn. The possibility also exists that other factors e.g. genetic factors or the epileptic condition itself may be more important than drug therapy in leading to birth defects. Under these circumstances, the drug should only be administered to pregnant women if the potential benefits outweigh the risk to the foetus. During pregnancy, Clonazepam may be administered only if there is a compelling indication. Administration of high doses in the last trimester of pregnancy or during labour can cause irregularities in the heartbeat of the unborn child and hypothermia, hypotonia, mild respiratory depression and poor feeding in the neonate. It should be borne in mind that both pregnancy itself and abrupt discontinuation of the medication can cause exacerbation of epilepsy. Withdrawal symptoms in newborn infants have occasionally been reported with benzodiazepines.

    Nursing Mothers: Although the active ingredient of Clonazepam has been found to pass into the maternal milk in small amounts only, mothers undergoing treatment with this drug should not breastfeed. If there is a compelling indication for Clonazepam, breastfeeding should be discontinued.
    Pediatric usageView
    Pediatric Use: In infants and small children Rivotril may cause increased production of saliva and bronchial secretion. Therefore special attention must be paid to maintaining patency of the airways. 

    Geriatric Use: Benzodiazepine pharmacologic effects appear to be greater in elderly patients than in younger patients even at similar plasma benzodiazepine concentrations, possibly because of age-related changes in drug–receptor interactions, post-receptor mechanisms and organ function.

    Renal Impairment: Renal impairment does not affect the pharmacokinetics of clonazepam. Based on pharmacokinetic criteria, no dose adjustment is required in patients with renal impairment.

    Hepatic Impairment: Plasma protein binding of clonazepam in cirrhotic patients is significantly different from that in healthy subjects (free fraction 17.1±1.0% vs 13.9±0.2%). Although the influence of hepatic impairment on clonazepam pharmacokinetics has not been further investigated, experience with another closely related nitrobenzodiazepine (nitrazepam) indicates that clearance of unbound clonazepam might be reduced in liver cirrhosis.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms: Benzodiazepines commonly cause drowsiness, ataxia, dysarthria and nystagmus. Overdose of Clonazepam is seldom life-threatening if the drug is taken alone, but may lead to areflexia, apnoea, hypotension, cardiorespiratory depression and coma. Coma, if it occurs, usually lasts a few hours but it may be more protracted and cyclical, particularly in elderly patients. Increased frequency of seizures may occur in patients at supratherapeutic plasma concentrations. Benzodiazepine respiratory depressant effects are more serious in patients with respiratory disease. Benzodiazepines increase the effects of other central nervous system depressants, including alcohol.

    Treatment: Monitor the patient’s vital signs and institute supportive measures as indicated by the patient’s clinical state. In particular, patients may require symptomatic treatment for cardiorespiratory effects or central nervous system effects. Further absorption should be prevented using an appropriate method e.g. treatment within 1-2 hours with activated charcoal. If activated charcoal is used airway protection is imperative for drowsy patients. In case of mixed ingestion gastric lavage may be considered, however not as a routine measure. If CNS depression is severe consider the use of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist. This should only be administered under closely monitored conditions. It has a short half-life (about an hour), therefore patients administered flumazenil will require monitoring after its effects have worn off. Flumazenil is to be used with extreme caution in the presence of drugs that reduce seizure threshold (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants). Refer to the prescribing information for flumazenil, for further information on the correct use of this drug.
    ReconstitutionView
    Slow intravenous injection: The contents of the vial must be diluted with 1 ml of water for injection prior to administration so as to avoid local irritation of the veins. The injection solution should be prepared immediately before use. IV injection should be administered slowly with continuous monitoring of EEG, respiration and blood pressure.

    Intravenous infusion: Clonazepam (the vial) can be diluted for infusion in a ratio of 1 vial (1 mg) to at least 85 ml diluting media. The diluting media can be any of the following: sodium chloride 0.9%; sodium chloride 0.45% + glucose 2.5%; glucose 5% or glucose 10%. These mixtures are stable for 24 hours at room temperature. Infusion bags other than PVC should be used for infusing Clonazepam. If PVC infusion bags are used then the mixture should be infused immediately or within 4 hours. The infusion time should not exceed 8 hours. Do not prepare Clonazepam infusions using sodium bicarbonate solution, as precipitation of the solution may occur.

    Intramuscular injection: The IM route should be used only in exceptional cases or if IV administration is not feasible.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cozinil

    Clonazepam
    Tablet 2 mg Allopathic Adjunct anti-epileptic drugs
    Indication detailsView
    It is indicated for the treatment of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia. Panic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of unexpected panic attacks and associated concern about having additional attacks, worry about the implications or consequences of the attacks.

    It is also indicated alone or as an adjunct in the treatment of the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (petit mal variant), akinetic and myoclonic seizures. It may be indicated in patients with absence seizures (petit mal) who have failed to respond to succinimides.

    The effectiveness of Clonazepam in long-term use, that is, for more than 9 weeks, has not been systematically studied in controlled clinical trials. The physician who elects to use Clonazepam for extended periods should periodically reevaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.
    Therapeutic classView
    Adjunct anti-epileptic drugs, Benzodiazepine hypnotics
    PharmacologyView
    Clonazepam exhibits pharmacological properties which are common to benzodiazepines and include anticonvulsive, sedative, muscle relaxing and anxiolytic effects. The central actions of benzodiazepines are mediated through an enhancement of the GABAergic neurotransmission at inhibitory synapses. In the presence of benzodiazepines the affinity of the GABA receptor for the neurotransmitter is enhanced through positive allosteric modulation resulting in an increased action of released GABA on the postsynaptic transmembrane chloride ion flux.

    There are also animal data showing an effect of clonazepam on serotonin. Animal data and electroencephalographic investigations in man have shown that clonazepam rapidly suppresses many types of paroxysmal activity including the spike and wave discharge in absences seizures (petit mal), slow spike wave, generalized spike wave, spikes with temporal or other locations as well as irregular spikes and waves. Generalized EEG abnormalities are more regularly suppressed than focal abnormalities. According to these findings clonazepam has beneficial effects in generalized and focal epilepsies.
    DosageView
    Oral:
    • Adults: The initial dose for adults with seizure disorders should not exceed 1.5 mg/day divided into three doses. Dosage may be increased in increments of 0.5 to 1 mg every 3 days until seizures are adequately controlled or until side effects preclude any further increase. Maintenance dosage must be individualized for each patient depending upon response. Maximum recommended daily dose is 20 mg.
    • The initial dose for adults with panic disorder is 0.25 mg given in two divided dose. An increase to the target dose for most patients of 1 mg/day may be made after 3 days.
    • Pediatric Patients: In order to minimize drowsiness, the initial dose for infants and children (up to 10 years of age or 30 kg of body weight) should be between 0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg/day but not to exceed 0.05 mg/kg/day given in two or three divided doses.

    Injection:
    • Infants and children: half of a vial (0.5 mg) by slow IV injection or by IV infusion.
    • Adults: 1 vial (1 mg) by slow IV injection or by IV infusion. This dose can be repeated as required (1-4 mg are usually sufficient to reverse the status). In adults, the rate of injection must not exceed 0.25 - 0.5 mg per minute (0.5-1.0 ml of the prepared solution) and a total dose of 10 mg should not be exceeded.
    Side effectsView
    The most frequently occurring side effects of Clonazepam are referable to CNS depression. Experience in treatment of seizures has shown that drowsiness has occurred in approximately 50% of patients and ataxia in approximately 30%. In some cases, these may diminish with time; behavior problems have been noted in approximately 25% of patients. Abnormal eye movements, aphonia, coma, tremor, vertigo, confusion, depression, amnesia, hallucinations, hysteria, increased libido, insomnia, psychosis & palpitations may also occur.
    ContraindicationsView
    It should not be used in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines, nor in patients with clinical or biochemical evidence of significant liver disease. It may be used in patients with open angle glaucoma who are receiving appropriate therapy but is contraindicated in acute narrow angle glaucoma.
    PrecautionsView
    When used in patients in whom several different types of seizure disorders coexist, Clonazepam may increase the incidence or precipitate the onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. This may require the addition of appropriate anticonvulsants or an increase in their dosages. The concomitant use of valproic acid and Clonazepam may produce absence status.
    InteractionsView
    Clonazepam does not appear to alter the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin, carbamazepine or phenobarbital. The effect of Clonazepam on the metabolism of other drugs has not been investigated.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy: From preclinical studies it cannot be excluded that clonazepam possesses the possibility of producing congenital malformations. From epidemiological evaluations there is evidence that anticonvulsant drugs act as teratogens. However, it is difficult to determine from published epidemiological reports which drug or combination of drugs is responsible for defects in the newborn. The possibility also exists that other factors e.g. genetic factors or the epileptic condition itself may be more important than drug therapy in leading to birth defects. Under these circumstances, the drug should only be administered to pregnant women if the potential benefits outweigh the risk to the foetus. During pregnancy, Clonazepam may be administered only if there is a compelling indication. Administration of high doses in the last trimester of pregnancy or during labour can cause irregularities in the heartbeat of the unborn child and hypothermia, hypotonia, mild respiratory depression and poor feeding in the neonate. It should be borne in mind that both pregnancy itself and abrupt discontinuation of the medication can cause exacerbation of epilepsy. Withdrawal symptoms in newborn infants have occasionally been reported with benzodiazepines.

    Nursing Mothers: Although the active ingredient of Clonazepam has been found to pass into the maternal milk in small amounts only, mothers undergoing treatment with this drug should not breastfeed. If there is a compelling indication for Clonazepam, breastfeeding should be discontinued.
    Pediatric usageView
    Pediatric Use: In infants and small children Rivotril may cause increased production of saliva and bronchial secretion. Therefore special attention must be paid to maintaining patency of the airways. 

    Geriatric Use: Benzodiazepine pharmacologic effects appear to be greater in elderly patients than in younger patients even at similar plasma benzodiazepine concentrations, possibly because of age-related changes in drug–receptor interactions, post-receptor mechanisms and organ function.

    Renal Impairment: Renal impairment does not affect the pharmacokinetics of clonazepam. Based on pharmacokinetic criteria, no dose adjustment is required in patients with renal impairment.

    Hepatic Impairment: Plasma protein binding of clonazepam in cirrhotic patients is significantly different from that in healthy subjects (free fraction 17.1±1.0% vs 13.9±0.2%). Although the influence of hepatic impairment on clonazepam pharmacokinetics has not been further investigated, experience with another closely related nitrobenzodiazepine (nitrazepam) indicates that clearance of unbound clonazepam might be reduced in liver cirrhosis.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms: Benzodiazepines commonly cause drowsiness, ataxia, dysarthria and nystagmus. Overdose of Clonazepam is seldom life-threatening if the drug is taken alone, but may lead to areflexia, apnoea, hypotension, cardiorespiratory depression and coma. Coma, if it occurs, usually lasts a few hours but it may be more protracted and cyclical, particularly in elderly patients. Increased frequency of seizures may occur in patients at supratherapeutic plasma concentrations. Benzodiazepine respiratory depressant effects are more serious in patients with respiratory disease. Benzodiazepines increase the effects of other central nervous system depressants, including alcohol.

    Treatment: Monitor the patient’s vital signs and institute supportive measures as indicated by the patient’s clinical state. In particular, patients may require symptomatic treatment for cardiorespiratory effects or central nervous system effects. Further absorption should be prevented using an appropriate method e.g. treatment within 1-2 hours with activated charcoal. If activated charcoal is used airway protection is imperative for drowsy patients. In case of mixed ingestion gastric lavage may be considered, however not as a routine measure. If CNS depression is severe consider the use of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist. This should only be administered under closely monitored conditions. It has a short half-life (about an hour), therefore patients administered flumazenil will require monitoring after its effects have worn off. Flumazenil is to be used with extreme caution in the presence of drugs that reduce seizure threshold (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants). Refer to the prescribing information for flumazenil, for further information on the correct use of this drug.
    ReconstitutionView
    Slow intravenous injection: The contents of the vial must be diluted with 1 ml of water for injection prior to administration so as to avoid local irritation of the veins. The injection solution should be prepared immediately before use. IV injection should be administered slowly with continuous monitoring of EEG, respiration and blood pressure.

    Intravenous infusion: Clonazepam (the vial) can be diluted for infusion in a ratio of 1 vial (1 mg) to at least 85 ml diluting media. The diluting media can be any of the following: sodium chloride 0.9%; sodium chloride 0.45% + glucose 2.5%; glucose 5% or glucose 10%. These mixtures are stable for 24 hours at room temperature. Infusion bags other than PVC should be used for infusing Clonazepam. If PVC infusion bags are used then the mixture should be infused immediately or within 4 hours. The infusion time should not exceed 8 hours. Do not prepare Clonazepam infusions using sodium bicarbonate solution, as precipitation of the solution may occur.

    Intramuscular injection: The IM route should be used only in exceptional cases or if IV administration is not feasible.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cozopt

    Dorzolamide + Timolol
    Ophthalmic Solution 2%+0.5% Allopathic Drugs for miotics and glaucoma

    Indications

    Open angle glaucoma

    Indication detailsView
    This Eye Drops is indicated for the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who are insufficiently responsive to topical beta blockers.
    Therapeutic classView
    Drugs for miotics and glaucoma
    PharmacologyView
    Dorzolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, has actions similar to acetazolamide. By inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary processes of the eye, dorzolamide decreases aqueous humor secretion. Used together, there is additional intraocular pressure reduction compared to using either component alone, but the reduction is not as much as concomitant admin of dorzolamide tid and timolol bid.

    Timolol maleate, a nonselective β-adrenergic blocker, reduces aqueous humor formation.
    DosageView
    Instill one drop in the conjunctival sac of the affected eye(s) twice daily.
    Side effectsView
    Mild burning, ocular hyperemia, blurred vision may occur.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to any of the components of this preparation.
    PrecautionsView
    For ophthalmic use only. Patients should remove their contact lenses prior to instilling this preparation and should not insert their lenses until 15 minutes after instillation of the preparation.
    InteractionsView
    Additive hypotension and bradycardia with oral calcium channel blockers, catecholamine-depleting drugs or β-blockers, antiarrhythmics (e.g. amiodarone), digitalis glycosides, parasympathomimetics, narcotics and MAOIs. Additive systemic side effects with oral carbonic anhydrase or β-blockers; avoid concurrent use. Additive systemic β-blockade with CYP2D6 inhibitors (e.g. quinidine, SSRIs) and timolol.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Use in pregnancy: There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. This Eye Drops should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. 

    Use in lactation: Caution should be exercised when This Eye Drops is administered to a nursing mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    Use in children: Safety and effectiveness in children below the age of 2 years have not been established. 

    Use in elderly patients: No overall differences in safety and effectiveness have been observed between elderly and other adult patients.
    StorageView
    Store between 15-30°C. Protect from light.

    Cozycol

    Mesalazine [5-aminosalicylic acid]
    Tablet (Delayed Release) 800 mg Allopathic Aminosalicylates

    Indications

    Ulcerative colitis

    Indication detailsView
    Mesalazine is indicated for
    • Treatment of mild to moderately active Ulcerative Colitis & & Crohn’s Disease
    • Maintenance of remission of Ulcerative Colitis
    • Maintenance of remission of Crohn’s disease
    Therapeutic classView
    Aminosalicylates
    PharmacologyView

    The mechanism of action of Mesalamine is unknown, but appears to be topical rather than systemic. Mucosal production of Arachidonic Acid metabolites, both through the cyclooxygenase pathways, that is, prostanoids, and through the lipoxygenase pathways, that is, leukotrienes and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, is increased in patients with chronic infammatory bowel disease. Mesalamine diminishes infammation by blocking cyclooxygenase and inhibiting prostaglandin production in the colon.

    DosageView
    Ulcerative colitis-
    Adults:
    • Active disease: Individual dosage, up to 4 gm mesalazine once daily or divided into 2-4 doses.
    • Maintenance treatment: Individual dosage. Recommended dosage, 2 gm mesalazine once daily.
    Pediatrics: The safety and efficacy in children below 6 years of age have not been established. There is only limited documentation for an effect in children (age 6-18 years).

    Children 6 years of age and older:
    • Active disease: To be determined individually, starting with 30-50 mg/kg/day in divided doses. Maximum dose: 75 mg/kg/day in divided doses. The total dose should not exceed 4 g/day (maximum adult dose).
    • Maintenance treatment: To be determined individually, starting with 15-30 mg/kg/day in divided doses. The total dose should not exceed 2 g/day (recommended adult dose).
    • It is generally recommended that half the adult dose may be given to children up to a body weight of 40 kg; and the normal adult dose to those above 40 kg.
    AdministrationView
    The granules must not be chewed. The contents of the sachet should be emptied onto the tongue and washed down with some water or orange juice. Alternatively, the entire content of the sachet can be taken with yogurt and consumed immediately.
    Side effectsView

    The commonly reported adverse events are headache, nausea, dizziness, asthenia, dyspepsia, vomiting, pruritus etc.

    ContraindicationsView

    Hypersensitivity to salicylates or to any other component of the formulation.

    PrecautionsView
    Patients with pyloric stenosis may have prolonged gastric retention of Mesalamine tablets which could delay release of Mesalamine in the colon. Renal impairment, including minimal change nephropathy and acute and chronic interstitial nephritis has been reported in patients taking Mesalamine. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using Mesalamine in patients with known renal dysfunction or history of renal disease. Patients should have renal function monitored, prior to treatment start and then it should be monitored periodically during treatment. There have been reports of hepatic failure in patients with pre-existing liver disease who have been administered Mesalamine. Caution should be exercised when administering Mesalamine to patients with liver impairment.
    InteractionsView
    Concurrent use of other known nephrotoxic agents such as NSAIDs and Azathioprine may increase the risk of renal reactions.
    Pregnancy & lactationView

    It should be given in pregnancy only if the potential beneft justifes the potential risk to the fetus. Caution is advised when it is administered to a nursing mother.

    Pediatric usageView
    Geriatrics: Patients who are 65 years or older, caution should be taken to closely monitor blood cell counts during Mesalamine therapy.

    Elderly: Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken when prescribing this drug therapy. It is recommended that all patients have an evaluation of renal function prior to initiation of Mesalamine tablets. Monitor blood cell counts during drug therapy.

    Paediatric: Safety and effectiveness have not been established.
    Overdose effectsView
    There is no specifc antidote for Mesalamine overdose. Treatment for suspected acute severe toxicity should be symptomatic and supportive. This may include prevention of further gastrointestinal tract absorption, correction of fuid electrolyte imbalance and maintenance of adequate renal function. This is a pH dependent delayed-release product and this factor should be considered when treating a suspected over dose.
    StorageView

    Store below 30 0 C. Protect from light and moisture. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children.

    Cozyme

    Coenzyme Q10 [Ubidecarenone]
    Capsule 60 mg Herbal Supplements & adjuvant therapy

    Indications

    Skin moisturization

    Indication detailsView
    It is indicated for Co-enzyme Q10 deficiency and mitochondrial disorders. It is also used in congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, high blood pressure (hypertension) in combination with other medications, preventing migraine headache, parkinson's disease, improving the immune system, infertility in men and muscular dystrophy.
    Therapeutic classView
    Herbal and Nutraceuticals, Supplements & adjuvant therapy
    PharmacologyView
    Co-enzyme Q10 is a vitamin-like substance found throughout the body especially in the heart, liver, kidney and pancreas. It is required for the proper function of many organs and chemical reactions in the body. It helps to provide energy to cells. It has antioxidant activity.
    DosageView
    For Co-enzyme Q10 deficiency: 150 mg daily.
    For mitochondrial disorders: 150-160 mg, or 2 mg/kg/day.
    For heart failure in adults: 100 mg per day divided into 2 or 3 doses.
    For recent myocardial infarction: 120 mg daily in 2 divided doses.
    For high blood pressure: 120-200 mg per day divided into 2 doses.
    For isolated systolic hypertension: 60 mg twice daily.
    For preventing migraine headache: 100 mg three times daily.
    For Parkinson's disease: 300 mg, 600 mg, 1200 mg and 2400 mg per day in 3-4 divided doses.
    For infertility in men: 200-300 mg per day.
    For muscular dystrophy: 100 mg per day.

    Dividing the total daily dose by taking smaller amounts two or three times a day instead of a large amount all at once can help to reduce side effects.
    Side effectsView
    Co-enzyme Q10 is safe for most adults. It can cause some mild side effects including stomach upset, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It can cause allergic skin rashes in some people.
    ContraindicationsView
    Co-enzyme Q10 is contraindicated in patients who have hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients. It is also contraindicated in patients scheduled for surgery in the next two weeks.
    PrecautionsView
    Co-enzyme Q10 may lower blood sugar levels, so caution should be taken in patients with diabetes or hypoglycemia. Co-enzyme Q10 may decrease blood pressure so caution is advised in patients with low blood pressure or taking blood pressure medications.
    InteractionsView
    Antihypertensive drugs: May cause blood pressure to go too low.
    Anticancer drugs: May decrease the effectiveness of some anticancer drugs.
    Warfarin: May decrease the effectiveness of warfarin.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Co-enzyme Q10 should not be used in pregnancy and breast-feeding.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cozyme

    Coenzyme Q10 [Ubidecarenone]
    Capsule 30 mg Herbal Supplements & adjuvant therapy

    Indications

    Skin moisturization

    Indication detailsView
    It is indicated for Co-enzyme Q10 deficiency and mitochondrial disorders. It is also used in congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, high blood pressure (hypertension) in combination with other medications, preventing migraine headache, parkinson's disease, improving the immune system, infertility in men and muscular dystrophy.
    Therapeutic classView
    Herbal and Nutraceuticals, Supplements & adjuvant therapy
    PharmacologyView
    Co-enzyme Q10 is a vitamin-like substance found throughout the body especially in the heart, liver, kidney and pancreas. It is required for the proper function of many organs and chemical reactions in the body. It helps to provide energy to cells. It has antioxidant activity.
    DosageView
    For Co-enzyme Q10 deficiency: 150 mg daily.
    For mitochondrial disorders: 150-160 mg, or 2 mg/kg/day.
    For heart failure in adults: 100 mg per day divided into 2 or 3 doses.
    For recent myocardial infarction: 120 mg daily in 2 divided doses.
    For high blood pressure: 120-200 mg per day divided into 2 doses.
    For isolated systolic hypertension: 60 mg twice daily.
    For preventing migraine headache: 100 mg three times daily.
    For Parkinson's disease: 300 mg, 600 mg, 1200 mg and 2400 mg per day in 3-4 divided doses.
    For infertility in men: 200-300 mg per day.
    For muscular dystrophy: 100 mg per day.

    Dividing the total daily dose by taking smaller amounts two or three times a day instead of a large amount all at once can help to reduce side effects.
    Side effectsView
    Co-enzyme Q10 is safe for most adults. It can cause some mild side effects including stomach upset, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It can cause allergic skin rashes in some people.
    ContraindicationsView
    Co-enzyme Q10 is contraindicated in patients who have hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients. It is also contraindicated in patients scheduled for surgery in the next two weeks.
    PrecautionsView
    Co-enzyme Q10 may lower blood sugar levels, so caution should be taken in patients with diabetes or hypoglycemia. Co-enzyme Q10 may decrease blood pressure so caution is advised in patients with low blood pressure or taking blood pressure medications.
    InteractionsView
    Antihypertensive drugs: May cause blood pressure to go too low.
    Anticancer drugs: May decrease the effectiveness of some anticancer drugs.
    Warfarin: May decrease the effectiveness of warfarin.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Co-enzyme Q10 should not be used in pregnancy and breast-feeding.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cpcal

    Calcium Carbonate
    Tablet 500 mg Allopathic Minerals in bone formation
    Indication detailsView
    250 mg or 500 mg tablet: This is used for the treatment or prevention of calcium depletion in patients in whom dietary measures are inadequate. Conditions that may be associated with calcium deficiency include hypoparathyroidism, achlorhydria, chronic diarrhea, vitamin D deficiency, steatorrhea, sprue, pregnancy and lactation, menopause, pancreatitis, renal failure, alkalosis, and hyperphosphataemia. Calcium Carbonate is being used increasingly often to treat hyperphosphataemia in chronic renal failure as well as those on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and haemodialysis. Many patients are unable to tolerate sufficient doses for complete phosphate control and require additional measures such as stringent dietary phosphate restriction or relatively small doses of aluminium hydroxide. Calcium Carbonate containing preparations can provide short-term relief of dyspeptic systems but are no longer recommended for long-term treatment of peptic ulceration.

    1000 mg tablet    : This is indicated for the management of conditions associated with hyperidity and for fast relief of acid indigestion, heartburn, sour stomach and upset stomach.
    Therapeutic classView
    Minerals in bone formation, Specific mineral preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Calcium carbonate reacts with gastric acid to produce a salt and water. For calcium carbonate the postulated chemical reaction is: CaCO3+2HCl = CaCl2+H2O+CO2. Two grams of calcium carbonate will readily bring 100 ml of hydrochloric acid to a pH above 6. The increase in gastric pH diminishes the activity of pepsin in the gastric secretion. Up to 30% of the oral calcium load may be absorbed.
    DosageView
    250 mg or 500 mg tablet: Calcium Carbonate is always used orally and when used as an antacid the recommended doses for adults are equivalent to 540-2000 mg Calcium Carbonate per day, doses for children being half of those for adults. As a dietary supplement, such as for the prevention of osteoporosis, 1250-3750 mg Calcium Carbonate (500-1500 mg calcium) daily is recommended in general, but again this will need to be tailored to the individual patient depending on any specific disease such as Calcium deficiency, malabsorption or parathyroid function. In pregnancy and lactation the recommended daily dose of calcium is 1200-1500 mg. In chronic renal failure the doses used vary from 2.5-9.0 gm Calcium Carbonate per day and need to be adjusted according to the individual patient. To maximize effective phosphate binding in this context the Calcium Carbonate should be given with meals.

    1000 mg tablet: 2000-3000 mg tablet when symptoms occur; may be repeated hourly if needed or as directed by the physician.
    Side effectsView
    Orally administered Calcium Carbonate may be irritating to the GI tract. It may also cause constipation. Hypercalcaemia is rarely produced by administration of calcium alone, but may occur when large doses are given to patients with chronic renal failure.
    ContraindicationsView
    • Hypercalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism
    • Hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis
    • Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
    • Concomitant digoxin therapy (requires careful monitoring of serum calcium level)
    When hypercalcaemia occurs, discontinuation of the drug is usually sufficient to return serum calcium concentrations to normal. Calcium salts should be used cautiously in patients with sarcoidosis, renal or cardiac disease, and in patients receiving cardiac glycosides.
    InteractionsView
    Calcium Carbonate may enhance the cardiac effects of digoxin and other cardiac glycosides, if systemic hypercalcaemia occurs. Calcium Carbonate may interfere with the absorption of concomitantly administered tetracycline preparations and in chronic renal failure modification of vitamin D therapy may be required to avoid hypercalcaemia when Calcium Carbonate is used as the primary phosphate binder.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Calcium containing drugs have been widely used in pregnancy by way of oral calcium supplementation or antacid therapy. Calcium Carbonate can be used in lactating women too.
    Pediatric usageView
    Use in children: Calcium carbonate has been extensively studied in children and infants with chronic renal failure and is both safe and effective.

    Use in elderly: In case of elderly patients with renal failure when calcium carbonate is taken constipation may be troublesome one for this group. For this reason, monitoring of serum calcium and phosphate is of course indicated for elderly patients.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool, dry place in controlled room temperature.

    Cpdom

    Domperidone Maleate
    Tablet 10 mg Allopathic Motility Stimulants

    Indications

    Vomiting

    Indication detailsView
    Dyspeptic symptom complex, often associated with delayed gastric emptying, gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis:
    • Epigastric sense of fullness, feeling of abdominal distension, upper abdominal pain
    • Eructation, flatulence, early satiety
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Heartburn with or without regurgitations of gastric contents in the mouth
    • Non-ulcer dyspepsia
    Acute nausea and vomiting of the functional, organic, infectious, dietetic origin or induced by radiotherapy or drug therapy or induced in migraine.

    Parkinson's disease    : In dopamine-agonist induced nausea and vomiting.

    Radiological studies    : Speeding barium transit in follow-through radiological studies.
    Therapeutic classView
    Motility Stimulants, Motility stimulants/Dopamine antagonist, Prokinetic drugs
    PharmacologyView
    Domperidone is a dopamine antagonist that principally blocks the dopamine receptors located in the ChemoreceptorTrigger Zone (CTZ) and stomach. Its gastroprokinetic action is based on its blocking effect of dopamine receptors that have an influence on the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Due to its weak penetration across the blood-brain barrier, Domperidone has almost no effect on the dopaminergic receptors in the brain, therefore, excluding psychotropic and neurologic side effects. Domperidone restores normal motility and tone of the upper gastrointestinal tract, facilitates gastric emptying, enhances antral and duodenal peristalsis and regulates contraction of the pylorus. Domperidone also increases esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter pressure, and thus prevents regurgitation of gastric content.
    DosageView
    Domperidone should be taken 15-30 minutes before meals and, if necessary, before retiring.

    The usual recommended oral dose of Domperidone is as follows:
    • Adults: 10-20 mg (1-2 tablet or 10-20 ml suspension), every 6-8 hours daily. The maximum dose of Domperidone is 80 mg daily.
    • Children: 2-4 ml suspension/10 kg body weight or 0.4-0.8 ml paediatric drops/10 kg body weight, every 6-8 hours daily.
    In dyspeptic symptom:
    • Adults: 10-20 mg (1-2 tablet or 10-20 ml suspension), every 6-8 hours daily.
    • Children: 0.2-0.4 mg/kg (2-4 ml suspension/10 kg or 0.4-0.8 ml paediatric drops/10 kg) body weight, every 6-8 hours daily.
    In acute and sub-acute conditions (mainly in acute nausea and vomiting):
    • Adults: 20 mg (2 tablets or 20 ml suspension), every 6-8 hours daily
    • Children: 0.2-0.4 mg/kg (2-4 ml suspension/10 kg or 0.4-0.8 ml paediatric drops/10 kg) body weight, every 6-8 hours daily. (In acute nausea and vomiting maximum period of treatment is 12 weeks).
    By rectum in suppositories:
    • Adults (including elderly): 30-60 mg every 4-8 hours.
    • Children: The maximum daily dose rectally in children's is 30 mg for those weighting 10 to 25 kg. The dose may be divided throughout day if necessary.
    • The maximum period of treatment is 12 weeks.
    Side effectsView
    Domperidone may produce hyperprolactinemia (1.3%).This may result in galactorrhea, breast enlargement, and soreness and reduced libido. Dry mouth (1%), thirst, headache (1.2%), nervousness, drowsiness (0.4%), diarrhea (0.2%), skin rash and itching (0.1%) may occur during treatment with domperidone. Extra-pyramidal reactions are seen in 0.05% of patients in clinical studies.
    ContraindicationsView
    Domperidone is contraindicated to patients having known hypersensitivity to this drug and in the case of neonates. Domperidone should not be used whenever gastrointestinal stimulation might be dangerous i.e., gastrointestinal hemorrhage, mechanical obstruction or perforation. Also contraindicated in patients with prolactin releasing pituitary tumor (prolactinoma).
    PrecautionsView
    Domperidone should be used with absolute caution in the case of children because there may be an increased risk of extra-pyramidal reactions in young children because of an incompletely developed blood-brain barrier. Since domperidone is highly metabolized in liver, it should be used with caution in patient with hepatic impairment.
    InteractionsView
    Domperidone may reduce the risk of hypoprolactemic effect of bromocriptine. The action of Domperidone on Gl function may be antagonized by antimuscarinics and opoid analgesics. Care should be exercised when domperidone is administered in combination with MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    The safety of domperidone has not been proven and it is therefore not recommended during pregnancy. Animal studies have not demonstrated the teratogenic effect in the fetus. Domperidone may precipitate galactorrhea and improve post-natal lactation. It is secreted in breast milk but in very small quantities insufficient to be considered harmful.
    Overdose effectsView
    There are no reported cases of overdose.
    StorageView
    Store below 30°C, Protected from light & moisture. Keep out of children's reach.

    Cpefro TR

    Ferrous Sulfate + Folic Acid
    Capsule (Timed Release) 150 mg+0.5 mg Allopathic Iron & Vitamin Combined preparations

    Indications

    Iron and folic acid deficiency in pregnancy

    Indication detailsView
    This capsule is a haematinic preparation for the treatment and prophylaxis of iron and folic acid deficiency, especially during pregnancy and lactation.
    Therapeutic classView
    Iron & Vitamin Combined preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Iron is an essential constituent of the body, being necessary for haemoglobin formation and for the oxidative processes of living tissues. Iron is primarily absorbed from the duodenum and upper jejunum. The ferrous salt form is absorbed three times more readily than the ferric salt form. The adult male has a requirement of only 13 µg/kg per day (about 1 mg), whereas the menstruating female requires about 21 µg/kg per day (about 1.4 mg). In the last two trimesters of pregnancy, requirements increase to about 80 µg/kg per day (5 to 6 mg). Folic acid is an important factor in cell division and without it, division stops. Adequate folic acid is required for normal erythropoiesis. Deficiency of Folic Acid causes megaloblastic anaemia
    DosageView
    1 (one) capsule a day, throughout pregnancy and lactation. Some patients may need a higher dose because of dietary or other factors.
    Side effectsView
    Because iron salts are astringent, gastrointestinal irritation may occur. Nausea and epigastric pain are dose related.
    ContraindicationsView
    Contraindicated in patients receiving repeated blood transfusions or in patients with anaemias not produced by iron deficiency unless iron deficiency is also present.
    PrecautionsView
    Iron chelates with antacid and tetracycline and absorption of all these may be impaired if taken concurrently. However, the administration of tetracycline during pregnancy is contraindicated.
    InteractionsView
    The absorption of both iron salts and tetracyclines is diminished when they are taken concomitantly by mouth. The absorption of iron salts may also be decreased by magnesium trisilicate-containing antacid.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms of overdosage with iron salts include epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, haematemesis and circulatory collapse. In severe cases encephalopathy, acute hepatic necrosis and acute renal failure may develop after a latent period. The timed release capsule presentation of ferrous sulfate may delay excessive absorption of iron and allow more time for the initiation of appropriate counter measures. Treatment consists of gastric lavage followed by the introduction of 5 gm desferrioxamine into the stomach. Serum iron levels should be monitored, in severe cases intravenous desferrioxamine should be given together with supportive and symptomatic measures as required.
    StorageView
    Do not store above 25°C temperature, keep away from light and wet place. Keep out of reach of children.

    Cpfen

    Ibuprofen
    Tablet 400 mg Allopathic Drugs for Osteoarthritis

    Indications

    Yellow fever infection

    Indication detailsView
    Ibuprofen is indicated in the following indications-
    • Rheumatoid arthritis
    • Osteoarthritis
    • Gouty arthritis
    • Juvenile polyarthritis
    • Ankylosing spondylitis
    • Synovitis
    • Low back pain
    • Dysmenorrhoea
    • Fever
    • Migraine
    • Soft tissue injuries
    • Pain & Inflammation in dental and musculoskeletal origin.
    Therapeutic classView
    Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
    PharmacologyView
    Ibuprofen has a high level of anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and analgesic activity. The analgesic effects of Ibuprofen are due to both a peripheral and a central effect. Ibuprofen is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which thus results in a marked reduction in prostaglandin synthesis. Ibuprofen also inhibits the synthesis of some lipo-oxygenase products. Ibuprofen thus quickly relieves pain and stiffness, reduces swelling, and improves the movement of different joints of arthritis sufferers.
    DosageView
    Adults: The dose is initially, 400 mg 3 times daily. A dose of 2400 mg daily should not be exceeded.

    Children:
    • 3-6 months (body-weight over 5 kg): ½ tsp (2.5 ml) 3 times daily; max. 30 mg/kg daily in 3-4 divided doses.
    • 6 months-1 year: ½ tsp (2.5 ml) 3-4 times daily; max. 30 mg/kg daily in 3-4 divided doses.
    • 1-4 years: 1 tsp (5 ml) 3 times daily; max. 30 mg/kg daily in 3-4 divided doses.
    • 4-7 years: 1½ tsp (7.5 ml) 3 times daily; max. 30 mg/kg daily in 3-4 divided doses.
    • 7-10 years: 2 tsp (10 ml) 3 times daily; upto 30 mg/kg (max. 2.4 gm) daily in 3-4 divided doses.
    • 10-12 years: 3 tsp (15 ml) 3 times daily; upto 30 mg/kg (max. 2.4 gm) daily in 3-4 divided doses.
    children weighing less than 5 kg: Not recommended for children weighing less than 5 kg.

    In juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: up to 30-40 mg/kg of body weight daily in 3-4 divided doses may be taken or as directed by the physician.
    Side effectsView
    Upset stomach, vomiting, heartburn, nausea may occur.
    ContraindicationsView
    Ibuprofen is contraindicated in patients who have shown the previous hypersensitivity to Ibuprofen, and in patients with severe or active peptic ulceration.
    PrecautionsView
    Ibuprofen should be used with caution and the lowest effective doses should be given if there is a history of gastrointestinal hemorrhage or ulcer. Patients on long-term therapy with Ibuprofen require ocular monitoring at regular intervals, as changes in ocular function have been reported. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are more likely than others to develop hypersensitivity to Ibuprofen. Ibuprofen should be prescribed with caution in patients with asthma and in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Adverse effects of Ibuprofen on the developing fetus cannot be fully excluded. Ibuprofen should not be used during pregnancy and for nursing mothers unless the potential benefits to the mothers outweigh the potential risks.
    StorageView
    Keep all medicines out of reach of children. Store in a cool and dry place, protected from light.

    Cpflox

    Ciprofloxacin
    Tablet 500 mg Allopathic Anti-diarrhoeal Antimicrobial drugs

    Indications

    Urinary tract infection

    Indication detailsView
    Ciprofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections,Urinary tract infections, Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases, Infectious Diarrhea (Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholera), Typhoid fever, Intra-abdominal infections, Prostatitis, Skin and Soft Tissue Infections, Bone and Joint Infections, Gonorrhea, Neutropenic patients with fever due to bacterial infection, Meningitis, Surgical prophylaxis.
    Therapeutic classView
    4-Quinolone preparations, Anti-diarrhoeal Antimicrobial drugs
    PharmacologyView
    Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone. It has bactericidal activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis by binding with the bacterial enzyme-DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV which are responsible for DNA supercoiling.
    DosageView
    Tablet: Adult:
    • Respiratory Tract Infections: 500 to 750 mg twice daily (7 to 14 days)
    • Urinary tract infections: 250 to 750 mg twice daily (3 to 10 days)
    • Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases: 500 to 750 mg twice daily (14 days)
    • Infectious Diarrhea (Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholera): 500 mg twice daily (1 to 5 days)
    • Typhoid fever: 500 mg twice daily (7 days)
    • Intra-abdominal infections: 500 to 750 mg twice daily (5 to 14 days)
    • Prostatitis: 500 to 750 mg twice daily (2 to 6 weeks)
    • Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 500 to 750 mg twice daily (7 to 14 days)
    • Bone and Joint Infections: 500 to 750 mg twice daily (max. 3 months)
    • Gonorrhea: 500 mg as a single dose
    • Neutropenic patients with fever due to bacterial infection: 500 to 750 mg twice daily co-administered with appropriate antibacterials.
    • Meningitis: 500 mg as a single dose.
    • Surgical prophylaxis: 500 mg as a single dose, 60 minutes before the procedure.
    Suspension: Pediatric: 10-20 mg/kg (max. 750 mg) twice daily (10 to 21 days). The duration of therapy depends on the type and severity of the infection.

    Extended-release tablet: In uncomplicated urinary tract infection (acute cystitis), the recommended dose of extended-release tablet is 1000 mg tablet once daily for three days.

    For IV infusion:
    • Urinary Tract Infection: Mild to Moderate: 200 mg 12 hourly for 7-14 days; Severe or Complicated: 400 mg 12 hourly for 7-14 days
    • Lower Respiratory Tract infection: Mild to Moderate: 400 mg 12 hourly for 7-14 days; Severe or Complicated: 400 mg 8 hourly for 7-14 days
    • Nosocomial Pneumonia: Mild/Moderate/Severe: 400 mg 8 hourly for 10-14 days
    • Skin and Skin Structure: Mild to Moderate: 400 mg 12 hourly for 7-14 days; Severe or Complicated: 400 mg 8 hourly for 7-14 days
    • Bone and Joint Infection: Mild to Moderate: 400 mg 12 hourly for more than 4-6 weeks; Severe/Complicated: 400 mg 8 hourly for more than 4-6weeks
    • Intraabdominal (Acute abdomen): Complicated: 400 mg 12 hourly for 7-14 days
    • Acute Sinusitis: Mild/Moderate: 400 mg 12 hourly for 10 days
    • Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis: Mild/Moderate: 400 mg 12 hourly for 28 Days.
    AdministrationView
    Instruction for the use of Ciprofloxacin IV infusion-
    • Check the bag for minute leaks by squeezing the inner bag firmly. If leaks are found, or if seal is not intact, discard the solution.
    • Do not use if the solution is cloudy or a precipitate is present.
    • Do not use flexible bags in series connections.
    • Close flow control clamp of administration set.
    • Remove cover from port at bottom of bag.
    • Insert piercing pin of administration set into port with a twisting motion until the pin is firmly seated.
    • Suspend bag from hanger.
    • Squeeze and release drip chamber to establish proper fluid level in chamber during infusion of Ciprofloxacin IV infusion.
    • Open flow control clamp to expel air from set.Close clamp.
    • Regulate rate of administration with flow control clamp
    Duration of treatment: The duration of treatment depends upon the severity of infection, clinical response and bacteriological findings. For acute infections the usual treatment period is 5 to 10 days. Generally treatment should be continued for 3 days after the signs and symptoms of the infection have been disappeared.
    Side effectsView
    Side effects include- nausea and other gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, dizziness, joint pain and skin rashes.
    ContraindicationsView
    It is contraindicated in patients who have known hypersensitivity to Ciprofloxacin or other quinolones.
    PrecautionsView
    Patients receiving Ciprofloxacin should be instructed to drink fluids liberally. It should be used with caution in patients with suspected or known CNS disorders such as epilepsy or other factors which predispose to seizures and convulsion. Avoid in patients with known QT prolongation, hypokalemia.
    InteractionsView
    Concurrent administration of Ciprofloxacin should be avoided with Magnesium or Aluminum containing antacids or sucralfate or with other products containing Calcium, Iron or Zinc. These products may be taken two hours after or six hours before Ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin should not be taken concurrently with milk or other dairy products, since absorption of Ciprofloxacin may be significantly reduced. Dietary calcium is a part of a meal, however, does not significantly affect the absorption of Ciprofloxacin.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Ciprofloxacin should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus and mother. Ciprofloxacin is excreted in human milk. Due to the potential risk of articular damage, Ciprofloxacin should not be used during lactation.
    Pediatric usageView
    Although effective in clinical trials, Ciprofloxacin is not a drug of first choice in pediatric population.
    Overdose effectsView
    Overdose following Ciprofloxacin administration may lead to seizures, hallucinations, confusion, abdominal discomfort, renal and hepatic impairment as well as crystalluria, haematuria, & reversible renal toxicity.
    StorageView
    Keep below 30°C temperature, protected from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cpmol

    Paracetamol + Caffeine
    Tablet 500 mg+65 mg Allopathic Non opioid analgesics

    Indications

    Toothache

    Indication detailsView
    The is indicated in the following condition-
    • Headache
    • Migraine
    • Toothache
    • Neuralgia
    • Feverishness
    • Period pain
    • Sore throat
    • Backache
    • Help to reduce the temperature
    • Aches and pain of colds and flu
    Therapeutic classView
    Non opioid analgesics
    PharmacologyView
    This is a combination of Paracetamol and Caffeine. Paracetamol has analgesic and antipyretic properties with weak anti-inflammatory activity. Caffeine is an alkaloid which is a theophylline-like xanthine derivative. By intermolecular association with Paracetamol, Caffeine increases the solubility and transmembrane permeation of Paracetamol. In addition, Caffeine increases the pain threshold and tolerance of pain. Caffeine has also an intrinsic power to raise vessel tone in the brain, which provides another benefit to treat migraine and headache.
    DosageView
    Adult dose: 1-2 tablets every 4-6 hours. Maximum dose: 8 tablets daily.
    Child dose: Not recommended for children below 12 years.
    Side effectsView
    Side effects of paracetamol are usually mild, though haematological reactions including thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis have been reported. Pancreatitis, skin rashes, and other allergic reactions occur occasionally.
    ContraindicationsView
    Paracetamol is contraindicated in patients with severe renal function impairment and hepatic disease (Viral Hepatitis). Known hypersensitivity to paracetamol or caffeine.
    PrecautionsView
    Paracetamol & Caffeine should be given cautiously in the following cases: In patients with hepatic or renal failure, in patients taking other hepatotoxic medication. Prolonged use of the drug without consulting a physician should be avoided.
    InteractionsView
    May reduce serum levels with anticonvulsants (e.g. phenytoin, barbiturates, carbamazepine). May enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and other coumarins with prolonged use. Accelerated absorption with metoclopramide and domperidone. May increase serum levels with probenecid. May increase serum levels of chloramphenicol. May reduce absorption with colestyramine within 1 hr of admin. May cause severe hypothermia with phenothiazine.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnant mothers should consult with doctors before taking Paracetamol & Caffeine. Paracetamol & Caffeine can be taken whilst breast feeding.
    Overdose effectsView
    Symptoms of Paracetamol overdose in the first 24 hours are pallor, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and abdominal pain. Liver damage may become apparent 12 to 40 hours after ingestion. Abnormalities of glucose metabolism and metabolic acidosis may occur.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool and dry place, protect from light and moisture.Keep all medicines out of the reach of the children.

    Cpmycin

    Erythromycin (Oral)
    Tablet 250 mg Allopathic Macrolides

    Indications

    Susceptible infections

    Indication detailsView
    Erythromycin is highly effective in the treatment of a wide variety of clinical infections.
    • Upper respiratory tract infections: Tonsilitis, Peritonsillar abscess, Pharyngitis, laryngitis, Sinusitis. Secondary infections in colds and influenza.
    • Lower respiratory tract infections: Tracheitis, acute and chronic bronchitis.
    • Ear infections: Otitis media, otitis externa, mastoiditis.
    • Eye infections: Blepharitis, established trachoma.
    • Skin and Soft tissue infections: Boils and carbuncles, impetigo, abscesses, pustular acne, paromychia, cellulitis, erysipelas.
    • Gastrointestinal tract infections: Cholecystitis, staphylococcal enterocolitis.
    • Prophylaxis: Pre and post-operative, trauma, burns, rheumatic fever.
    • Other infections: Osteomyelitis, diptheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough.
    Therapeutic classView
    Anti-diarrhoeal Antimicrobial drugs, Macrolides
    PharmacologyView
    Erythromycin inhibits microsomal protein synthesis in susceptible organisms by inhibiting the translocation process. Specific binding to the 50S subunit or 70S ribosome occurs in these organisms but there is no binding to the stable 80S mammalian ribosome. Erythromycin is active against many Grampositive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria and against mycoplasmas and chlamydia.

    Absorption: Erythromycin base is destroyed by acid and is therefore administered in the form of stable ester. The rates of absorption of the base and esters are diminished by the presence of food. The stearate is hydrolyzed in the intestine and the free erythromycin absorbed.

    Blood concentration: After an oral dose of 500 mg. of the base of stearate, peak serum concentrations of 0.9 to 1.4 or 0.4 to 1.8 mg/ml. respectively are attained in 1 to 4 hours. Half-life: The serum half-life is 1.2 to 4 hours. In subjects with oliguria, the half-life is about 5 hours.

    Distribution: Erythromycin is widely distributed throughout body tissue and fluids with some retention in the liver and spleen, protein binding of erythromycin base is 73%. Erythromycin enters the cerebrospinal fluid when the meninges are inflamed. It also crosses the placenta and is excreted in the milk.

    Excretion: 5 to 15 % of the dose of erythromycin is excreted in the urine and large amounts of the unchanged active substance are excreted in the bile.
    DosageView
    Adult and Children over 8 years: 250-500 mg every six hours for mild to moderate infections. This may be increased upto 4 gm. or more daily in severe cases.

    Elderly: No special dosage recommendation. Erythromycin may be administered if desired, three times daily or twice daily by giving one-third or half of the total daily requirement 8 hourly or 12 hourly respectively.

    Children aged 2 to 8 years: 250 mg. every six hours or 30-50 mg/kg body weight per day divided into four equal dosage.

    Infants and Children upto 2 years: 500 mg. in divided doses or 30-50 mg/kg body weight in divided doses.
    Side effectsView
    Allergic reactions are rare and mild although anaphylaxis has occurred. Occasionally there is abdominal discomfort after oral administration, sometimes with nausea and vomiting. This discomfort usually subsides after a few days without it being necessary to reduce the dosage.
    ContraindicationsView
    Known hypersensitivity to Erythromycin.
    PrecautionsView
    Erythromycin should be given with care in patients with impaired hepatic function, as erythromycin is excreted principally in the bile.
    InteractionsView
    Recent data from studies of erythromycin reveals that its use in patients who are receiving high dosage of theophylline may be associated with an increase of serum theophylline levels and potential theophylline toxicity. In such cases this dose of theophylline should be reduced.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Clinical and Laboratory studies have been shown no evidence in human of teratogenicity or toxicity. However, caution should be exercised when prescribing this drug to pregnant patients and lactating mothers since erythromycin crosses the placental barrier and is excreted in breast milk.
    Overdose effectsView
    In case of overdosage, Erythromycin should be discontinued. Overdosage should be handled with the prompt elimination of unabsorbed drug and all other appropriate measures should be instituted. Erythromycin is not removed by peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis.
    ReconstitutionView
    Direction for reconstitution of suspension: Shake the bottle to loosen powder. Add 60 ml or 100 ml of boiled and cooled water to the dry powder of the bottle. For ease of preparation, add water to the bottle in two proportions. Shake well after each addition until all the powder is in suspension.

    Shake the suspension well before each use. Keep the bottle tightly closed. The reconstituted suspension should be stored in a cool and dry place, preferably in refrigerator and unused portion should be discarded after 7 days.
    StorageView
    Keep below 25°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cpvit B

    Vitamin B complex
    Capsule Allopathic Specific combined vitamin preparations

    Indications

    Vitamin B deficiencies

    Indication detailsView
    Vitamin-B complex is indicated for prophylactic or therapeutic nutritional supplementation in physiologically stressful conditions. These include: Conditions causing depletion, or reduced absorption or bioavailability of essential B-vitamins manifested by glossitis, stomatitis, cheilosis, beriberi Vitamin-B complex is indicated for prophylactic or therapeutic nutritional supplementation in physiologically stressful conditions. These include: Conditions causing depletion, or reduced absorption or bioavailability of essential B-vitamins manifested by glossitis, stomatitis, cheilosis, beriberi
    Therapeutic classView
    Specific combined vitamin preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Vitamin-B complex contains the most important members of the vitamin B group in pure form and in therapeutically balanced proportions. The members of the vitamin B group contained in Vitamin-B complex are components of enzyme systems that regulate various stages of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, each of the components playing a specific biological role. Deficiency of B vitamin causes glossitis, stomatitis, cheilosis, polyneuritis, beriberi, pellagra and vascularisation of cornea.
    DosageView
    Tablet/ capsule: usual recommended dose is 1-2 tablet/capsule 3 times daily or as directed by the physician.

    Syrup: 2-3 teaspoonful daily or as directed by the physician.

    Injection: It is for intramuscular and intravenous administration. Usual recommended dose is 2 ml daily or as directed by the physician. In addition with Thiamine, Riboflavin, Nicotinamide, Pyridoxine; injectable dosage from contains D-Panthenol 5 mg.
    Side effectsView
    Adverse reactions have been reported with specific vitamins and minerals, but generally at levels substantially higher than those in Vitamin-B complex. However, allergic and idiosyncratic reactions are possible at lower levels. Iron, even at the usual recommended level has been associated with gastrointestinal intolerance in some patients.
    ContraindicationsView
    Vitamin-B complex is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any of its components.
    InteractionsView
    As little as 5 mg pyridoxine daily can decrease the efficacy of levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. Therefore, Vitamin-B complex is not recommended for patients undergoing such therapy
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    It is safe to use Vitamin-B complex in pregnancy and lactation.

    Cpvit E

    Vitamin E [Alpha Tocopherol Acetate]
    Chewable Tablet 200 mg Herbal Vitamin-E Preparations

    Indications

    Vitamin E deficiency and peripheral neuropathy

    Indication detailsView
    As dietary supplement:
    • Vitamin E deficiency resulting from impaired absorption
    • Increased requirements due to diet rich in polyunsaturated fats
    • For healthy hair & skin
    • As an antioxidant
    • Hemolytic anemia due to Vitamin E deficiency
    Therapeutic use:
    • Cardiovascular disease
    • Heavy metal poisoning
    • Hepatotoxin poisoning
    • Hemolytic anemia
    • Oxygen therapy
    • In nutritional deficiency states.
    Therapeutic classView
    Herbal and Nutraceuticals, Vitamin-E Preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant in the body. Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids (which are components of cellular membrane) and other oxygen-sensitive substances such as vitamin A & vitamin C from oxidation. In premature neonates irritability, edema, thrombosis and hemolytic anemia may be caused due to vitamin E deficiency. Creatinuria, ceroid deposition, muscle weakness, decreased erythrocyte survival or increased in vitro hemolysis by oxidizing agents have been identified in adults and children with low serum tocopherol concentrations.
    DosageView
    Betterment of cardiovascular health: 400 IU-800 IU per day
    Deficiency syndrome in adults: 200 IU-400 IU per day
    Deficiency syndrome in children: 200 IU per day
    Thalassemia: 800 IU per day
    Sickle-cell anemia: 400 IU per day
    Betterment of skin & hair: 200 IU-400 IU per day (Topical use is also established for beautification)
    Chronic cold in adults: 200 IU per day
    Side effectsView
    Overdosage (>1 gm) have been associated with minor side effects, including hypertension, fatigue, diarrhea and myopathy.
    ContraindicationsView
    No known contraindications found.
    PrecautionsView
    It may increase the risk of thrombosis in some patients, such as those taking estrogens.
    InteractionsView
    Vitamin E may impair the absorption of Vitamin A & function of Vitamin K and potentiates the effect of Warfarin.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Vitamin E is safe in pregnancy and lactation, when used as recommended doses. Higher doses are not established.
    Pediatric usageView
    Vitamin E is safe for children.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cpzith

    Azithromycin Dihydrate
    Tablet 500 mg Allopathic
    Indication detailsView
    Azithromycin is indicated for infections (caused by susceptible organisms) in lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis and pneumonia, in upper respiratory tract infections including sinusitis and pharyngitis/tonsillitis, in otitis media, and in skin and soft tissue infections. In sexually transmitted diseases in men and women, Azithromycin is indicated in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis.
    PharmacologyView
    Azithromycin is acid-stable and can therefore be taken orally with no need of protection from gastric acids. It is readily absorbed; its absorption is greater on an empty stomach. Time to peak concentration in adults is 2.1 to 3.2 hours for oral dosage forms. Due to the high concentration in phagocytes, azithromycin is actively transported to the site of infection. During active phagocytosis, large concentrations of azithromycin are released. The concentration of azithromycin in the tissues can be over 50 times higher than in plasma. This is due to ion trapping and the high lipid solubility.

    Azithromycin's half-life allows a large single dose to be administered and yet maintain bacteriostatic levels in the infected tissue for several days. Following a single 500 mg dose, plasma concentrations of azithromycin declined in a polyphasic pattern with a mean apparent plasma clearance of 630 mL/min and a terminal elimination half life of 68 hours. The prolonged terminal half-life is thought to be due to extensive uptake and subsequent release of drug from tissues. Biliary excretion of azithromycin, predominantly unchanged, is a major route of elimination. Over the course of a week, approximately 6% of the administered dose appears as unchanged drug in urine.

    Microbiology: Azithromycin acts by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible microorganisms and, thus, interfering with microbial protein synthesis. Nucleic acid synthesis is not affected. Azithromycin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections:
    • Aerobic and facultative gram-positive microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Aerobic and facultative gram-negative microorganisms: Haemophilus ducreyi, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    • Other microorganisms: Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Betalactamase production should have no effect on azithromycin activity.
    • Aerobic and facultative gram-positive microorganisms: Streptococci (Groups C,F,G), Viridans group streptococci
    • Aerobic and facultative gram-negative microorganisms: Bordetella pertussis, Legionella pneumophila
    • Anaerobic microorganisms: Peptostreptococcus species, Prevotella bivia
    DosageView
    Oral-
    Adult: 500 mg once daily orally for 3 days or 500 mg once on day 1, then 250 mg once on days 2-5 for 4 days. For sexually transmitted diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in adults, the dose is 1 gm given as a single dose or 500 mg once on day 1, followed by 250 mg once daily for next 2 days may also be given.

    Children:
    • 10 mg/kg body weight once daily for 3 days for child over 6 months
    • 200 mg (1 teaspoonful) for 3 days if body weight is 15-25 kg
    • 300 mg (1½ teaspoonfuls) for 3 days if body weight is 26-35 kg; 400 mg (2 teaspoonfuls) for 3 days if body weight is 36-45 kg.
    • In typhoid fever, 500 mg (2½ teaspoonfuls) once daily for 7-10 days is given.

    Azithromycin Injection (For IV Infusion only)    : The recommended dose of Azithromycin for injection for the treatment of adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia due to the indicated organisms is:
    • 500 mg as a single daily dose by the intravenous route for at least two days. Intravenous therapy should be followed by Azithromycin by the oral route at a single, daily dose of 500 mg, administered as two 250-mg tablets to complete a 7 to 10-day course of therapy. The timing of the switch to oral therapy should be done at the discretion of the physician and in accordance with clinical response.
    • The recommended dose of Azithromycin for the treatment of adult patients with pelvic inflammatory disease due to the indicated organisms is: 500 mg as a single daily dose by the intravenous route for one or two days. Intravenous therapy should be followed by Azithromycin by the oral route at a single, daily dose of 250 mg to complete a 7-day course of therapy. The timing of the switch to oral therapy should be done at the discretion of the physician and in accordance with clinical response. If anaerobic microorganisms are suspected of contributing to the infection, an antimicrobial agent with anaerobic activity should be administered in combination with Azithromycin.
    • Safety and effectiveness of azithromycin for injection in children or adolescents under 16 years have not been established.
    AdministrationView
    Reconstitution procedure of suspension-
    • Step 01: Shake the bottle well to loosen the powder.
    • Step 02: Add boiled and cooled water up to the water mark of the bottle label.
    • Step 03: Shake until powder is completely mixed with water.
    Azithromycin should be taken at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after meal.
    Side effectsView
    Azithromycin is well tolerated with a low incidence of side effects. The side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort (pain/cramps), flatulence, diarrhoea, headache, dizziness, and skin rashes and are reversible upon discontinuation of therapy.
    ContraindicationsView
    Azithromycin is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to Azithromycin or any other macrolide antibiotic. Co-administration of ergot derivatives and Azithromycin is contraindicated. Azithromycin is contraindicated in patients with hepatic diseases.
    PrecautionsView
    As with any antibiotic, observation for signs of superinfection with non-susceptible organisms, including fungi, is recommended. No dose adjustment is needed in patients with renal impairment.
    InteractionsView
    Azithromycin absorption is reduced in presence of food and antacid. In patients receiving ergot alkaloids Azithromycin should be avoided because of the possibility of ergotism resulting from interaction of Azithromycin with the cytochrome P-450 system. As macrolides increase the plasma concentration of digoxin and cyclosporin, caution should be exercised while co-administration. There have been no drug interactions between Azithromycin and Warfarin, Theophylline, Carbamazepine, Methylprednisolone or Cimetidine.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy Category of Azithromycin is B. Animal reproduction studies have demonstrated that Azithromycin has no evidence of harm to the fetus. There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Since animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, Azithromycin should be used during pregnancy only if adequate alternatives are not available. It is not known whether Azithromycin is secreted in breast milk. So, caution should be exercised when Azithromycin is administered to nursing women.
    Overdose effectsView
    There is no data on overdosage with Azithromycin. Typical symptoms of overdosage with macrolide antibiotics include hearing loss, severe nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Gastric lavage and general supportive measures are indicated.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.