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    Clovate

    Clobetasol Propionate (Topical Preparation)
    Ointment 0.05% Allopathic Other Topical corticosteroids

    Indications

    Vitiligo

    Indication detailsView
    Clobetasol Propionate is indicated for adults, elderly and children over 1 year in following dermatoses.
    • Psoriasis (excluding widespread plaque psoriasis)
    • Recalcitrant dermatoses
    • Lichen planus
    • Discoid lupus erythematosus
    • Other skin conditions which do not respond satisfactorily to less potent steroids
    Therapeutic classView
    Other Topical corticosteroids
    PharmacologyView
    Clobetasol Propionate is a very potent topical corticosteroid. It has anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive properties. It shows anti-inflammatory activity via multiple mechanisms to inhibit late phase allergic reactions. It decreases the density of mast cells, chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils. It also reduces cytokine production and inhibits the metabolism of arachidonic acid.
    DosageView
    Adults, elderly and children over 1 year: Apply a thin layer of Clobetasol Propionate Cream or Ointment to the affected skin areas twice daily and rub in gently and completely. Repeated short courses of Clobetasol Propionate may be used to control exacerbations. In more resistant lesions, especially where there is hyperkeratosis, the effect of Clobetasol can be enhanced, if necessary, by occluding the treatment area with polythene film. Overnight occlusion only is usually adequate to bring about a satisfactory response. Clobetasol Propionate is super-high potency topical corticosteroids; therefore, treatment should be limited to 2 consecutive weeks. The maximum weekly dose should not be exceeded 50 gm/week. In case of children, courses should be limited if possible to five days and reviewed weekly.
    AdministrationView
    Route of administration: Cutaneous. Creams are especially appropriate for moist or weeping surfaces. Ointments are especially appropriate for dry, lichenified or scaly lesions.
    Side effectsView
    The most reported side effects are burning and stinging sensation. Less frequent adverse reactions are itching, skin atrophy, cracking and fissuring of the skin. Cushing syndrome has been reported in infants and adults as a result of prolonged use of topical Clobetasol Propionate formulations.
    ContraindicationsView
    It is contraindicated in patient with hypersensitivity to any component of the preparation. It should not be used in rosacea, acne vulgaris, perioral dermatitis, perianal and genital pruritus, pruritus without inflammation, untreated cutaneous infections.
    PrecautionsView
    In case of using occlusive dressings, the skin should be cleansed before a fresh dressing is applied. Topical corticosteroids should be used with caution in psoriasis as rebound relapses, and development of local or systemic toxicity due to impaired barrier function of the skin may occur. If used on the face, treatment should be limited to 5 days. When Clobetasol Propionate used on eyelids, care should be taken to avoid the eyes as cataract and glaucoma might result from repeated exposure.
    InteractionsView
    Co-administered drugs that can inhibit CYP3A4 (eg ritonavir, itraconazole) have been shown to inhibit the metabolism of corticosteroids leading to increased systemic exposure.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    There are limited data from the use of Clobetasol Propionate cream in pregnant women. Topical administration of corticosteroids to pregnant animals can cause abnormalities of foetal development. The relevance of this finding to humans has not been established. However, the administration of Clobetasol Propionate Cream during pregnancy and lactation should only be considered if the expected benefit to the mother outweighs the possible risks of treatment.

    It is unknown whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Clobetasol Propionate Cream is administered to a nursing woman.
    Pediatric usageView
    In infants and children under 12 years of age, long-term continuous topical corticosteroid therapy should be avoided where possible, as adrenal suppression can occur. Children are more susceptible to the use of topical corticosteroids which develops atrophic changes.
    Overdose effectsView
    Acute overdosage is very unlikely to occur, however, in the case of chronic over-dosage or misuse the features of hypercortisolism may occur and in this situation topical steroid should be discontinued.
    StorageView
    Keep below 30°C temperature, protected from light and moisture. Do not freeze. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Clovate

    Clobetasol Propionate (Scalp Preparation)
    Scalp Solution 0.05% Allopathic Other Topical corticosteroids

    Indications

    Seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp

    Indication detailsView
    Clobetasol Propionate scalp solution is indicated in the topical therapy of recalcitrant corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses of the scalp, including recalcitrant cases of psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis.
    Therapeutic classView
    Other Topical corticosteroids
    PharmacologyView
    Clobetasol Propionate is a very potent topical corticosteroid. It has anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and vasoconstrictive properties. It shows anti-inflammatory activity via multiple mechanisms to inhibit late phase allergic reactions. It decreases the density of mast cells, chemotaxis and activation of eosinophils. It also reduces cytokine production and inhibits the metabolism of arachidonic acid.
    DosageView
    Clobetasol Propionate spray: Apply required quantity of spray of once or twice daily to the affected areas of the scalp and gently rub in. The total dose applied should not exceed 50 ml weekly. If necessary, Clobetasol Propionate scalp solution may be massaged into the scalp using the tips of the fingers. Therapy should be discontinued if no response is noted after one week or as soon as the lesion heals. It is advisable to use Clobetasol Propionate scalp solution for brief periods only.

    Clobetasol Propionate shampoo: It should be applied to the dry (not wet) scalp once a day to the affected areas only. It should be massaged gently into the lesions and left in place for 15 minutes before lathering and rinsing. Treatment should be limited to 4 consecutive weeks. Total dosage of shampoo should not exceed 50 g per week. Under 18 years this preparation is not recommended.

    Scalp Solution: Apply required quantity of spray of Clobetasol Scalp Solution once or twice daily to the affected areas of the scalp and gently rub in. The total dose applied should not exceed 50 ml weekly. If necessary, Clobetasol Scalp Solution may be massaged into the scalp using the tips of the fingers. Therapy should be discontinued if no response is noted after one week or as soon as the lesion heals. It is advisable to use Clobetasol Scalp Solution for brief periods only.
    Side effectsView
    As with other corticosteroids, prolonged use of large amounts or treatment of extensive areas, can result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce the features of hypercortisolism. This effect is more likely to occur in infants and children, and if occlusive dressings are used. Local atrophy may occur after prolonged treatment. In rare instances, treatment of psoriasis with corticosteroids (or its withdrawal) is thought to have provoked the pustular form of the disease. If signs of hypersensitivity appear with the use of Clobetasol Propionate Scalp Solution then application should be stopped immediately.
    ContraindicationsView
    • Infections of the scalp
    • Hypersensitivity to the preparation
    • Use is not indicated in dermatoses in children under one year of age
    PrecautionsView
    Care must be taken to keep the preparation away from the eyes. Long-term continuous therapy with Clobetasol Propionate scalp solution should be avoided where possible, particularly in infants and children, as adrenal suppression can occur even without occlusion. Topical corticosteroids may be hazardous in psoriasis for a number of reasons including rebound relapses, development of tolerance, risk of generalized pustular psoriasis and development of local or systemic toxicity due to impaired barrier function of the skin. If used on psoriasis, careful patient supervision is important. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be used whenever treating inflammatory lesions which have become infected. Any spread of infection requires withdrawal of topical corticosteroid therapy and systemic administration of antimicrobial agents. Bacterial infection is encouraged by the warm, moist conditions induced by occlusive dressings, and so the skin should be cleansed before a fresh dressing is applied.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Topical administration of corticosteroids to pregnant animals can cause abnormalities of foetal development. The relevance of this finding to human beings has not been established; however, topical steroids should not used extensively in pregnancy, i.e. in large amounts for prolonged periods. The safe use of Clobetasol Propionate during lactation has not been established.
    StorageView
    Keep below 30°C temperature, protected from light and moisture. Do not freeze. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Clovate N

    Clobetasol Propionate + Neomycin Sulphate + Nystatin
    Ointment (0.5 mg+5 mg+1 Lac IU)/gm Allopathic Clobetasol / Clobetasone & Combined Preparations

    Indications

    Severe inflammatory skin disorders

    Indication detailsView
    This preparation is indicated in-
    • Short courses treatment of recalcitrant eczemas.
    • Neurodermatoses.
    • Psoriasis (excluding widespread plaque psoriasis) where secondary bacterial infection or fungal infection is present, suspected or likely to occur.
    • Other inflammatory conditions which do not respond satisfactorily to less active steroids.
    Therapeutic classView
    Clobetasol / Clobetasone & Combined Preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Clobetasol Propionate is a very potent corticosteroid. It is prescribed to treat severe inflammatory skin disorders such as eczema and psoriasis that have not responded to weaker corticosteroids. Neomycin Sulphate is an antibiotic of the aminoglycoside type and is used to treat infections with bacteria. Nystatin is an antifungal that kills fungi and yeasts by interfering with their cell membranes. The mechanism of the topical steroids like Clobetasol, in general, is unclear. However, Clobetasol Propionate is highly active corticosteroid with topical anti-inflammatory activity. The major effect of Clobetasol Propionate on skin is a nonspecific anti-inflammatory response, partially due to vasoconstriction and decrease in collagen synthesis. Neomycin binds to the ribosomal 30s and 50s sub-units of susceptible bacteria and inhibits protein synthesis. Neomycin also causes a misreading of the genetic codes of the mRNA template and this causes incorrect amino acids to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. Nystatin acts by binding to sterols in the cell membrane of the fungus with a resultant change in membrane permeability allowing leakage of intracellular components.
    DosageView
    Adults: Apply sparingly to the affected area once or twice daily until improvement occurs. In very resistant lesion, especially where there is hyperkeratosis, the anti-inflammatory effect of this preparation can be enhanced (if necessary) by occluding the treatment area with polythene. Treatment should not be continued for more than 7 days without medical supervision. If a longer course is necessary, it is recommended that treatment should not be continued for more than 4 weeks without the patient's condition being reviewed.

    Elderly: This preparation is suitable for use in elderly. Caution should be exercised in cases where a decrease in renal function exists and significant systemic absorption of Neomycin Sulphate may occur.

    Children: This preparation is suitable for use in children (2 years and over) at the same dose as adults. A possibility of increased absorption exists in very young children, thus this cream/ointment is not recommended for use in neonates and infants (younger than 2 years).
    Side effectsView
    As with other topical corticosteroids, prolonged use of large amount or treatment of extensive areas can result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce the features of hypercortisolism. The effect is more likely to occur in infants and children and if occlusive dressings are used. Prolonged and intensive treatment with highly active corticosteroid preparations may cause local atrophic changes in the skin such as thinning, striae, and dilatation of the superficial blood vessels, particularly when occlusive dressings are used, or when skin folds are involved. There are reports of pigmentation changes and hypertrichosis with topical steroids.
    ContraindicationsView
    This medication is contraindicated in rosacea, acne vulgaris and perioral dermatitis, primary cutaneous viral infection (eg-Herpes simplex, chicken pox) and hypersensitivity to the preparation.
    PrecautionsView
    Long-term continuous topical therapy should be avoided where possible, particularly in infants and children, as adrenal suppression can occur readily even without occlusion. If applied to the eyelids, care is needed to ensure that the preparation does not enter the eye, as glaucoma might result. If this medication does enter the eye, the affected eye should be thoroughly washed with copious amount of water.
    InteractionsView
    Neomycin Sulphate can intensify and prolong the respiratory depressant effects of neuromuscular blocking agents following significant systemic absorption. However, if used in accordance with the recommendations, systemic exposure to Neomycin Sulphate is expected to be minimal and drug interactions are unlikely to be significant. No hazardous interactions have been reported with use of Clobetasol Propionate or Nystatin.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    There is little information to demonstrate the possible effect of topically applied Neomycin in pregnancy and lactation. However, Neomycin present in the maternal blood can cross the placenta and may give rise to a theoretical risk of foetal toxicity, thus the use of the preparation is not recommended in pregnancy and lactation. The safety of Clobetasol Propionate has not been established in lactating mothers.
    Overdose effectsView
    Acute overdosage is very unlikely to occur. No overdose-related problem yet reported. However, in the case of chronic overdosage or misuse, the features of hypercortisolism may appear and in this situation, topical steroids should be discontinued gradually.
    StorageView
    Store below 25°C temperature. Do not freeze. Keep out of reach of children.

    Clovate N

    Clobetasol Propionate + Neomycin Sulphate + Nystatin
    Cream (0.5 mg+5 mg+1 Lac IU)/gm Allopathic Clobetasol / Clobetasone & Combined Preparations

    Indications

    Severe inflammatory skin disorders

    Indication detailsView
    This preparation is indicated in-
    • Short courses treatment of recalcitrant eczemas.
    • Neurodermatoses.
    • Psoriasis (excluding widespread plaque psoriasis) where secondary bacterial infection or fungal infection is present, suspected or likely to occur.
    • Other inflammatory conditions which do not respond satisfactorily to less active steroids.
    Therapeutic classView
    Clobetasol / Clobetasone & Combined Preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Clobetasol Propionate is a very potent corticosteroid. It is prescribed to treat severe inflammatory skin disorders such as eczema and psoriasis that have not responded to weaker corticosteroids. Neomycin Sulphate is an antibiotic of the aminoglycoside type and is used to treat infections with bacteria. Nystatin is an antifungal that kills fungi and yeasts by interfering with their cell membranes. The mechanism of the topical steroids like Clobetasol, in general, is unclear. However, Clobetasol Propionate is highly active corticosteroid with topical anti-inflammatory activity. The major effect of Clobetasol Propionate on skin is a nonspecific anti-inflammatory response, partially due to vasoconstriction and decrease in collagen synthesis. Neomycin binds to the ribosomal 30s and 50s sub-units of susceptible bacteria and inhibits protein synthesis. Neomycin also causes a misreading of the genetic codes of the mRNA template and this causes incorrect amino acids to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. Nystatin acts by binding to sterols in the cell membrane of the fungus with a resultant change in membrane permeability allowing leakage of intracellular components.
    DosageView
    Adults: Apply sparingly to the affected area once or twice daily until improvement occurs. In very resistant lesion, especially where there is hyperkeratosis, the anti-inflammatory effect of this preparation can be enhanced (if necessary) by occluding the treatment area with polythene. Treatment should not be continued for more than 7 days without medical supervision. If a longer course is necessary, it is recommended that treatment should not be continued for more than 4 weeks without the patient's condition being reviewed.

    Elderly: This preparation is suitable for use in elderly. Caution should be exercised in cases where a decrease in renal function exists and significant systemic absorption of Neomycin Sulphate may occur.

    Children: This preparation is suitable for use in children (2 years and over) at the same dose as adults. A possibility of increased absorption exists in very young children, thus this cream/ointment is not recommended for use in neonates and infants (younger than 2 years).
    Side effectsView
    As with other topical corticosteroids, prolonged use of large amount or treatment of extensive areas can result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce the features of hypercortisolism. The effect is more likely to occur in infants and children and if occlusive dressings are used. Prolonged and intensive treatment with highly active corticosteroid preparations may cause local atrophic changes in the skin such as thinning, striae, and dilatation of the superficial blood vessels, particularly when occlusive dressings are used, or when skin folds are involved. There are reports of pigmentation changes and hypertrichosis with topical steroids.
    ContraindicationsView
    This medication is contraindicated in rosacea, acne vulgaris and perioral dermatitis, primary cutaneous viral infection (eg-Herpes simplex, chicken pox) and hypersensitivity to the preparation.
    PrecautionsView
    Long-term continuous topical therapy should be avoided where possible, particularly in infants and children, as adrenal suppression can occur readily even without occlusion. If applied to the eyelids, care is needed to ensure that the preparation does not enter the eye, as glaucoma might result. If this medication does enter the eye, the affected eye should be thoroughly washed with copious amount of water.
    InteractionsView
    Neomycin Sulphate can intensify and prolong the respiratory depressant effects of neuromuscular blocking agents following significant systemic absorption. However, if used in accordance with the recommendations, systemic exposure to Neomycin Sulphate is expected to be minimal and drug interactions are unlikely to be significant. No hazardous interactions have been reported with use of Clobetasol Propionate or Nystatin.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    There is little information to demonstrate the possible effect of topically applied Neomycin in pregnancy and lactation. However, Neomycin present in the maternal blood can cross the placenta and may give rise to a theoretical risk of foetal toxicity, thus the use of the preparation is not recommended in pregnancy and lactation. The safety of Clobetasol Propionate has not been established in lactating mothers.
    Overdose effectsView
    Acute overdosage is very unlikely to occur. No overdose-related problem yet reported. However, in the case of chronic overdosage or misuse, the features of hypercortisolism may appear and in this situation, topical steroids should be discontinued gradually.
    StorageView
    Store below 25°C temperature. Do not freeze. Keep out of reach of children.

    Clovcare

    Clove oil
    Mouthwash 3 gm/100 ml Allopathic Oral preparations

    Indications

    Pharyngitis

    Indication detailsView
    Clove oil is indicated in Bad breath (Halitosis), Tooth decay, Oral thrush, Dental pain, Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx.
    Therapeutic classView
    Oral preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Clove oil is a herbal medicine which main ingredient is clove oil. It contains a large amount of eugenol that is commonly used in the treatment of oral infections and inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Clove oil is effective, safe and well tolerated for all age groups
    DosageView
    Adult: Should be taken 5 ml Clove oil with 10 ml-15 ml water and gurgle for 30 seconds of morning & bedtime daily.

    Children: Should be taken 2.5 ml Clove oil with 10 ml water and gurgle for 30 seconds of morning & bedtime daily. Also undiluted clove oil is used in temporary relief of toothache due to dental cavity. Repeat administration after 20 minutes, then every 2 hours thereafter if necessary.
    Side effectsView
    In concentrated form oil of clove may be irritating to mucosal tissues.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    There are no known problems with the use of Clove oil during pregnancy and lactation.
    StorageView
    Store below 30°C. temperature & dry place, protected from light. Keep all medicines out of reach of children.

    Clovir

    Acyclovir (Oral)
    Tablet 200 mg Allopathic Herpes simplex & Varicella-zoster virus infections

    Indications

    Varicella zoster (chickenpox)

    Indication detailsView
    Aciclovir is indicated for-
    • The treatment of viral infections due to Herpes simplex virus (type I & II) and Varicella zoster virus (herpes zoster & chicken pox).
    • The treatment of Herpes simplex virus infections of the skin and mucous membranes including initial and recurrent genital herpes and herpes labialis.
    • The prophylaxis of Herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients
    Therapeutic classView
    Herpes simplex & Varicella-zoster virus infections
    PharmacologyView
    Aciclovir is a synthetic purine derivative. Aciclovir exerts its antiviral effect on Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Varicella-zoster virus by interfering with DNA synthesis and inhibiting viral replication. In cells infected with herpes virus, the antiviral activity of Aciclovir appears to depend principally on the intracellular conversion of the drug to Aciclovir Triphosphate. Aciclovir is converted to Aciclovir Monophosphate principally via virus coded thymidine kinase; the monophosphate is phosphorylated to the diphosphate via cellular guanylate kinase and then via another cellular enzyme to the triphosphate, which is the pharmacologically active form of the drug. 15-30% of an oral dose of the drug is absorbed from Gl tract. Peak plasma concentrations usually occur within 1.5-2 hours after oral administration. It is widely distributed into body tissues and fluids including the brain, saliva, lungs, liver, muscle, spleen, uterus, vaginal mucosa and secretions, CSF, and herpetic vesicular fluid. Aciclovir is excreted through the kidney by the glomerular filtration & tubular secretion.
    DosageView
    Treatment of initial herpes simplex: 200 mg 5 times daily usually for 5 days.

    For immunocompromised patients:
    • Adult: 400 mg 5 times daily for 5 days (longer if new lesions appear during treatment or if healing is incomplete; increase dose to 800 mg 5 times daily for genital herpes in immunocompromised) or as directed by the registered physician.
    • Children under 2 years: Half of the adult dose.
    • Children over 2 years: Adult dose.
    Prevention of recurrence of herpes simplex:
    • Adult: 200 mg 4 times daily or 400 mg twice daily possibly reduced to 200 mg 2 or 3 times daily and interrupted every 6-12 months.
    • Children under 2 years: Half of the adult dose.
    • Children over 2 years: Adult dose.
    Prophylactic treatment of herpes simplex in the immunocompromised patients:
    • Adult: 200 to 400 mg 4 times daily.
    • Children under 2 years: Half of the adult dose.
    • Children over 2 years: Adult dose.
    Treatment of vericella (chicken pox):
    • Adult and children over 40 kg: 800 mg 4 times daily for 5 days.
    • Children below 40 kg: 20 mg/kg (maximum 800 mg) per dose orally 4 times daily (80 mg/kg/day) for 5 days.
    • Children 1 month-2 years: 200 mg 4 times daily for 5 days.
    • Children 2-5 years:400 mg 4 times daily for 5 days.
    • Children 6-12 years:800 mg 4 times daily for 5 days.
    Treatment of herpes zoster (Shingles): 800 mg 5 times daily for 7 days.

    Treatment of initial rectal (Proctitis) herpes infections: An oral Aciclovir dosage of 400 mg 5 times daily for 10 days or until clinical resolution occurs has been recommended.

    Renal Impairment: For patients with severe renal impairment, a reduction of the doses is recommended.
    Side effectsView
    Rash, gastrointestinal disturbance, rise in bilirubin and liver-related enzymes, increase in blood urea and creatinine, decrease in hematological indices, headache, neurological reaction, fatigue.
    ContraindicationsView
    Aciclovir is contraindicated in patients known to be hypersensitive to Aciclovir.
    PrecautionsView
    Aciclovir should be administered with caution in patients with renal impairment and doses should be adjusted according to creatinine clearance. Monitor neutrophil count at least twice weekly in neonates.
    InteractionsView
    Probenecid reduces Aciclovir excretion and so increases plasma concentration and risk of toxicity.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy category B. Aciclovir should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Caution should be exercised when it is administered to a nursing mother.
    StorageView
    Should be stored below 25°C. It should be protected from light and moisture.Keep out of the reach of children.

    Clovir

    Acyclovir (Oral)
    Tablet 400 mg Allopathic Herpes simplex & Varicella-zoster virus infections

    Indications

    Varicella zoster (chickenpox)

    Indication detailsView
    Aciclovir is indicated for-
    • The treatment of viral infections due to Herpes simplex virus (type I & II) and Varicella zoster virus (herpes zoster & chicken pox).
    • The treatment of Herpes simplex virus infections of the skin and mucous membranes including initial and recurrent genital herpes and herpes labialis.
    • The prophylaxis of Herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients
    Therapeutic classView
    Herpes simplex & Varicella-zoster virus infections
    PharmacologyView
    Aciclovir is a synthetic purine derivative. Aciclovir exerts its antiviral effect on Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Varicella-zoster virus by interfering with DNA synthesis and inhibiting viral replication. In cells infected with herpes virus, the antiviral activity of Aciclovir appears to depend principally on the intracellular conversion of the drug to Aciclovir Triphosphate. Aciclovir is converted to Aciclovir Monophosphate principally via virus coded thymidine kinase; the monophosphate is phosphorylated to the diphosphate via cellular guanylate kinase and then via another cellular enzyme to the triphosphate, which is the pharmacologically active form of the drug. 15-30% of an oral dose of the drug is absorbed from Gl tract. Peak plasma concentrations usually occur within 1.5-2 hours after oral administration. It is widely distributed into body tissues and fluids including the brain, saliva, lungs, liver, muscle, spleen, uterus, vaginal mucosa and secretions, CSF, and herpetic vesicular fluid. Aciclovir is excreted through the kidney by the glomerular filtration & tubular secretion.
    DosageView
    Treatment of initial herpes simplex: 200 mg 5 times daily usually for 5 days.

    For immunocompromised patients:
    • Adult: 400 mg 5 times daily for 5 days (longer if new lesions appear during treatment or if healing is incomplete; increase dose to 800 mg 5 times daily for genital herpes in immunocompromised) or as directed by the registered physician.
    • Children under 2 years: Half of the adult dose.
    • Children over 2 years: Adult dose.
    Prevention of recurrence of herpes simplex:
    • Adult: 200 mg 4 times daily or 400 mg twice daily possibly reduced to 200 mg 2 or 3 times daily and interrupted every 6-12 months.
    • Children under 2 years: Half of the adult dose.
    • Children over 2 years: Adult dose.
    Prophylactic treatment of herpes simplex in the immunocompromised patients:
    • Adult: 200 to 400 mg 4 times daily.
    • Children under 2 years: Half of the adult dose.
    • Children over 2 years: Adult dose.
    Treatment of vericella (chicken pox):
    • Adult and children over 40 kg: 800 mg 4 times daily for 5 days.
    • Children below 40 kg: 20 mg/kg (maximum 800 mg) per dose orally 4 times daily (80 mg/kg/day) for 5 days.
    • Children 1 month-2 years: 200 mg 4 times daily for 5 days.
    • Children 2-5 years:400 mg 4 times daily for 5 days.
    • Children 6-12 years:800 mg 4 times daily for 5 days.
    Treatment of herpes zoster (Shingles): 800 mg 5 times daily for 7 days.

    Treatment of initial rectal (Proctitis) herpes infections: An oral Aciclovir dosage of 400 mg 5 times daily for 10 days or until clinical resolution occurs has been recommended.

    Renal Impairment: For patients with severe renal impairment, a reduction of the doses is recommended.
    Side effectsView
    Rash, gastrointestinal disturbance, rise in bilirubin and liver-related enzymes, increase in blood urea and creatinine, decrease in hematological indices, headache, neurological reaction, fatigue.
    ContraindicationsView
    Aciclovir is contraindicated in patients known to be hypersensitive to Aciclovir.
    PrecautionsView
    Aciclovir should be administered with caution in patients with renal impairment and doses should be adjusted according to creatinine clearance. Monitor neutrophil count at least twice weekly in neonates.
    InteractionsView
    Probenecid reduces Aciclovir excretion and so increases plasma concentration and risk of toxicity.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy category B. Aciclovir should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Caution should be exercised when it is administered to a nursing mother.
    StorageView
    Should be stored below 25°C. It should be protected from light and moisture.Keep out of the reach of children.

    Clovir

    Acyclovir (Topical)
    Cream 5% w/w Allopathic Topical Antiviral preparations

    Indications

    Sore lips

    Indication detailsView
    Acyclovir cream is a herpes simplex virus (HSV) nucleoside analogue DNA polymerase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis (cold sores) in immunocompetent adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older.
    Therapeutic classView
    Topical Antiviral preparations
    PharmacologyView
    Acyclovir is an antiviral drug active against herpes simplex virus. Acyclovir is a synthetic purine nucleoside analogue with cell culture and in vivo inhibitory activity against HSV types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2). The inhibitory activity of acyclovir is highly selective due to its affinity for the enzyme thymidine kinase (TK) encoded by HSV. This viral enzyme converts acyclovir into acyclovir monophosphate, a nucleotide analogue. The monophosphate is further converted into diphosphate by cellular guanylate kinase and into triphosphate by a number of cellular enzymes. In cell culture, acyclovir triphosphate stops replication of herpes viral DNA. This inhibition is accomplished in 3 ways: 1) competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase, 2) incorporation into and termination of the growing viral DNA chain, and 3) inactivation of the viral DNA polymerase.
    DosageView
    Acyclovir cream should be applied five times per day for four days. Therapy should be initiated as early as possible following the onset of signs or symptoms of herpes labialis i.e., during the prodrome or when lesions appear. For adolescents 12 years of age and older, the dosage is the same as in adults.
    Side effectsView
    The most common adverse reactions at the site of topical application were dry lips, desquamation, dryness of skin, cracked lips, burning skin, pruritus, flakiness of skin, and stinging on skin; each adverse reaction occurred in less than 1% of patients receiving Acyclovir cream and placebo. Three patients on Acyclovir cream and one patient on placebo discontinued treatment due to an adverse event.
    ContraindicationsView
    Acyclovir cream is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to acyclovir, valacyclovir, or any component of the formulation.
    PrecautionsView
    Acyclovir cream should only be applied on the affected external aspects of the lips and face in patients with herpes labialis. Because no data are available, application to human mucous membranes is not recommended. Acyclovir cream is intended for cutaneous use only and should not be used in the eye or inside the mouth or nose. Cream has a potential for irritation and contact. The effect of Acyclovir cream has not been established in immunocompromised patients.
    InteractionsView
    Clinical experience has identified no interactions resulting from topical or systemic administration of other drugs concomitantly with Acyclovir cream. Due to minimal systemic absorption of Acyclovir cream, systemic drug interactions are unlikely.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy Category B. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of acyclovir cream in pregnant women. Acyclovir cream should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. It is not known whether topically applied acyclovir is excreted in breast milk. Systemic exposure following topical administration is minimal.
    Pediatric usageView
    Pediatric Use: An open-label, uncontrolled trial with Acyclovir cream 5% was conducted in 113 patients aged 12 to 17 years with recurrent herpes labialis. In this trial, therapy was applied using the same dosing regimen as in adults and subjects were followed for adverse events. The safety profile was similar to that observed in adults. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients less than 12 years of age have not been established.

    Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of acyclovir cream did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. Systemic absorption of acyclovir after topical administration is minimal.
    StorageView
    Store Acyclovir cream at room temperature between 20°C to 25°C

    Clovir

    Acyclovir (Ophthalmic)
    Ophthalmic Ointment 3% Allopathic Ophthalmic Anti-viral Products

    Indications

    Neonatal Conjunctivitis

    Indication detailsView
    Acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of Herpes simplex keratitis.
    Therapeutic classView
    Ophthalmic Anti-viral Products
    PharmacologyView
    Acyclovir is an antiviral agent which is highly active in vitro against Herpes simplex (HSV) types I and II and Varicella zoster viruses, but its toxicity to mammalian cells is low. Acyclovir is phosphorylated to the active compound Acyclovir triphosphate after entry into herpes infected cell. The ­first step in this process requires the presence of the viral-coded thymidine kinase. Acyclovir triphosphate acts as an inhibitor of and substrate for the herpes specifi­ed DNA polymerase preventing further viral DNA synthesis without affecting normal cellular processes.
    DosageView
    The dosage for all age groups is the same. A 10 mm ribbon of the ointment should be placed inside the lower conjunctival sac ­five times a day at approximately four hourly intervals. Treatment should continue for at least 3 days after healing
    Side effectsView
    Very common: Superfi­cial punctate keratopathy. This did not necessitate an early termination of therapy and healed without apparent sequelae. Common: Transient mild stinging of the eye occurring immediately following application, conjunctivitis. Rare: Blepharitis.
    ContraindicationsView
    Acyclovir is contraindicated in patients known to be hypersensitive to Acyclovir or Valacyclovir
    PrecautionsView
    The recommended dosage, frequency of applications, and length of treatment should not be exceeded.
    InteractionsView
    No clinically signi­ficant interactions have been identi­fied.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    Pregnancy category B. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Acyclovir in pregnant women. It is not known whether topically applied Acyclovir is excreted in breast milk.
    Overdose effectsView
    No adverse effects would be expected if the entire contents of the tube containing 90 mg Acyclovir were ingested orally.
    StorageView
    Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from light. Keep out of reach of children. Do not touch the tip of the tube since this may contaminate the product. After one month of the opening do not use the medicine of tube.

    Clox-F

    Flucloxacillin Sodium
    Capsule 250 mg Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    Wounds

    Indication detailsView
    Flucloxacillin is indicated for the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive organisms, including infections caused by penicillinase producing staphylococci. These indications include:
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: Boils, abscess, carbuncles, infected skin conditions (e.g. ulcer, eczema, acne, furunculosis, cellulitis, infected wounds, infected burns, otitis media and externa, impetigo).
    • Respiratory tract infections: Pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, quinsy.
    • It is also used for the treatment of other infections i.e. osteomyelitis, enteritis, endocarditis, urinary tract infection, meningitis, septicaemia caused by Flucloxacillin-sensitive organisms.
    • As a prophylactic agent, it is used during major surgical procedures where appropriate; for example, cardiothoracic and orthopedic surgery.
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    PharmacologyView
    Flucloxacillin is active against Gram-positive organisms including penicillinase producing strains. It has little activity against Gram-negative bacilli. Flucloxacillin acts by inhibiting the formation of cell wall of bacteria. Flucloxacillin is isoxazolyl penicillin which combined the properties of resistance to hydrolysis by penicillinase, gastric acid stability and activity against gram-positive bacteria. Flucloxacillin is a bactericidal antibiotic that is particularly useful against penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Flucloxacillin kills bacterial cellwall, thus interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Peptidoglycan is a heteropolymeric structure that provides the cell wall with its mechanical stability. The final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis involves the completion of the cross-linking with the terminal glycine residue of the pentaglycin bridge linking to the fourth residue of the pentapeptide (D-alanine). The transpeptidase enzyme that performs this step is inhibited by Flucloxacillin. As a result the bacterial cellwall is weakened, the cell swells and then ruptures. Flucloxacillin resists the action of bacterial penicillinase probably because of the steric hindrance induced by the acyl side chain which prevents the opening of the β- lactam ring.
    DosageView
    Oral administration:
    • Adult: 250 mg four times daily. Dosage may be doubled in severe infections. In osteomyelitis and endocarditis, up to 8 gm daily is used in 6-8 hourly divided doses.
    • Children (2-10 years): 1/2 of adult dose.
    • Children (Under 2 years): 1/4 of adult dose.
    Parenteral administration:
    Adult or Elderly:
    • Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg four times daily.
    • Intravenous Injection: 250 mg-1 g four times daily by slow injection over 3 to 4 minutes or by intravenous infusion.
    • All systemic doses may be doubled in severe infections: doses up to 8 g daily have been suggested for endocarditis or osteomyelitis.
    Children:
    • 2-10 years: half of the adult dose.
    • Under 2 years: a quarter of the adult dose.
    AdministrationView
    Oral doses should be administered 1 hour before meal.
    Side effectsView
    There have been some common side effects of gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and other minor gastrointestinal disturbances. Besides these rashes, urticaria, purpura, fever, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported.
    ContraindicationsView
    Flucloxacillin is contraindicated in penicillin hypersensitive patients.
    PrecautionsView
    Flucloxacillin should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Caution should also be exercised in the treatment of patients with an allergic diathesis.
    InteractionsView
    Concurrent use of Flucloxacillin and may result in increased level of Flucloxacillin in blood for prolonged period.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA Pregnancy Category of Flucloxacillin is B. There are, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Flucloxacillin have been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Flucloxacillin is administered to a lactating mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    In severe renal failure (creatinine clearance <10 ml/min), a reduction in dose or an extension of dose interval should be considered.
    ReconstitutionView
    Flucloxacillin has been used in other routes in conjunction with systemic therapy. It has been administered in a dose of 250 mg to 500 mg daily by intraarticular injection, dissolved if necessary in a 0.5% solution of lignocaine hydrochloride, and by intrapleural injection in a dose of 250 mg daily. Using powder for injection, 125 mg-250 mg has been dissolved in 3 ml of sterile water and inhaled by nebuliser four times daily.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Clox-F

    Flucloxacillin Sodium
    Powder for Suspension 125 mg/5 ml Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    Wounds

    Indication detailsView
    Flucloxacillin is indicated for the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive organisms, including infections caused by penicillinase producing staphylococci. These indications include:
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: Boils, abscess, carbuncles, infected skin conditions (e.g. ulcer, eczema, acne, furunculosis, cellulitis, infected wounds, infected burns, otitis media and externa, impetigo).
    • Respiratory tract infections: Pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, quinsy.
    • It is also used for the treatment of other infections i.e. osteomyelitis, enteritis, endocarditis, urinary tract infection, meningitis, septicaemia caused by Flucloxacillin-sensitive organisms.
    • As a prophylactic agent, it is used during major surgical procedures where appropriate; for example, cardiothoracic and orthopedic surgery.
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    PharmacologyView
    Flucloxacillin is active against Gram-positive organisms including penicillinase producing strains. It has little activity against Gram-negative bacilli. Flucloxacillin acts by inhibiting the formation of cell wall of bacteria. Flucloxacillin is isoxazolyl penicillin which combined the properties of resistance to hydrolysis by penicillinase, gastric acid stability and activity against gram-positive bacteria. Flucloxacillin is a bactericidal antibiotic that is particularly useful against penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Flucloxacillin kills bacterial cellwall, thus interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Peptidoglycan is a heteropolymeric structure that provides the cell wall with its mechanical stability. The final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis involves the completion of the cross-linking with the terminal glycine residue of the pentaglycin bridge linking to the fourth residue of the pentapeptide (D-alanine). The transpeptidase enzyme that performs this step is inhibited by Flucloxacillin. As a result the bacterial cellwall is weakened, the cell swells and then ruptures. Flucloxacillin resists the action of bacterial penicillinase probably because of the steric hindrance induced by the acyl side chain which prevents the opening of the β- lactam ring.
    DosageView
    Oral administration:
    • Adult: 250 mg four times daily. Dosage may be doubled in severe infections. In osteomyelitis and endocarditis, up to 8 gm daily is used in 6-8 hourly divided doses.
    • Children (2-10 years): 1/2 of adult dose.
    • Children (Under 2 years): 1/4 of adult dose.
    Parenteral administration:
    Adult or Elderly:
    • Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg four times daily.
    • Intravenous Injection: 250 mg-1 g four times daily by slow injection over 3 to 4 minutes or by intravenous infusion.
    • All systemic doses may be doubled in severe infections: doses up to 8 g daily have been suggested for endocarditis or osteomyelitis.
    Children:
    • 2-10 years: half of the adult dose.
    • Under 2 years: a quarter of the adult dose.
    AdministrationView
    Oral doses should be administered 1 hour before meal.
    Side effectsView
    There have been some common side effects of gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and other minor gastrointestinal disturbances. Besides these rashes, urticaria, purpura, fever, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported.
    ContraindicationsView
    Flucloxacillin is contraindicated in penicillin hypersensitive patients.
    PrecautionsView
    Flucloxacillin should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Caution should also be exercised in the treatment of patients with an allergic diathesis.
    InteractionsView
    Concurrent use of Flucloxacillin and may result in increased level of Flucloxacillin in blood for prolonged period.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA Pregnancy Category of Flucloxacillin is B. There are, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Flucloxacillin have been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Flucloxacillin is administered to a lactating mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    In severe renal failure (creatinine clearance <10 ml/min), a reduction in dose or an extension of dose interval should be considered.
    ReconstitutionView
    Flucloxacillin has been used in other routes in conjunction with systemic therapy. It has been administered in a dose of 250 mg to 500 mg daily by intraarticular injection, dissolved if necessary in a 0.5% solution of lignocaine hydrochloride, and by intrapleural injection in a dose of 250 mg daily. Using powder for injection, 125 mg-250 mg has been dissolved in 3 ml of sterile water and inhaled by nebuliser four times daily.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Clox-F

    Flucloxacillin Sodium
    Capsule 500 mg Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    Wounds

    Indication detailsView
    Flucloxacillin is indicated for the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive organisms, including infections caused by penicillinase producing staphylococci. These indications include:
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: Boils, abscess, carbuncles, infected skin conditions (e.g. ulcer, eczema, acne, furunculosis, cellulitis, infected wounds, infected burns, otitis media and externa, impetigo).
    • Respiratory tract infections: Pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, quinsy.
    • It is also used for the treatment of other infections i.e. osteomyelitis, enteritis, endocarditis, urinary tract infection, meningitis, septicaemia caused by Flucloxacillin-sensitive organisms.
    • As a prophylactic agent, it is used during major surgical procedures where appropriate; for example, cardiothoracic and orthopedic surgery.
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    PharmacologyView
    Flucloxacillin is active against Gram-positive organisms including penicillinase producing strains. It has little activity against Gram-negative bacilli. Flucloxacillin acts by inhibiting the formation of cell wall of bacteria. Flucloxacillin is isoxazolyl penicillin which combined the properties of resistance to hydrolysis by penicillinase, gastric acid stability and activity against gram-positive bacteria. Flucloxacillin is a bactericidal antibiotic that is particularly useful against penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Flucloxacillin kills bacterial cellwall, thus interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Peptidoglycan is a heteropolymeric structure that provides the cell wall with its mechanical stability. The final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis involves the completion of the cross-linking with the terminal glycine residue of the pentaglycin bridge linking to the fourth residue of the pentapeptide (D-alanine). The transpeptidase enzyme that performs this step is inhibited by Flucloxacillin. As a result the bacterial cellwall is weakened, the cell swells and then ruptures. Flucloxacillin resists the action of bacterial penicillinase probably because of the steric hindrance induced by the acyl side chain which prevents the opening of the β- lactam ring.
    DosageView
    Oral administration:
    • Adult: 250 mg four times daily. Dosage may be doubled in severe infections. In osteomyelitis and endocarditis, up to 8 gm daily is used in 6-8 hourly divided doses.
    • Children (2-10 years): 1/2 of adult dose.
    • Children (Under 2 years): 1/4 of adult dose.
    Parenteral administration:
    Adult or Elderly:
    • Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg four times daily.
    • Intravenous Injection: 250 mg-1 g four times daily by slow injection over 3 to 4 minutes or by intravenous infusion.
    • All systemic doses may be doubled in severe infections: doses up to 8 g daily have been suggested for endocarditis or osteomyelitis.
    Children:
    • 2-10 years: half of the adult dose.
    • Under 2 years: a quarter of the adult dose.
    AdministrationView
    Oral doses should be administered 1 hour before meal.
    Side effectsView
    There have been some common side effects of gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and other minor gastrointestinal disturbances. Besides these rashes, urticaria, purpura, fever, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported.
    ContraindicationsView
    Flucloxacillin is contraindicated in penicillin hypersensitive patients.
    PrecautionsView
    Flucloxacillin should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Caution should also be exercised in the treatment of patients with an allergic diathesis.
    InteractionsView
    Concurrent use of Flucloxacillin and may result in increased level of Flucloxacillin in blood for prolonged period.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA Pregnancy Category of Flucloxacillin is B. There are, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Flucloxacillin have been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Flucloxacillin is administered to a lactating mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    In severe renal failure (creatinine clearance <10 ml/min), a reduction in dose or an extension of dose interval should be considered.
    ReconstitutionView
    Flucloxacillin has been used in other routes in conjunction with systemic therapy. It has been administered in a dose of 250 mg to 500 mg daily by intraarticular injection, dissolved if necessary in a 0.5% solution of lignocaine hydrochloride, and by intrapleural injection in a dose of 250 mg daily. Using powder for injection, 125 mg-250 mg has been dissolved in 3 ml of sterile water and inhaled by nebuliser four times daily.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Clox-F DS

    Flucloxacillin Sodium
    Powder for Suspension 250 mg/5 ml Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    Wounds

    Indication detailsView
    Flucloxacillin is indicated for the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive organisms, including infections caused by penicillinase producing staphylococci. These indications include:
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: Boils, abscess, carbuncles, infected skin conditions (e.g. ulcer, eczema, acne, furunculosis, cellulitis, infected wounds, infected burns, otitis media and externa, impetigo).
    • Respiratory tract infections: Pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, quinsy.
    • It is also used for the treatment of other infections i.e. osteomyelitis, enteritis, endocarditis, urinary tract infection, meningitis, septicaemia caused by Flucloxacillin-sensitive organisms.
    • As a prophylactic agent, it is used during major surgical procedures where appropriate; for example, cardiothoracic and orthopedic surgery.
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    PharmacologyView
    Flucloxacillin is active against Gram-positive organisms including penicillinase producing strains. It has little activity against Gram-negative bacilli. Flucloxacillin acts by inhibiting the formation of cell wall of bacteria. Flucloxacillin is isoxazolyl penicillin which combined the properties of resistance to hydrolysis by penicillinase, gastric acid stability and activity against gram-positive bacteria. Flucloxacillin is a bactericidal antibiotic that is particularly useful against penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Flucloxacillin kills bacterial cellwall, thus interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Peptidoglycan is a heteropolymeric structure that provides the cell wall with its mechanical stability. The final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis involves the completion of the cross-linking with the terminal glycine residue of the pentaglycin bridge linking to the fourth residue of the pentapeptide (D-alanine). The transpeptidase enzyme that performs this step is inhibited by Flucloxacillin. As a result the bacterial cellwall is weakened, the cell swells and then ruptures. Flucloxacillin resists the action of bacterial penicillinase probably because of the steric hindrance induced by the acyl side chain which prevents the opening of the β- lactam ring.
    DosageView
    Oral administration:
    • Adult: 250 mg four times daily. Dosage may be doubled in severe infections. In osteomyelitis and endocarditis, up to 8 gm daily is used in 6-8 hourly divided doses.
    • Children (2-10 years): 1/2 of adult dose.
    • Children (Under 2 years): 1/4 of adult dose.
    Parenteral administration:
    Adult or Elderly:
    • Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg four times daily.
    • Intravenous Injection: 250 mg-1 g four times daily by slow injection over 3 to 4 minutes or by intravenous infusion.
    • All systemic doses may be doubled in severe infections: doses up to 8 g daily have been suggested for endocarditis or osteomyelitis.
    Children:
    • 2-10 years: half of the adult dose.
    • Under 2 years: a quarter of the adult dose.
    AdministrationView
    Oral doses should be administered 1 hour before meal.
    Side effectsView
    There have been some common side effects of gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and other minor gastrointestinal disturbances. Besides these rashes, urticaria, purpura, fever, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported.
    ContraindicationsView
    Flucloxacillin is contraindicated in penicillin hypersensitive patients.
    PrecautionsView
    Flucloxacillin should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Caution should also be exercised in the treatment of patients with an allergic diathesis.
    InteractionsView
    Concurrent use of Flucloxacillin and may result in increased level of Flucloxacillin in blood for prolonged period.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA Pregnancy Category of Flucloxacillin is B. There are, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Flucloxacillin have been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Flucloxacillin is administered to a lactating mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    In severe renal failure (creatinine clearance <10 ml/min), a reduction in dose or an extension of dose interval should be considered.
    ReconstitutionView
    Flucloxacillin has been used in other routes in conjunction with systemic therapy. It has been administered in a dose of 250 mg to 500 mg daily by intraarticular injection, dissolved if necessary in a 0.5% solution of lignocaine hydrochloride, and by intrapleural injection in a dose of 250 mg daily. Using powder for injection, 125 mg-250 mg has been dissolved in 3 ml of sterile water and inhaled by nebuliser four times daily.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cloxacin

    Cloxacillin Sodium
    Capsule 500 mg Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    UTI caused by Staphylococcus Aureus

    Indication detailsView
    গ্রাম-পজিটিভ জীবাণু দ্বারা সৃষ্ট সংক্রমণের চিকিৎসায় ক্লক্সাসিলিন নির্দেশিত। পেনিসিলিনেজ উৎপাদনক্ষম স্টেফাইলোকক্কাই জনিত সংক্রমণের চিকিৎসায়ও এটি নির্দেশিত। এ জাতীয় সংক্রমণের মধ্যে রয়েছেঃ

    স্কিন ও সফ্‌ট টিস্যু সংক্রমণ: ফোঁড়া (boils), পূজাশয় (abscess), কার্বাংকল, ফারানকুলোসিস, সেলুলাইটিস, সংক্রমিত ক্ষত (infected wounds), সংক্রমিত পোড়া (infected burns), ত্বক প্রতিস্থাপন প্রতিরক্ষা (protection for skin grafts), ত্বকের বিভিন্ন সংক্রমণ যেমন আলসার, একজিমা ও একনি।

    রেসপিরেটরী ট্র্যাক্ট, নাক, কান ও গলার সংক্রমণ: নিউমোনিয়া, ফুসফুসের পূজাশয় (lung abscess), এমপায়েমা, সাইনোসাইটিস, ফ্যারিনজাইটিস, টনসিলাইটিস, কুইনসি, অটাইটিস মিডিয়া ও এক্সটারণা।

    ক্লক্সাসিলিন-সংবেদনশীল (sensitive), জীবাণু জনিত অন্যান্য সংক্রমণ: অসটিওমায়েলাইটিস, এনটেরাইটিস, এনডোকারডাইটিস, ইউরিনারী ট্র্যাক্ট সংক্রমণ ও সেপটিসেমিয়া।
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    DosageView
    প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের প্রচলিত মাত্রা-
    খাওয়ার জন্য: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে চার বার আহারের আধা থেকে এক ঘন্টা আগে।
    ইনজেকশন হিসেবে:
    • মাংসপেশীতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ২৫০ মিগ্রা চার থেকে ছয় ঘন্টা পর পর।
    • শিরাপথে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা চার থেকে ছয় ঘন্টা পর পর। প্রয়োজনবোধে উপরোল্লিখিত মাত্রাকে দ্বিগুণ করা যেতে পারে।
    • প্লুরাল কেভিটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে এক বার। 
    • জয়েন্ট কেভিটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে এক বার।

    শিশুদের প্রচলিত মাত্রা-
    খাওয়ার জন্য: ২ থেকে ১০ বৎসর পর্যন্ত- প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক মাত্রার অর্ধেক। ২ বৎসরের নীচে- প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক মাত্রার এক-চতুর্থাংশ।
    ইনজেকশন হিসেবে:
    • মাংসপেশীতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ২৫০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ১.৫ মিলি কিংবা ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ২ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজেকশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করতে হবে।
    • শিরাপথে ইনজকেশন হিসাবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ৫-১০ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করতে হবে। এরপর এই দ্রবণকে তিন থেকে চার মিনিট ধরে ধীরে ধীরে শরীরে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন ইনজকেশনকে ইনফিউশন উপযোগী যে কোন তরলে মিশিয়ে দেয়া যায় অথবা যথাযথ ভাবে হালকা করে ড্রপি টউিবে তিন থেকে চার মিনিট ধরে ধীরে ধীরে প্রয়োগ করা যায়।
    • প্লুরাল কেভেটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ৫ থেকে ১০ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে।
    • জয়েন্টে কেভেটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে অনধকি ৫ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি অথবা ০.৫% লিগনোকেইন হাইড্রোক্লোরাইড দ্রবণ মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে।
    Side effectsView
    ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর পার্শ্ব-প্রতিক্রিয়া অন্যান্য পেনিসিলিনের মতই। এগুলো সাধারণতঃ মৃদু ও ক্ষণস্থায়ী হয়ে থাকে। এই সমস্ত পার্শ্ব-প্রতিক্রিয়ার মধ্যে রয়েছে জ্বর, ডায়রিয়া, অজীর্ণ (indigestion), র‍্যাশ-আরটিকারিয়েল অথবা ইরিথিমেটাস জাতীয়। যে কোন ধরণের র‍্যাশে রোগীকে এ ওষুধ দেয়া বন্ধ করতে হবে।
    ContraindicationsView

    পেনিসিলিনে অতি-সংবেদনশীল (hypersensitive) রোগীদের ক্ষেত্রে ক্লক্সাসিলিন প্রয়োগ নিষিদ্ধ।

    PrecautionsView
    যে সব রোগীর এলার্জির পূর্ব ইতিহাস আছে তাদের বেলায় ক্লক্সাসিলিন সতর্কতার সাথে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন সাব-কনজাংটিভাল ইনজেকশন হিসেবে অথবা চোখের ড্রপস হিসেবে দেয়া যাবে না।

    ক্লক্সাসিলিন সিরাপ ও ড্রপস ব্যবহরের আগে তাৎক্ষনিকভাবে তৈরী করে ঠাণ্ডা স্থানে (সম্ভব হলে রেফ্রিজারেটরে) রাখতে হবে। সংমিশ্রিত সিরাপ ও ড্রপস সাধারণ তাপমাত্রায় রাখলে পাঁচ দিনের মধ্যে অথবা রেফ্রিজারেটরে রাখলে সাত দিনের মধ্যে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। মাংসপেশীতে বা শিরাপথে প্রয়োগের জন্য প্রস্তুতকৃত ক্লক্সাসিলিন দ্রবণ তৈরীর ৩০ মিনিটের মধ্যে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। অবশ্য ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর জলীয় দ্রবণ স্বাভাবিক তাপমাত্রায় (২৫° সেঃ) অনধিক ২৪ ঘন্টা পর্যন্ত কার্যকর থাকে।

    শিরাপথের প্রয়োগোপযোগী অধিকাংশ তরলের সাথেই ক্লক্সাসিলিন মেশানো যায়। তবে কখনোই আমিষ জাতীয় তরল (যেমন প্রোটিন হাইড্রোলাইসেটস) এর সাথে মেশানো যাবে না।
    StorageView
    ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর সকল ডোসেজ ফরমকে ঠান্ডা ও শুকনো স্থানে রাখতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন ইনজেকশন ভায়ালকে অনধিক ২৫° সেঃ তাপমাত্রায় সংরক্ষণ করুন।

    Cloxacin

    Cloxacillin Sodium
    Powder for Suspension 125 mg/5 ml Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    UTI caused by Staphylococcus Aureus

    Indication detailsView
    গ্রাম-পজিটিভ জীবাণু দ্বারা সৃষ্ট সংক্রমণের চিকিৎসায় ক্লক্সাসিলিন নির্দেশিত। পেনিসিলিনেজ উৎপাদনক্ষম স্টেফাইলোকক্কাই জনিত সংক্রমণের চিকিৎসায়ও এটি নির্দেশিত। এ জাতীয় সংক্রমণের মধ্যে রয়েছেঃ

    স্কিন ও সফ্‌ট টিস্যু সংক্রমণ: ফোঁড়া (boils), পূজাশয় (abscess), কার্বাংকল, ফারানকুলোসিস, সেলুলাইটিস, সংক্রমিত ক্ষত (infected wounds), সংক্রমিত পোড়া (infected burns), ত্বক প্রতিস্থাপন প্রতিরক্ষা (protection for skin grafts), ত্বকের বিভিন্ন সংক্রমণ যেমন আলসার, একজিমা ও একনি।

    রেসপিরেটরী ট্র্যাক্ট, নাক, কান ও গলার সংক্রমণ: নিউমোনিয়া, ফুসফুসের পূজাশয় (lung abscess), এমপায়েমা, সাইনোসাইটিস, ফ্যারিনজাইটিস, টনসিলাইটিস, কুইনসি, অটাইটিস মিডিয়া ও এক্সটারণা।

    ক্লক্সাসিলিন-সংবেদনশীল (sensitive), জীবাণু জনিত অন্যান্য সংক্রমণ: অসটিওমায়েলাইটিস, এনটেরাইটিস, এনডোকারডাইটিস, ইউরিনারী ট্র্যাক্ট সংক্রমণ ও সেপটিসেমিয়া।
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    DosageView
    প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের প্রচলিত মাত্রা-
    খাওয়ার জন্য: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে চার বার আহারের আধা থেকে এক ঘন্টা আগে।
    ইনজেকশন হিসেবে:
    • মাংসপেশীতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ২৫০ মিগ্রা চার থেকে ছয় ঘন্টা পর পর।
    • শিরাপথে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা চার থেকে ছয় ঘন্টা পর পর। প্রয়োজনবোধে উপরোল্লিখিত মাত্রাকে দ্বিগুণ করা যেতে পারে।
    • প্লুরাল কেভিটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে এক বার। 
    • জয়েন্ট কেভিটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে এক বার।

    শিশুদের প্রচলিত মাত্রা-
    খাওয়ার জন্য: ২ থেকে ১০ বৎসর পর্যন্ত- প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক মাত্রার অর্ধেক। ২ বৎসরের নীচে- প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক মাত্রার এক-চতুর্থাংশ।
    ইনজেকশন হিসেবে:
    • মাংসপেশীতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ২৫০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ১.৫ মিলি কিংবা ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ২ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজেকশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করতে হবে।
    • শিরাপথে ইনজকেশন হিসাবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ৫-১০ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করতে হবে। এরপর এই দ্রবণকে তিন থেকে চার মিনিট ধরে ধীরে ধীরে শরীরে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন ইনজকেশনকে ইনফিউশন উপযোগী যে কোন তরলে মিশিয়ে দেয়া যায় অথবা যথাযথ ভাবে হালকা করে ড্রপি টউিবে তিন থেকে চার মিনিট ধরে ধীরে ধীরে প্রয়োগ করা যায়।
    • প্লুরাল কেভেটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ৫ থেকে ১০ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে।
    • জয়েন্টে কেভেটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে অনধকি ৫ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি অথবা ০.৫% লিগনোকেইন হাইড্রোক্লোরাইড দ্রবণ মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে।
    Side effectsView
    ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর পার্শ্ব-প্রতিক্রিয়া অন্যান্য পেনিসিলিনের মতই। এগুলো সাধারণতঃ মৃদু ও ক্ষণস্থায়ী হয়ে থাকে। এই সমস্ত পার্শ্ব-প্রতিক্রিয়ার মধ্যে রয়েছে জ্বর, ডায়রিয়া, অজীর্ণ (indigestion), র‍্যাশ-আরটিকারিয়েল অথবা ইরিথিমেটাস জাতীয়। যে কোন ধরণের র‍্যাশে রোগীকে এ ওষুধ দেয়া বন্ধ করতে হবে।
    ContraindicationsView

    পেনিসিলিনে অতি-সংবেদনশীল (hypersensitive) রোগীদের ক্ষেত্রে ক্লক্সাসিলিন প্রয়োগ নিষিদ্ধ।

    PrecautionsView
    যে সব রোগীর এলার্জির পূর্ব ইতিহাস আছে তাদের বেলায় ক্লক্সাসিলিন সতর্কতার সাথে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন সাব-কনজাংটিভাল ইনজেকশন হিসেবে অথবা চোখের ড্রপস হিসেবে দেয়া যাবে না।

    ক্লক্সাসিলিন সিরাপ ও ড্রপস ব্যবহরের আগে তাৎক্ষনিকভাবে তৈরী করে ঠাণ্ডা স্থানে (সম্ভব হলে রেফ্রিজারেটরে) রাখতে হবে। সংমিশ্রিত সিরাপ ও ড্রপস সাধারণ তাপমাত্রায় রাখলে পাঁচ দিনের মধ্যে অথবা রেফ্রিজারেটরে রাখলে সাত দিনের মধ্যে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। মাংসপেশীতে বা শিরাপথে প্রয়োগের জন্য প্রস্তুতকৃত ক্লক্সাসিলিন দ্রবণ তৈরীর ৩০ মিনিটের মধ্যে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। অবশ্য ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর জলীয় দ্রবণ স্বাভাবিক তাপমাত্রায় (২৫° সেঃ) অনধিক ২৪ ঘন্টা পর্যন্ত কার্যকর থাকে।

    শিরাপথের প্রয়োগোপযোগী অধিকাংশ তরলের সাথেই ক্লক্সাসিলিন মেশানো যায়। তবে কখনোই আমিষ জাতীয় তরল (যেমন প্রোটিন হাইড্রোলাইসেটস) এর সাথে মেশানো যাবে না।
    StorageView
    ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর সকল ডোসেজ ফরমকে ঠান্ডা ও শুকনো স্থানে রাখতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন ইনজেকশন ভায়ালকে অনধিক ২৫° সেঃ তাপমাত্রায় সংরক্ষণ করুন।

    Cloxafu

    Flucloxacillin Sodium
    Capsule 250 mg Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    Wounds

    Indication detailsView
    Flucloxacillin is indicated for the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive organisms, including infections caused by penicillinase producing staphylococci. These indications include:
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: Boils, abscess, carbuncles, infected skin conditions (e.g. ulcer, eczema, acne, furunculosis, cellulitis, infected wounds, infected burns, otitis media and externa, impetigo).
    • Respiratory tract infections: Pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, quinsy.
    • It is also used for the treatment of other infections i.e. osteomyelitis, enteritis, endocarditis, urinary tract infection, meningitis, septicaemia caused by Flucloxacillin-sensitive organisms.
    • As a prophylactic agent, it is used during major surgical procedures where appropriate; for example, cardiothoracic and orthopedic surgery.
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    PharmacologyView
    Flucloxacillin is active against Gram-positive organisms including penicillinase producing strains. It has little activity against Gram-negative bacilli. Flucloxacillin acts by inhibiting the formation of cell wall of bacteria. Flucloxacillin is isoxazolyl penicillin which combined the properties of resistance to hydrolysis by penicillinase, gastric acid stability and activity against gram-positive bacteria. Flucloxacillin is a bactericidal antibiotic that is particularly useful against penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Flucloxacillin kills bacterial cellwall, thus interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Peptidoglycan is a heteropolymeric structure that provides the cell wall with its mechanical stability. The final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis involves the completion of the cross-linking with the terminal glycine residue of the pentaglycin bridge linking to the fourth residue of the pentapeptide (D-alanine). The transpeptidase enzyme that performs this step is inhibited by Flucloxacillin. As a result the bacterial cellwall is weakened, the cell swells and then ruptures. Flucloxacillin resists the action of bacterial penicillinase probably because of the steric hindrance induced by the acyl side chain which prevents the opening of the β- lactam ring.
    DosageView
    Oral administration:
    • Adult: 250 mg four times daily. Dosage may be doubled in severe infections. In osteomyelitis and endocarditis, up to 8 gm daily is used in 6-8 hourly divided doses.
    • Children (2-10 years): 1/2 of adult dose.
    • Children (Under 2 years): 1/4 of adult dose.
    Parenteral administration:
    Adult or Elderly:
    • Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg four times daily.
    • Intravenous Injection: 250 mg-1 g four times daily by slow injection over 3 to 4 minutes or by intravenous infusion.
    • All systemic doses may be doubled in severe infections: doses up to 8 g daily have been suggested for endocarditis or osteomyelitis.
    Children:
    • 2-10 years: half of the adult dose.
    • Under 2 years: a quarter of the adult dose.
    AdministrationView
    Oral doses should be administered 1 hour before meal.
    Side effectsView
    There have been some common side effects of gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and other minor gastrointestinal disturbances. Besides these rashes, urticaria, purpura, fever, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported.
    ContraindicationsView
    Flucloxacillin is contraindicated in penicillin hypersensitive patients.
    PrecautionsView
    Flucloxacillin should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Caution should also be exercised in the treatment of patients with an allergic diathesis.
    InteractionsView
    Concurrent use of Flucloxacillin and may result in increased level of Flucloxacillin in blood for prolonged period.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA Pregnancy Category of Flucloxacillin is B. There are, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Flucloxacillin have been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Flucloxacillin is administered to a lactating mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    In severe renal failure (creatinine clearance <10 ml/min), a reduction in dose or an extension of dose interval should be considered.
    ReconstitutionView
    Flucloxacillin has been used in other routes in conjunction with systemic therapy. It has been administered in a dose of 250 mg to 500 mg daily by intraarticular injection, dissolved if necessary in a 0.5% solution of lignocaine hydrochloride, and by intrapleural injection in a dose of 250 mg daily. Using powder for injection, 125 mg-250 mg has been dissolved in 3 ml of sterile water and inhaled by nebuliser four times daily.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cloxafu

    Flucloxacillin Sodium
    Capsule 500 mg Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    Wounds

    Indication detailsView
    Flucloxacillin is indicated for the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive organisms, including infections caused by penicillinase producing staphylococci. These indications include:
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: Boils, abscess, carbuncles, infected skin conditions (e.g. ulcer, eczema, acne, furunculosis, cellulitis, infected wounds, infected burns, otitis media and externa, impetigo).
    • Respiratory tract infections: Pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, quinsy.
    • It is also used for the treatment of other infections i.e. osteomyelitis, enteritis, endocarditis, urinary tract infection, meningitis, septicaemia caused by Flucloxacillin-sensitive organisms.
    • As a prophylactic agent, it is used during major surgical procedures where appropriate; for example, cardiothoracic and orthopedic surgery.
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    PharmacologyView
    Flucloxacillin is active against Gram-positive organisms including penicillinase producing strains. It has little activity against Gram-negative bacilli. Flucloxacillin acts by inhibiting the formation of cell wall of bacteria. Flucloxacillin is isoxazolyl penicillin which combined the properties of resistance to hydrolysis by penicillinase, gastric acid stability and activity against gram-positive bacteria. Flucloxacillin is a bactericidal antibiotic that is particularly useful against penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Flucloxacillin kills bacterial cellwall, thus interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Peptidoglycan is a heteropolymeric structure that provides the cell wall with its mechanical stability. The final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis involves the completion of the cross-linking with the terminal glycine residue of the pentaglycin bridge linking to the fourth residue of the pentapeptide (D-alanine). The transpeptidase enzyme that performs this step is inhibited by Flucloxacillin. As a result the bacterial cellwall is weakened, the cell swells and then ruptures. Flucloxacillin resists the action of bacterial penicillinase probably because of the steric hindrance induced by the acyl side chain which prevents the opening of the β- lactam ring.
    DosageView
    Oral administration:
    • Adult: 250 mg four times daily. Dosage may be doubled in severe infections. In osteomyelitis and endocarditis, up to 8 gm daily is used in 6-8 hourly divided doses.
    • Children (2-10 years): 1/2 of adult dose.
    • Children (Under 2 years): 1/4 of adult dose.
    Parenteral administration:
    Adult or Elderly:
    • Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg four times daily.
    • Intravenous Injection: 250 mg-1 g four times daily by slow injection over 3 to 4 minutes or by intravenous infusion.
    • All systemic doses may be doubled in severe infections: doses up to 8 g daily have been suggested for endocarditis or osteomyelitis.
    Children:
    • 2-10 years: half of the adult dose.
    • Under 2 years: a quarter of the adult dose.
    AdministrationView
    Oral doses should be administered 1 hour before meal.
    Side effectsView
    There have been some common side effects of gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and other minor gastrointestinal disturbances. Besides these rashes, urticaria, purpura, fever, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported.
    ContraindicationsView
    Flucloxacillin is contraindicated in penicillin hypersensitive patients.
    PrecautionsView
    Flucloxacillin should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Caution should also be exercised in the treatment of patients with an allergic diathesis.
    InteractionsView
    Concurrent use of Flucloxacillin and may result in increased level of Flucloxacillin in blood for prolonged period.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA Pregnancy Category of Flucloxacillin is B. There are, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Flucloxacillin have been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Flucloxacillin is administered to a lactating mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    In severe renal failure (creatinine clearance <10 ml/min), a reduction in dose or an extension of dose interval should be considered.
    ReconstitutionView
    Flucloxacillin has been used in other routes in conjunction with systemic therapy. It has been administered in a dose of 250 mg to 500 mg daily by intraarticular injection, dissolved if necessary in a 0.5% solution of lignocaine hydrochloride, and by intrapleural injection in a dose of 250 mg daily. Using powder for injection, 125 mg-250 mg has been dissolved in 3 ml of sterile water and inhaled by nebuliser four times daily.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cloxakil

    Flucloxacillin Sodium
    Capsule 500 mg Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    Wounds

    Indication detailsView
    Flucloxacillin is indicated for the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive organisms, including infections caused by penicillinase producing staphylococci. These indications include:
    • Skin and soft tissue infections: Boils, abscess, carbuncles, infected skin conditions (e.g. ulcer, eczema, acne, furunculosis, cellulitis, infected wounds, infected burns, otitis media and externa, impetigo).
    • Respiratory tract infections: Pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, quinsy.
    • It is also used for the treatment of other infections i.e. osteomyelitis, enteritis, endocarditis, urinary tract infection, meningitis, septicaemia caused by Flucloxacillin-sensitive organisms.
    • As a prophylactic agent, it is used during major surgical procedures where appropriate; for example, cardiothoracic and orthopedic surgery.
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    PharmacologyView
    Flucloxacillin is active against Gram-positive organisms including penicillinase producing strains. It has little activity against Gram-negative bacilli. Flucloxacillin acts by inhibiting the formation of cell wall of bacteria. Flucloxacillin is isoxazolyl penicillin which combined the properties of resistance to hydrolysis by penicillinase, gastric acid stability and activity against gram-positive bacteria. Flucloxacillin is a bactericidal antibiotic that is particularly useful against penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Flucloxacillin kills bacterial cellwall, thus interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis. Peptidoglycan is a heteropolymeric structure that provides the cell wall with its mechanical stability. The final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis involves the completion of the cross-linking with the terminal glycine residue of the pentaglycin bridge linking to the fourth residue of the pentapeptide (D-alanine). The transpeptidase enzyme that performs this step is inhibited by Flucloxacillin. As a result the bacterial cellwall is weakened, the cell swells and then ruptures. Flucloxacillin resists the action of bacterial penicillinase probably because of the steric hindrance induced by the acyl side chain which prevents the opening of the β- lactam ring.
    DosageView
    Oral administration:
    • Adult: 250 mg four times daily. Dosage may be doubled in severe infections. In osteomyelitis and endocarditis, up to 8 gm daily is used in 6-8 hourly divided doses.
    • Children (2-10 years): 1/2 of adult dose.
    • Children (Under 2 years): 1/4 of adult dose.
    Parenteral administration:
    Adult or Elderly:
    • Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg four times daily.
    • Intravenous Injection: 250 mg-1 g four times daily by slow injection over 3 to 4 minutes or by intravenous infusion.
    • All systemic doses may be doubled in severe infections: doses up to 8 g daily have been suggested for endocarditis or osteomyelitis.
    Children:
    • 2-10 years: half of the adult dose.
    • Under 2 years: a quarter of the adult dose.
    AdministrationView
    Oral doses should be administered 1 hour before meal.
    Side effectsView
    There have been some common side effects of gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dyspepsia and other minor gastrointestinal disturbances. Besides these rashes, urticaria, purpura, fever, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported.
    ContraindicationsView
    Flucloxacillin is contraindicated in penicillin hypersensitive patients.
    PrecautionsView
    Flucloxacillin should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Caution should also be exercised in the treatment of patients with an allergic diathesis.
    InteractionsView
    Concurrent use of Flucloxacillin and may result in increased level of Flucloxacillin in blood for prolonged period.
    Pregnancy & lactationView
    US FDA Pregnancy Category of Flucloxacillin is B. There are, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Flucloxacillin have been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Flucloxacillin is administered to a lactating mother.
    Pediatric usageView
    In severe renal failure (creatinine clearance <10 ml/min), a reduction in dose or an extension of dose interval should be considered.
    ReconstitutionView
    Flucloxacillin has been used in other routes in conjunction with systemic therapy. It has been administered in a dose of 250 mg to 500 mg daily by intraarticular injection, dissolved if necessary in a 0.5% solution of lignocaine hydrochloride, and by intrapleural injection in a dose of 250 mg daily. Using powder for injection, 125 mg-250 mg has been dissolved in 3 ml of sterile water and inhaled by nebuliser four times daily.
    StorageView
    Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.

    Cloxil

    Cloxacillin Sodium
    Powder for Suspension 125 mg/5 ml Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    UTI caused by Staphylococcus Aureus

    Indication detailsView
    গ্রাম-পজিটিভ জীবাণু দ্বারা সৃষ্ট সংক্রমণের চিকিৎসায় ক্লক্সাসিলিন নির্দেশিত। পেনিসিলিনেজ উৎপাদনক্ষম স্টেফাইলোকক্কাই জনিত সংক্রমণের চিকিৎসায়ও এটি নির্দেশিত। এ জাতীয় সংক্রমণের মধ্যে রয়েছেঃ

    স্কিন ও সফ্‌ট টিস্যু সংক্রমণ: ফোঁড়া (boils), পূজাশয় (abscess), কার্বাংকল, ফারানকুলোসিস, সেলুলাইটিস, সংক্রমিত ক্ষত (infected wounds), সংক্রমিত পোড়া (infected burns), ত্বক প্রতিস্থাপন প্রতিরক্ষা (protection for skin grafts), ত্বকের বিভিন্ন সংক্রমণ যেমন আলসার, একজিমা ও একনি।

    রেসপিরেটরী ট্র্যাক্ট, নাক, কান ও গলার সংক্রমণ: নিউমোনিয়া, ফুসফুসের পূজাশয় (lung abscess), এমপায়েমা, সাইনোসাইটিস, ফ্যারিনজাইটিস, টনসিলাইটিস, কুইনসি, অটাইটিস মিডিয়া ও এক্সটারণা।

    ক্লক্সাসিলিন-সংবেদনশীল (sensitive), জীবাণু জনিত অন্যান্য সংক্রমণ: অসটিওমায়েলাইটিস, এনটেরাইটিস, এনডোকারডাইটিস, ইউরিনারী ট্র্যাক্ট সংক্রমণ ও সেপটিসেমিয়া।
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    DosageView
    প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের প্রচলিত মাত্রা-
    খাওয়ার জন্য: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে চার বার আহারের আধা থেকে এক ঘন্টা আগে।
    ইনজেকশন হিসেবে:
    • মাংসপেশীতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ২৫০ মিগ্রা চার থেকে ছয় ঘন্টা পর পর।
    • শিরাপথে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা চার থেকে ছয় ঘন্টা পর পর। প্রয়োজনবোধে উপরোল্লিখিত মাত্রাকে দ্বিগুণ করা যেতে পারে।
    • প্লুরাল কেভিটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে এক বার। 
    • জয়েন্ট কেভিটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে এক বার।

    শিশুদের প্রচলিত মাত্রা-
    খাওয়ার জন্য: ২ থেকে ১০ বৎসর পর্যন্ত- প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক মাত্রার অর্ধেক। ২ বৎসরের নীচে- প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক মাত্রার এক-চতুর্থাংশ।
    ইনজেকশন হিসেবে:
    • মাংসপেশীতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ২৫০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ১.৫ মিলি কিংবা ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ২ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজেকশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করতে হবে।
    • শিরাপথে ইনজকেশন হিসাবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ৫-১০ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করতে হবে। এরপর এই দ্রবণকে তিন থেকে চার মিনিট ধরে ধীরে ধীরে শরীরে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন ইনজকেশনকে ইনফিউশন উপযোগী যে কোন তরলে মিশিয়ে দেয়া যায় অথবা যথাযথ ভাবে হালকা করে ড্রপি টউিবে তিন থেকে চার মিনিট ধরে ধীরে ধীরে প্রয়োগ করা যায়।
    • প্লুরাল কেভেটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ৫ থেকে ১০ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে।
    • জয়েন্টে কেভেটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে অনধকি ৫ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি অথবা ০.৫% লিগনোকেইন হাইড্রোক্লোরাইড দ্রবণ মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে।
    Side effectsView
    ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর পার্শ্ব-প্রতিক্রিয়া অন্যান্য পেনিসিলিনের মতই। এগুলো সাধারণতঃ মৃদু ও ক্ষণস্থায়ী হয়ে থাকে। এই সমস্ত পার্শ্ব-প্রতিক্রিয়ার মধ্যে রয়েছে জ্বর, ডায়রিয়া, অজীর্ণ (indigestion), র‍্যাশ-আরটিকারিয়েল অথবা ইরিথিমেটাস জাতীয়। যে কোন ধরণের র‍্যাশে রোগীকে এ ওষুধ দেয়া বন্ধ করতে হবে।
    ContraindicationsView

    পেনিসিলিনে অতি-সংবেদনশীল (hypersensitive) রোগীদের ক্ষেত্রে ক্লক্সাসিলিন প্রয়োগ নিষিদ্ধ।

    PrecautionsView
    যে সব রোগীর এলার্জির পূর্ব ইতিহাস আছে তাদের বেলায় ক্লক্সাসিলিন সতর্কতার সাথে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন সাব-কনজাংটিভাল ইনজেকশন হিসেবে অথবা চোখের ড্রপস হিসেবে দেয়া যাবে না।

    ক্লক্সাসিলিন সিরাপ ও ড্রপস ব্যবহরের আগে তাৎক্ষনিকভাবে তৈরী করে ঠাণ্ডা স্থানে (সম্ভব হলে রেফ্রিজারেটরে) রাখতে হবে। সংমিশ্রিত সিরাপ ও ড্রপস সাধারণ তাপমাত্রায় রাখলে পাঁচ দিনের মধ্যে অথবা রেফ্রিজারেটরে রাখলে সাত দিনের মধ্যে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। মাংসপেশীতে বা শিরাপথে প্রয়োগের জন্য প্রস্তুতকৃত ক্লক্সাসিলিন দ্রবণ তৈরীর ৩০ মিনিটের মধ্যে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। অবশ্য ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর জলীয় দ্রবণ স্বাভাবিক তাপমাত্রায় (২৫° সেঃ) অনধিক ২৪ ঘন্টা পর্যন্ত কার্যকর থাকে।

    শিরাপথের প্রয়োগোপযোগী অধিকাংশ তরলের সাথেই ক্লক্সাসিলিন মেশানো যায়। তবে কখনোই আমিষ জাতীয় তরল (যেমন প্রোটিন হাইড্রোলাইসেটস) এর সাথে মেশানো যাবে না।
    StorageView
    ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর সকল ডোসেজ ফরমকে ঠান্ডা ও শুকনো স্থানে রাখতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন ইনজেকশন ভায়ালকে অনধিক ২৫° সেঃ তাপমাত্রায় সংরক্ষণ করুন।

    Cloxil

    Cloxacillin Sodium
    Capsule 500 mg Allopathic Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

    Indications

    UTI caused by Staphylococcus Aureus

    Indication detailsView
    গ্রাম-পজিটিভ জীবাণু দ্বারা সৃষ্ট সংক্রমণের চিকিৎসায় ক্লক্সাসিলিন নির্দেশিত। পেনিসিলিনেজ উৎপাদনক্ষম স্টেফাইলোকক্কাই জনিত সংক্রমণের চিকিৎসায়ও এটি নির্দেশিত। এ জাতীয় সংক্রমণের মধ্যে রয়েছেঃ

    স্কিন ও সফ্‌ট টিস্যু সংক্রমণ: ফোঁড়া (boils), পূজাশয় (abscess), কার্বাংকল, ফারানকুলোসিস, সেলুলাইটিস, সংক্রমিত ক্ষত (infected wounds), সংক্রমিত পোড়া (infected burns), ত্বক প্রতিস্থাপন প্রতিরক্ষা (protection for skin grafts), ত্বকের বিভিন্ন সংক্রমণ যেমন আলসার, একজিমা ও একনি।

    রেসপিরেটরী ট্র্যাক্ট, নাক, কান ও গলার সংক্রমণ: নিউমোনিয়া, ফুসফুসের পূজাশয় (lung abscess), এমপায়েমা, সাইনোসাইটিস, ফ্যারিনজাইটিস, টনসিলাইটিস, কুইনসি, অটাইটিস মিডিয়া ও এক্সটারণা।

    ক্লক্সাসিলিন-সংবেদনশীল (sensitive), জীবাণু জনিত অন্যান্য সংক্রমণ: অসটিওমায়েলাইটিস, এনটেরাইটিস, এনডোকারডাইটিস, ইউরিনারী ট্র্যাক্ট সংক্রমণ ও সেপটিসেমিয়া।
    Therapeutic classView
    Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
    DosageView
    প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের প্রচলিত মাত্রা-
    খাওয়ার জন্য: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে চার বার আহারের আধা থেকে এক ঘন্টা আগে।
    ইনজেকশন হিসেবে:
    • মাংসপেশীতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ২৫০ মিগ্রা চার থেকে ছয় ঘন্টা পর পর।
    • শিরাপথে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা চার থেকে ছয় ঘন্টা পর পর। প্রয়োজনবোধে উপরোল্লিখিত মাত্রাকে দ্বিগুণ করা যেতে পারে।
    • প্লুরাল কেভিটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে এক বার। 
    • জয়েন্ট কেভিটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা দিনে এক বার।

    শিশুদের প্রচলিত মাত্রা-
    খাওয়ার জন্য: ২ থেকে ১০ বৎসর পর্যন্ত- প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক মাত্রার অর্ধেক। ২ বৎসরের নীচে- প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক মাত্রার এক-চতুর্থাংশ।
    ইনজেকশন হিসেবে:
    • মাংসপেশীতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ২৫০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ১.৫ মিলি কিংবা ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ২ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজেকশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করতে হবে।
    • শিরাপথে ইনজকেশন হিসাবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ৫-১০ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করতে হবে। এরপর এই দ্রবণকে তিন থেকে চার মিনিট ধরে ধীরে ধীরে শরীরে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন ইনজকেশনকে ইনফিউশন উপযোগী যে কোন তরলে মিশিয়ে দেয়া যায় অথবা যথাযথ ভাবে হালকা করে ড্রপি টউিবে তিন থেকে চার মিনিট ধরে ধীরে ধীরে প্রয়োগ করা যায়।
    • প্লুরাল কেভেটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে ৫ থেকে ১০ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে।
    • জয়েন্টে কেভেটিতে ইনজেকশন হিসেবে: ৫০০ মিগ্রা এর সাথে অনধকি ৫ মিলি ওয়াটার ফর ইনজকেশন বিপি অথবা ০.৫% লিগনোকেইন হাইড্রোক্লোরাইড দ্রবণ মিশিয়ে দ্রবীভূত করে প্রয়োগ করতে হবে।
    Side effectsView
    ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর পার্শ্ব-প্রতিক্রিয়া অন্যান্য পেনিসিলিনের মতই। এগুলো সাধারণতঃ মৃদু ও ক্ষণস্থায়ী হয়ে থাকে। এই সমস্ত পার্শ্ব-প্রতিক্রিয়ার মধ্যে রয়েছে জ্বর, ডায়রিয়া, অজীর্ণ (indigestion), র‍্যাশ-আরটিকারিয়েল অথবা ইরিথিমেটাস জাতীয়। যে কোন ধরণের র‍্যাশে রোগীকে এ ওষুধ দেয়া বন্ধ করতে হবে।
    ContraindicationsView

    পেনিসিলিনে অতি-সংবেদনশীল (hypersensitive) রোগীদের ক্ষেত্রে ক্লক্সাসিলিন প্রয়োগ নিষিদ্ধ।

    PrecautionsView
    যে সব রোগীর এলার্জির পূর্ব ইতিহাস আছে তাদের বেলায় ক্লক্সাসিলিন সতর্কতার সাথে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন সাব-কনজাংটিভাল ইনজেকশন হিসেবে অথবা চোখের ড্রপস হিসেবে দেয়া যাবে না।

    ক্লক্সাসিলিন সিরাপ ও ড্রপস ব্যবহরের আগে তাৎক্ষনিকভাবে তৈরী করে ঠাণ্ডা স্থানে (সম্ভব হলে রেফ্রিজারেটরে) রাখতে হবে। সংমিশ্রিত সিরাপ ও ড্রপস সাধারণ তাপমাত্রায় রাখলে পাঁচ দিনের মধ্যে অথবা রেফ্রিজারেটরে রাখলে সাত দিনের মধ্যে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। মাংসপেশীতে বা শিরাপথে প্রয়োগের জন্য প্রস্তুতকৃত ক্লক্সাসিলিন দ্রবণ তৈরীর ৩০ মিনিটের মধ্যে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। অবশ্য ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর জলীয় দ্রবণ স্বাভাবিক তাপমাত্রায় (২৫° সেঃ) অনধিক ২৪ ঘন্টা পর্যন্ত কার্যকর থাকে।

    শিরাপথের প্রয়োগোপযোগী অধিকাংশ তরলের সাথেই ক্লক্সাসিলিন মেশানো যায়। তবে কখনোই আমিষ জাতীয় তরল (যেমন প্রোটিন হাইড্রোলাইসেটস) এর সাথে মেশানো যাবে না।
    StorageView
    ক্লক্সাসিলিন এর সকল ডোসেজ ফরমকে ঠান্ডা ও শুকনো স্থানে রাখতে হবে। ক্লক্সাসিলিন ইনজেকশন ভায়ালকে অনধিক ২৫° সেঃ তাপমাত্রায় সংরক্ষণ করুন।