Medicines
Find Medicines
Search 21,000+ medicines by brand, generic, indication, or drug class
Clindax
Clindamycin
Clindax
Clindamycin
Indications
Toxic shock syndrome
Indication detailsView
Clindamycin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of the following infections when caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria or susceptible strains of gram positive bacteria such as Streptococci, Staphylococci and Pneumococci; Upper respiratory infections, Lower respiratory infections, Skin and soft tissue infections, Bone and joint infections, Pelvic infections, Intra-abdominal infections, Septicemia and endocarditis, Dental infections. As an alternative therapy when used in combination with quinine or amodiaquine for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciporum infection.
Therapeutic classView
Macrolides
DosageView
Dosage of Clindamycin Capsule:
Several researches has found that Clindamycin 300 mg capsule provides plasma concentration over MIC90 for more than 12 hours. This finding supports the twice-daily dosing of Clindacin 300 mg capsule, particularly in SSTIs & RTIs. However, in case of bone & joint infections, diabetic foot infections dose of Clindamycin should be 300 mg capsule 3-4 times daily.
Dosage of Clindamycin Powder for oral solution:
Dosage of Clindamycin IV/IM Injection:
Adults-
Pediatric patients (1 month of age to 16 years):
- Serious Infections: 150 mg-300 mg every six hours.
- More severe infections: 300 mg-450 mg every six hours.
Several researches has found that Clindamycin 300 mg capsule provides plasma concentration over MIC90 for more than 12 hours. This finding supports the twice-daily dosing of Clindacin 300 mg capsule, particularly in SSTIs & RTIs. However, in case of bone & joint infections, diabetic foot infections dose of Clindamycin should be 300 mg capsule 3-4 times daily.
Dosage of Clindamycin Powder for oral solution:
- Serious infections: 8-12 mg/kg/day divided into 3 or 4 equal doses.
- Severe infections: 13-16 mg/kg/day divided into 3 or 4 equal doses.
- More severe infections: 17-25 mg/kg/day divided into 3 or 4 equal doses.
Dosage of Clindamycin IV/IM Injection:
Adults-
- Serious infections due to aerobic gram-positive cocci and the more susceptible anaerobes: 600-1200 mg/day in 2- 4 equal doses.
- More severe infections: 1200-2700 mg/day in 2-4 equal doses.
- For more serious infections: these doses may have to be increased. In life-threatening situations due to either aerobes or anaerobes, these doses may be increased.
- Doses of as much as 4800 mg daily have been given intravenously to adults. Single intramuscular injections of greater than 600 mg are not recommended.
Pediatric patients (1 month of age to 16 years):
- 20 to 40 mg/kg/day in 3 or 4 equal doses. The higher doses would be used for more severe infections.
- Parenteral therapy may be changed to Capsules (clindamycin hydrochloride) when the condition warrants and at the discretion of the physician.
- In cases of (3-hemolytic streptococcal infections, treatment should be continued for at least 10 days.
Side effectsView
The adverse effects have been reported with the use of clindamycin are- abdominal pain, oesophagitis and oesophagial ulcer, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, pruritus, skin rashes, urticaria.
ContraindicationsView
Clindamycin is contraindicated in patients previously found to be sensitive to clindamycin or any of the ingredients of this medicine.
PrecautionsView
Clindamycin should be prescribed with caution in individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis.
InteractionsView
Clindamycin enhances the action of other neuromuscular blocking agents. Therefore, it should be used with caution in patients receiving such agents. Antagonism has been demonstrated between clindamycin and erythromycin in vitro. Because of possible clinical significance, these two drugs should not be administered concurrently.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category B. Clindamycin crosses the placenta in humans. After multiple doses, amniotic fluid concentrations were approximately 30% of maternal concentrations. Clindamycin should be used in pregnancy only if clearly needed. Clindamycin has been reported to appear in breast milk. Therefore, it is not recommended for nursing mothers if not clearly needed.
Pediatric usageView
Use in newborns and infants: When Clindamycin is administered to newborns and infants (birth to 16 years), appropriate monitoring of organ system functions is desirable.
Geriatric use: Dose adjustment of Clindamycin is not necessary.
Geriatric use: Dose adjustment of Clindamycin is not necessary.
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage with orally administered clindamycin has been rare. Adverse reactions similar to those seen with normal doses can be expected, however, unexpected reactions could occur. Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not effective in removing clindamycin from the serum. Overdosage should be treated with simple gastric lavage. No specific antidote is known.
ReconstitutionView
Direction for reconstitution (powder for oral solution): Shake the bottle well to loosen the powder. Add 80 ml of boiled and cooled water to the dry mixture in the bottle. For ease of preparation, add water to the bottle in two proportions. Shake well after each addition until all the powder is in solution. Keep the bottle tightly closed. The reconstituted solution should be used within 2 weeks if kept at room temperature.
Dilution of Clindamycin injection for intravenous use: Clindamycin phosphate must be diluted prior to IV administration. The concentration of clindamycin in diluent for infusion should not exceed 18 mg per ml. Infusion rates should not exceed 30 mg per minute.
Physico-Chemical Stability of diluted solutions of Clindacin Injection-
Dilution of Clindamycin injection for intravenous use: Clindamycin phosphate must be diluted prior to IV administration. The concentration of clindamycin in diluent for infusion should not exceed 18 mg per ml. Infusion rates should not exceed 30 mg per minute.
- Administration of more than 1200 mg in a single 1 hour infusion is not recommended.
- Single IM injections of greater than 600 mg are not recommended. Dilution is not required for intramuscular administration.
- Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Physico-Chemical Stability of diluted solutions of Clindacin Injection-
- Room temperature: 16 days at 25°C.
- Refrigeration: 32 days at 4°C.
StorageView
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Clindax Plus
Clindamycin + Tretinoin
Clindax Plus
Clindamycin + Tretinoin
Indications
Acne vulgaris
Indication detailsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin gel is indicated for the topical treatment of Acne vulgaris.
Therapeutic classView
Topical antibiotic & retinoid preparations
PharmacologyView
This is a combination of lincosamide antibiotic Clindamycin phosphate and retinoid Tretinoin. Clindamycin binds with the 50s ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria and prevents elongation of peptide chain by interfering with the peptidyl transfer, thereby suppressing bacterial protein synthesis. Clindamycin inhibits the activity of Propionibacterium acne as reduces the occurrence of acne. Tretinoin decreases the cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells and increases the turn over thereby brings the comedones out.
DosageView
Before sleep: Wash the face gently with a mild soap and water, then pat the skin dry. Apply the Gel with finger tips through the face gently.
In the morning: Apply a sunscreen after the application of Gel. Do not wash your face more than 2 or 3 times a day. Apply the sunscreen cream as needed.
Safety and effectiveness in children below 12 years of age have not been established.
In the morning: Apply a sunscreen after the application of Gel. Do not wash your face more than 2 or 3 times a day. Apply the sunscreen cream as needed.
Safety and effectiveness in children below 12 years of age have not been established.
Side effectsView
Erythema, scaling, nasopharyngitis, dry skin, cough, sinusitis and diarrhea are the common side effects.
ContraindicationsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin should not be administered to individuals who are hypersensitive to Clindamycin or Tretinoin or any other component of the Gel.
PrecautionsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin should not be applied to eyes, nose, ear, lips, cut, burn and other infections. After the application of the Gel, keep away from sunlight.
InteractionsView
- Concomitant use of other potentially irritating topical products (medicated or abrasive soaps and cleansers, soaps and cosmetics that have a strong drying effect, products with high concentrations of alcohol, astringents, spices or lime) should be approached with caution.
- While using concomitantly with Erythromycin, the activity of both Clindamycin and Erythromycin are decreased. So, Clindamycin should not be used with Erythromycin concomitantly.
- While using concomitantly with neuromuscular medicine, the activity of the neuromuscular medicine is increased. So, care should be taken during these concomitant uses.
Pregnancy & lactationView
It is not known whether Clindamycin or Tretinoin is excreted in human milk. Exercise special caution while applying Clindamycin or Tretinoin to a nursing mother.
StorageView
Keep below 25°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Clindax-B
Clindamycin + Benzoyl peroxide
Clindax-B
Clindamycin + Benzoyl peroxide
Indications
Acne vulgaris
Indication detailsView
Indicated in acne vulgaris.
Therapeutic classView
Benzoyl peroxide, Azelaic acid & other preparations
PharmacologyView
Clindamycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of lincomycin. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits thus blocking the transpeptidation or translocation reactions of susceptible organisms.
Benzoyl peroxide has mild keratolytic effect and antimicrobial activity which is attributed to its potent oxidizing activity. Clindamycin and Benzoyl peroxide are both active against Propionibacterium acnes, an organism associated with acne vulgaris.
Benzoyl peroxide has mild keratolytic effect and antimicrobial activity which is attributed to its potent oxidizing activity. Clindamycin and Benzoyl peroxide are both active against Propionibacterium acnes, an organism associated with acne vulgaris.
DosageView
Apply to the affected areas once or twice daily (morning and evening) after the skin is gently washed and patted dry.
Side effectsView
Application site pain, Application site exfoliation, Application site irritation, Erythema, Burning, Pruritus, Sunburn, Scaling, Drynes, Colitis, Peelin.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity to Clindamycin, lincomycin, benzoyl peroxide, or any component of the formulation; history of regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, pseudomembranous colitis or antibiotic-associated colitis.
PrecautionsView
Avoid contact with mouth, eyes, lips & mucous membranes; abraded or eczematous skin. May discolor hair & dyed fabrics. Pregnancy & lactation.
InteractionsView
May enhance the action of neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g. atracurium). May antagonise the effects of parasympathomimetics. May competitively inhibit the effects of macrolides, ketolides, streptogramins, linezolid and chloramphenicol. Increased coagulation tests (prothrombin time/INR) and/or bleeding with vit K antagonists (e.g. warfarin, acenocoumarol, fluindione). PABA sunscreens may transiently discolour fabric.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category- C. Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks
Lactation: Excretion in milk is unknown/ not recommended
Lactation: Excretion in milk is unknown/ not recommended
ReconstitutionView
Refer to individual product recommendations. Some combination products require reconstitution at the time of dispensing by dissolving the Clindamycin powder with purified water, add the solution to the Benzoyl peroxide gel provided and stir until the gel appears homogenous.
Clinex
Clindamycin
Clinex
Clindamycin
Indications
Toxic shock syndrome
Indication detailsView
Clindamycin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of the following infections when caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria or susceptible strains of gram positive bacteria such as Streptococci, Staphylococci and Pneumococci; Upper respiratory infections, Lower respiratory infections, Skin and soft tissue infections, Bone and joint infections, Pelvic infections, Intra-abdominal infections, Septicemia and endocarditis, Dental infections. As an alternative therapy when used in combination with quinine or amodiaquine for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciporum infection.
Therapeutic classView
Macrolides
DosageView
Dosage of Clindamycin Capsule:
Several researches has found that Clindamycin 300 mg capsule provides plasma concentration over MIC90 for more than 12 hours. This finding supports the twice-daily dosing of Clindacin 300 mg capsule, particularly in SSTIs & RTIs. However, in case of bone & joint infections, diabetic foot infections dose of Clindamycin should be 300 mg capsule 3-4 times daily.
Dosage of Clindamycin Powder for oral solution:
Dosage of Clindamycin IV/IM Injection:
Adults-
Pediatric patients (1 month of age to 16 years):
- Serious Infections: 150 mg-300 mg every six hours.
- More severe infections: 300 mg-450 mg every six hours.
Several researches has found that Clindamycin 300 mg capsule provides plasma concentration over MIC90 for more than 12 hours. This finding supports the twice-daily dosing of Clindacin 300 mg capsule, particularly in SSTIs & RTIs. However, in case of bone & joint infections, diabetic foot infections dose of Clindamycin should be 300 mg capsule 3-4 times daily.
Dosage of Clindamycin Powder for oral solution:
- Serious infections: 8-12 mg/kg/day divided into 3 or 4 equal doses.
- Severe infections: 13-16 mg/kg/day divided into 3 or 4 equal doses.
- More severe infections: 17-25 mg/kg/day divided into 3 or 4 equal doses.
Dosage of Clindamycin IV/IM Injection:
Adults-
- Serious infections due to aerobic gram-positive cocci and the more susceptible anaerobes: 600-1200 mg/day in 2- 4 equal doses.
- More severe infections: 1200-2700 mg/day in 2-4 equal doses.
- For more serious infections: these doses may have to be increased. In life-threatening situations due to either aerobes or anaerobes, these doses may be increased.
- Doses of as much as 4800 mg daily have been given intravenously to adults. Single intramuscular injections of greater than 600 mg are not recommended.
Pediatric patients (1 month of age to 16 years):
- 20 to 40 mg/kg/day in 3 or 4 equal doses. The higher doses would be used for more severe infections.
- Parenteral therapy may be changed to Capsules (clindamycin hydrochloride) when the condition warrants and at the discretion of the physician.
- In cases of (3-hemolytic streptococcal infections, treatment should be continued for at least 10 days.
Side effectsView
The adverse effects have been reported with the use of clindamycin are- abdominal pain, oesophagitis and oesophagial ulcer, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, pruritus, skin rashes, urticaria.
ContraindicationsView
Clindamycin is contraindicated in patients previously found to be sensitive to clindamycin or any of the ingredients of this medicine.
PrecautionsView
Clindamycin should be prescribed with caution in individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis.
InteractionsView
Clindamycin enhances the action of other neuromuscular blocking agents. Therefore, it should be used with caution in patients receiving such agents. Antagonism has been demonstrated between clindamycin and erythromycin in vitro. Because of possible clinical significance, these two drugs should not be administered concurrently.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category B. Clindamycin crosses the placenta in humans. After multiple doses, amniotic fluid concentrations were approximately 30% of maternal concentrations. Clindamycin should be used in pregnancy only if clearly needed. Clindamycin has been reported to appear in breast milk. Therefore, it is not recommended for nursing mothers if not clearly needed.
Pediatric usageView
Use in newborns and infants: When Clindamycin is administered to newborns and infants (birth to 16 years), appropriate monitoring of organ system functions is desirable.
Geriatric use: Dose adjustment of Clindamycin is not necessary.
Geriatric use: Dose adjustment of Clindamycin is not necessary.
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage with orally administered clindamycin has been rare. Adverse reactions similar to those seen with normal doses can be expected, however, unexpected reactions could occur. Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not effective in removing clindamycin from the serum. Overdosage should be treated with simple gastric lavage. No specific antidote is known.
ReconstitutionView
Direction for reconstitution (powder for oral solution): Shake the bottle well to loosen the powder. Add 80 ml of boiled and cooled water to the dry mixture in the bottle. For ease of preparation, add water to the bottle in two proportions. Shake well after each addition until all the powder is in solution. Keep the bottle tightly closed. The reconstituted solution should be used within 2 weeks if kept at room temperature.
Dilution of Clindamycin injection for intravenous use: Clindamycin phosphate must be diluted prior to IV administration. The concentration of clindamycin in diluent for infusion should not exceed 18 mg per ml. Infusion rates should not exceed 30 mg per minute.
Physico-Chemical Stability of diluted solutions of Clindacin Injection-
Dilution of Clindamycin injection for intravenous use: Clindamycin phosphate must be diluted prior to IV administration. The concentration of clindamycin in diluent for infusion should not exceed 18 mg per ml. Infusion rates should not exceed 30 mg per minute.
- Administration of more than 1200 mg in a single 1 hour infusion is not recommended.
- Single IM injections of greater than 600 mg are not recommended. Dilution is not required for intramuscular administration.
- Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Physico-Chemical Stability of diluted solutions of Clindacin Injection-
- Room temperature: 16 days at 25°C.
- Refrigeration: 32 days at 4°C.
StorageView
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Clinex
Clindamycin
Clinex
Clindamycin
Indications
Toxic shock syndrome
Indication detailsView
Clindamycin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of the following infections when caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria or susceptible strains of gram positive bacteria such as Streptococci, Staphylococci and Pneumococci; Upper respiratory infections, Lower respiratory infections, Skin and soft tissue infections, Bone and joint infections, Pelvic infections, Intra-abdominal infections, Septicemia and endocarditis, Dental infections. As an alternative therapy when used in combination with quinine or amodiaquine for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciporum infection.
Therapeutic classView
Macrolides
DosageView
Dosage of Clindamycin Capsule:
Several researches has found that Clindamycin 300 mg capsule provides plasma concentration over MIC90 for more than 12 hours. This finding supports the twice-daily dosing of Clindacin 300 mg capsule, particularly in SSTIs & RTIs. However, in case of bone & joint infections, diabetic foot infections dose of Clindamycin should be 300 mg capsule 3-4 times daily.
Dosage of Clindamycin Powder for oral solution:
Dosage of Clindamycin IV/IM Injection:
Adults-
Pediatric patients (1 month of age to 16 years):
- Serious Infections: 150 mg-300 mg every six hours.
- More severe infections: 300 mg-450 mg every six hours.
Several researches has found that Clindamycin 300 mg capsule provides plasma concentration over MIC90 for more than 12 hours. This finding supports the twice-daily dosing of Clindacin 300 mg capsule, particularly in SSTIs & RTIs. However, in case of bone & joint infections, diabetic foot infections dose of Clindamycin should be 300 mg capsule 3-4 times daily.
Dosage of Clindamycin Powder for oral solution:
- Serious infections: 8-12 mg/kg/day divided into 3 or 4 equal doses.
- Severe infections: 13-16 mg/kg/day divided into 3 or 4 equal doses.
- More severe infections: 17-25 mg/kg/day divided into 3 or 4 equal doses.
Dosage of Clindamycin IV/IM Injection:
Adults-
- Serious infections due to aerobic gram-positive cocci and the more susceptible anaerobes: 600-1200 mg/day in 2- 4 equal doses.
- More severe infections: 1200-2700 mg/day in 2-4 equal doses.
- For more serious infections: these doses may have to be increased. In life-threatening situations due to either aerobes or anaerobes, these doses may be increased.
- Doses of as much as 4800 mg daily have been given intravenously to adults. Single intramuscular injections of greater than 600 mg are not recommended.
Pediatric patients (1 month of age to 16 years):
- 20 to 40 mg/kg/day in 3 or 4 equal doses. The higher doses would be used for more severe infections.
- Parenteral therapy may be changed to Capsules (clindamycin hydrochloride) when the condition warrants and at the discretion of the physician.
- In cases of (3-hemolytic streptococcal infections, treatment should be continued for at least 10 days.
Side effectsView
The adverse effects have been reported with the use of clindamycin are- abdominal pain, oesophagitis and oesophagial ulcer, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, pruritus, skin rashes, urticaria.
ContraindicationsView
Clindamycin is contraindicated in patients previously found to be sensitive to clindamycin or any of the ingredients of this medicine.
PrecautionsView
Clindamycin should be prescribed with caution in individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis.
InteractionsView
Clindamycin enhances the action of other neuromuscular blocking agents. Therefore, it should be used with caution in patients receiving such agents. Antagonism has been demonstrated between clindamycin and erythromycin in vitro. Because of possible clinical significance, these two drugs should not be administered concurrently.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category B. Clindamycin crosses the placenta in humans. After multiple doses, amniotic fluid concentrations were approximately 30% of maternal concentrations. Clindamycin should be used in pregnancy only if clearly needed. Clindamycin has been reported to appear in breast milk. Therefore, it is not recommended for nursing mothers if not clearly needed.
Pediatric usageView
Use in newborns and infants: When Clindamycin is administered to newborns and infants (birth to 16 years), appropriate monitoring of organ system functions is desirable.
Geriatric use: Dose adjustment of Clindamycin is not necessary.
Geriatric use: Dose adjustment of Clindamycin is not necessary.
Overdose effectsView
Overdosage with orally administered clindamycin has been rare. Adverse reactions similar to those seen with normal doses can be expected, however, unexpected reactions could occur. Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not effective in removing clindamycin from the serum. Overdosage should be treated with simple gastric lavage. No specific antidote is known.
ReconstitutionView
Direction for reconstitution (powder for oral solution): Shake the bottle well to loosen the powder. Add 80 ml of boiled and cooled water to the dry mixture in the bottle. For ease of preparation, add water to the bottle in two proportions. Shake well after each addition until all the powder is in solution. Keep the bottle tightly closed. The reconstituted solution should be used within 2 weeks if kept at room temperature.
Dilution of Clindamycin injection for intravenous use: Clindamycin phosphate must be diluted prior to IV administration. The concentration of clindamycin in diluent for infusion should not exceed 18 mg per ml. Infusion rates should not exceed 30 mg per minute.
Physico-Chemical Stability of diluted solutions of Clindacin Injection-
Dilution of Clindamycin injection for intravenous use: Clindamycin phosphate must be diluted prior to IV administration. The concentration of clindamycin in diluent for infusion should not exceed 18 mg per ml. Infusion rates should not exceed 30 mg per minute.
- Administration of more than 1200 mg in a single 1 hour infusion is not recommended.
- Single IM injections of greater than 600 mg are not recommended. Dilution is not required for intramuscular administration.
- Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Physico-Chemical Stability of diluted solutions of Clindacin Injection-
- Room temperature: 16 days at 25°C.
- Refrigeration: 32 days at 4°C.
StorageView
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Clinex
Clindamycin (Lotion)
Clinex
Clindamycin (Lotion)
Indications
Bacterial vaginosis
Indication detailsView
Clindamycin lotion is indicated in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Other uses of topical Clindamycin lotion are:
- Skin infections such as erythrasma caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum; rosacea, periorificial dermatitis, folliculitis, stasis, chronic lymphaedema and familial pemphigus.
- Dermal ulcers.
Therapeutic classView
Macrolides
PharmacologyView
Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. Clindamycin is a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from lincomycin. It has antiacne and antibacterial activity. It binds with the 50s subunit of the bacterial ribosome and inhibits the early stage of protein synthesis. It is highly potent against gram positive and anaerobic bacteria.
Microbiology: Aerobic gram-positive cocci, including: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis (penicillinase and non-penicillinase producing strains), Streptococci, Pneumococci. Anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, including: Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium species. Anaerobic gram-positive non-spore forming bacilli, including: Propionibacterium species, Eubacterium species, Actinomyces species. Anaerobic and microaerophilic gram-positive cocci, including: Peptococcus species, Peptostreptococcus species, Microaerophilic streptococci, C. perfringes
Microbiology: Aerobic gram-positive cocci, including: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis (penicillinase and non-penicillinase producing strains), Streptococci, Pneumococci. Anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, including: Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium species. Anaerobic gram-positive non-spore forming bacilli, including: Propionibacterium species, Eubacterium species, Actinomyces species. Anaerobic and microaerophilic gram-positive cocci, including: Peptococcus species, Peptostreptococcus species, Microaerophilic streptococci, C. perfringes
DosageView
At first, wash the face or affected area gently with warm water or soap. When the skin is completely dried (about 30 minutes later) apply a thin film of Clindamycin lotion to the entire affected area twice daily. The Applied area should not be washed within 3 hours. Noticeable improvement is usually seen after about 6 weeks. However, 8 to 12 weeks of treatment may be required for maximum benefit. Eye, lip or nose contact should be avoided while applying Clindamycin lotion.
Side effectsView
Side effects are usually rare. Possible side-effects may includes skin rash, itching, oily skin, dryness, erythema, burning, change in skin color, diarrhea, colitis, GI disturbance etc.
PrecautionsView
Clindamycin lotion is not for oral, ophthalmic, or Intravaginal use. Avoid exposure to sunlight and sunlamps. Wear sunscreen daily.
InteractionsView
Clindamycin enhances the action of other neuromuscular blocking agents. Therefore, it should be used with caution in patients receiving such agents. Antagonism has been demonstrated between clindamycin and erythromycin in vitro. Because of possible clinical significance, these two drugs should not be administered concurrently.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There is no adequate data for safe use in pregnancy. Animal studies showed no adverse effects on the fetus. It is not known that whether Clindamycin is excreted through breast milk following topical administration. However, Clindamycin lotion can be used during lactation with caution.
Overdose effectsView
Intravaginal overdose is not possible. Accidental ingestion of the product could be accompanied by effects related to therapeutic levels of oral clindamycin.
StorageView
Store the tube below 25 °C, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Clinex Plus
Clindamycin + Tretinoin
Clinex Plus
Clindamycin + Tretinoin
Indications
Acne vulgaris
Indication detailsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin gel is indicated for the topical treatment of Acne vulgaris.
Therapeutic classView
Topical antibiotic & retinoid preparations
PharmacologyView
This is a combination of lincosamide antibiotic Clindamycin phosphate and retinoid Tretinoin. Clindamycin binds with the 50s ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria and prevents elongation of peptide chain by interfering with the peptidyl transfer, thereby suppressing bacterial protein synthesis. Clindamycin inhibits the activity of Propionibacterium acne as reduces the occurrence of acne. Tretinoin decreases the cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells and increases the turn over thereby brings the comedones out.
DosageView
Before sleep: Wash the face gently with a mild soap and water, then pat the skin dry. Apply the Gel with finger tips through the face gently.
In the morning: Apply a sunscreen after the application of Gel. Do not wash your face more than 2 or 3 times a day. Apply the sunscreen cream as needed.
Safety and effectiveness in children below 12 years of age have not been established.
In the morning: Apply a sunscreen after the application of Gel. Do not wash your face more than 2 or 3 times a day. Apply the sunscreen cream as needed.
Safety and effectiveness in children below 12 years of age have not been established.
Side effectsView
Erythema, scaling, nasopharyngitis, dry skin, cough, sinusitis and diarrhea are the common side effects.
ContraindicationsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin should not be administered to individuals who are hypersensitive to Clindamycin or Tretinoin or any other component of the Gel.
PrecautionsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin should not be applied to eyes, nose, ear, lips, cut, burn and other infections. After the application of the Gel, keep away from sunlight.
InteractionsView
- Concomitant use of other potentially irritating topical products (medicated or abrasive soaps and cleansers, soaps and cosmetics that have a strong drying effect, products with high concentrations of alcohol, astringents, spices or lime) should be approached with caution.
- While using concomitantly with Erythromycin, the activity of both Clindamycin and Erythromycin are decreased. So, Clindamycin should not be used with Erythromycin concomitantly.
- While using concomitantly with neuromuscular medicine, the activity of the neuromuscular medicine is increased. So, care should be taken during these concomitant uses.
Pregnancy & lactationView
It is not known whether Clindamycin or Tretinoin is excreted in human milk. Exercise special caution while applying Clindamycin or Tretinoin to a nursing mother.
StorageView
Keep below 25°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Clinface
Clindamycin + Tretinoin
Clinface
Clindamycin + Tretinoin
Indications
Acne vulgaris
Indication detailsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin gel is indicated for the topical treatment of Acne vulgaris.
Therapeutic classView
Topical antibiotic & retinoid preparations
PharmacologyView
This is a combination of lincosamide antibiotic Clindamycin phosphate and retinoid Tretinoin. Clindamycin binds with the 50s ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria and prevents elongation of peptide chain by interfering with the peptidyl transfer, thereby suppressing bacterial protein synthesis. Clindamycin inhibits the activity of Propionibacterium acne as reduces the occurrence of acne. Tretinoin decreases the cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells and increases the turn over thereby brings the comedones out.
DosageView
Before sleep: Wash the face gently with a mild soap and water, then pat the skin dry. Apply the Gel with finger tips through the face gently.
In the morning: Apply a sunscreen after the application of Gel. Do not wash your face more than 2 or 3 times a day. Apply the sunscreen cream as needed.
Safety and effectiveness in children below 12 years of age have not been established.
In the morning: Apply a sunscreen after the application of Gel. Do not wash your face more than 2 or 3 times a day. Apply the sunscreen cream as needed.
Safety and effectiveness in children below 12 years of age have not been established.
Side effectsView
Erythema, scaling, nasopharyngitis, dry skin, cough, sinusitis and diarrhea are the common side effects.
ContraindicationsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin should not be administered to individuals who are hypersensitive to Clindamycin or Tretinoin or any other component of the Gel.
PrecautionsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin should not be applied to eyes, nose, ear, lips, cut, burn and other infections. After the application of the Gel, keep away from sunlight.
InteractionsView
- Concomitant use of other potentially irritating topical products (medicated or abrasive soaps and cleansers, soaps and cosmetics that have a strong drying effect, products with high concentrations of alcohol, astringents, spices or lime) should be approached with caution.
- While using concomitantly with Erythromycin, the activity of both Clindamycin and Erythromycin are decreased. So, Clindamycin should not be used with Erythromycin concomitantly.
- While using concomitantly with neuromuscular medicine, the activity of the neuromuscular medicine is increased. So, care should be taken during these concomitant uses.
Pregnancy & lactationView
It is not known whether Clindamycin or Tretinoin is excreted in human milk. Exercise special caution while applying Clindamycin or Tretinoin to a nursing mother.
StorageView
Keep below 25°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Clinorel
Sulindac
Clinorel
Sulindac
Indications
Rheumatoid arthritis
Indication detailsView
Sulindac is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of-
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Periarticular inflammatory disorders
- Acute painful shoulder
- Acute gouty arthritis
- Diabetic neuropathy
- Diabetic retinopathy
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Drugs used in Gout, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Sulindac is a non-steroidal antirheumatic agent possessing anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic properties. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibition is probably the basis of the mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Following absorption, Sulindac undergoes two major transformations. It is oxidised to the sulphone and then reversibly reduced to the sulphide. The sulphide metabolite is the biologically active form which is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis.
DosageView
Sulindac should be administered orally twice a day with food. The maximum dosage is 400 mg per day. Dosages above 400 mg per day are not recommended. In osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis & ankylosing spondylitis, the recommended starting dosage is 150 mg. In acute painful shoulder & acute gouty arthritis the recommended dosage is 200 mg twice a day. The dosage may be lowered or raised depending on the response. After a satisfactory response has been achieved, the dosage may be reduced according to the response. Or, as directed by the registered physicians.
Side effectsView
Gastrointestinal side effects are the most common and consist of abdominal pain, nausea and constipation. Gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding may also occur. The most frequently reported central nervous system side effects are drowsiness, dizziness, headache and nervousness. Other adverse effects include depression, tinnitus, confusion, light-headedness, insomnia, psychiatric disturbances, syncope, convulsions, coma, peripheral neuropathy, blurred vision and other ocular effects, oedema and mass gain, hypertension, hematuria, skin rashes, pruritus, urticaria, stomatitis, alopecia and hypersensitivity reactions. A hypersensitivity syndrome consisting of fever and chills, skin rashes or other cutaneous manifestations, hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity (including renal failure), leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, inflammed glands or lymph nodes, and arthralgia have been reported. Leucopenia, purpura, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anaemia, haemolytic anaemia, agranulocytosis, epitaxis, hyperglycaemia, hyperkalaemia and vaginal bleeding have been reported. There have also been reports of hepatitis and jaundice or renal failure.
ContraindicationsView
Patients known to be allergic to Sulindac and those in whom acute asthmatic attacks, urticaria or rhinitis have been precipitated by Aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Sulindac is also contraindicated in patients with a history of active gastro-intestinal bleeding or peptic ulceration. It should not be given to children, pregnant or lactating women.
PrecautionsView
Sulindac should be administered with caution to patients with impaired renal function and bleeding disorders, epilepsy, parkinsonism or psychiatric disorders. Patient with hepatic impairment the half life of sulindac is prolonged and a reduction of daily dosage may be required. Anemia is some time seen in patients receiving NSAIDs with sulindac.
InteractionsView
Sulindac and its sulphide metabolite are highly protein bound. Patient should be monitored carefully until it is certain that no chance in their anticoagulant or hypoglycemic dosage is required. Aspirin has been shown to decrease the bioavailability of the active sulfide metabolite of sulindac. Prolonged concurrent use of Paracetamol with sulindac may increase the risk of adverse renal effects. That patient is under close medical supervision while receiving such combined therapy. Probenecid may increase the plasma concentration of sulindac and its sulfone metabolite and slightly decrease the plasma concentration of the active sulfide metabolite.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Use in pregnancy: Sulindac should be used during the first two trimesters of pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus. Use of Sulindac during the third trimester of pregnancy is not recommended.
Use in lactation: It is not known whether Sulindac is excreted in human milk. So a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the medicine taking into account the importance of the medicine to the mother.
Use in lactation: It is not known whether Sulindac is excreted in human milk. So a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the medicine taking into account the importance of the medicine to the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Patient with renal impairment: Sulindac should be administered with caution to patients with impaired renal function and to those with bleeding disorders, epilepsy, parkinsonism or psychiatric disorders.
Patient with hepatic impairment: In the presence of liver function impairment the half life of Sulindac is prolonged and a reduction of daily dosage may be required.
Patient with hepatic impairment: In the presence of liver function impairment the half life of Sulindac is prolonged and a reduction of daily dosage may be required.
Overdose effectsView
Reported symptoms have generally reflected the gastro-intestinal, renal and central nervous system toxicities of Sulindac. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
StorageView
Keep below 25°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Clinorel
Sulindac
Clinorel
Sulindac
Indications
Rheumatoid arthritis
Indication detailsView
Sulindac is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of-
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Periarticular inflammatory disorders
- Acute painful shoulder
- Acute gouty arthritis
- Diabetic neuropathy
- Diabetic retinopathy
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Drugs used in Gout, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Sulindac is a non-steroidal antirheumatic agent possessing anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic properties. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibition is probably the basis of the mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Following absorption, Sulindac undergoes two major transformations. It is oxidised to the sulphone and then reversibly reduced to the sulphide. The sulphide metabolite is the biologically active form which is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis.
DosageView
Sulindac should be administered orally twice a day with food. The maximum dosage is 400 mg per day. Dosages above 400 mg per day are not recommended. In osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis & ankylosing spondylitis, the recommended starting dosage is 150 mg. In acute painful shoulder & acute gouty arthritis the recommended dosage is 200 mg twice a day. The dosage may be lowered or raised depending on the response. After a satisfactory response has been achieved, the dosage may be reduced according to the response. Or, as directed by the registered physicians.
Side effectsView
Gastrointestinal side effects are the most common and consist of abdominal pain, nausea and constipation. Gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding may also occur. The most frequently reported central nervous system side effects are drowsiness, dizziness, headache and nervousness. Other adverse effects include depression, tinnitus, confusion, light-headedness, insomnia, psychiatric disturbances, syncope, convulsions, coma, peripheral neuropathy, blurred vision and other ocular effects, oedema and mass gain, hypertension, hematuria, skin rashes, pruritus, urticaria, stomatitis, alopecia and hypersensitivity reactions. A hypersensitivity syndrome consisting of fever and chills, skin rashes or other cutaneous manifestations, hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity (including renal failure), leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, inflammed glands or lymph nodes, and arthralgia have been reported. Leucopenia, purpura, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anaemia, haemolytic anaemia, agranulocytosis, epitaxis, hyperglycaemia, hyperkalaemia and vaginal bleeding have been reported. There have also been reports of hepatitis and jaundice or renal failure.
ContraindicationsView
Patients known to be allergic to Sulindac and those in whom acute asthmatic attacks, urticaria or rhinitis have been precipitated by Aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Sulindac is also contraindicated in patients with a history of active gastro-intestinal bleeding or peptic ulceration. It should not be given to children, pregnant or lactating women.
PrecautionsView
Sulindac should be administered with caution to patients with impaired renal function and bleeding disorders, epilepsy, parkinsonism or psychiatric disorders. Patient with hepatic impairment the half life of sulindac is prolonged and a reduction of daily dosage may be required. Anemia is some time seen in patients receiving NSAIDs with sulindac.
InteractionsView
Sulindac and its sulphide metabolite are highly protein bound. Patient should be monitored carefully until it is certain that no chance in their anticoagulant or hypoglycemic dosage is required. Aspirin has been shown to decrease the bioavailability of the active sulfide metabolite of sulindac. Prolonged concurrent use of Paracetamol with sulindac may increase the risk of adverse renal effects. That patient is under close medical supervision while receiving such combined therapy. Probenecid may increase the plasma concentration of sulindac and its sulfone metabolite and slightly decrease the plasma concentration of the active sulfide metabolite.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Use in pregnancy: Sulindac should be used during the first two trimesters of pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus. Use of Sulindac during the third trimester of pregnancy is not recommended.
Use in lactation: It is not known whether Sulindac is excreted in human milk. So a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the medicine taking into account the importance of the medicine to the mother.
Use in lactation: It is not known whether Sulindac is excreted in human milk. So a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the medicine taking into account the importance of the medicine to the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Patient with renal impairment: Sulindac should be administered with caution to patients with impaired renal function and to those with bleeding disorders, epilepsy, parkinsonism or psychiatric disorders.
Patient with hepatic impairment: In the presence of liver function impairment the half life of Sulindac is prolonged and a reduction of daily dosage may be required.
Patient with hepatic impairment: In the presence of liver function impairment the half life of Sulindac is prolonged and a reduction of daily dosage may be required.
Overdose effectsView
Reported symptoms have generally reflected the gastro-intestinal, renal and central nervous system toxicities of Sulindac. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
StorageView
Keep below 25°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Clinosol Gold
Amino Acid + Glucose + Electrolytes
Clinosol Gold
Amino Acid + Glucose + Electrolytes
Indications
Prevent nitrogen loss
Indication detailsView
This is indicated as a source of amino acids, glucose and electrolytes in adult and pediatric patients needing IV nutrition. This is particularly suitable for patients with basal amino acid requirements.
Therapeutic classView
Parenteral nutritional preparations
PharmacologyView
A crystalline amino acid solution provides crystalline amino acids to promote protein synthesis and wound healing, and to reduce the rate of endogenous protein catabolism. Amino Acids given by central venous infusion in combination with concentrated dextrose, electrolytes, vitamins, trace metals, and ancillary fat supplements, constitutes total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Amino Acids can also be administered by peripheral vein with dextrose and maintenance electrolytes.
DosageView
Adults: The nitrogen requirement for maintenance of body protein mass depends on the patient's condition (nutritional state and degree of metabolic stress). The requirements are 0.10-0.15g nitrogen/kg/day (no or minor metabolic stress and normal nutritional state), 0.15-0.20g nitrogen/kg/day (moderate metabolic stress with or without malnutrition) and up to 0.20-0.25g nitrogen/kg/day (severe catabolism as in burns, sepsis and trauma). The dosage range is 0.10-0.25 g nitrogen/kg/day corresponds to 11-27 ml/kg/day. In obese patients, the dose should be based on the estimated ideal weight. Depending upon the patient’s requirements, 1000-2000 ml may be infused intravenously per 24 hours. This should be infused slowly; at a rate not exceeding 500 ml in 3 hours corresponding to approximately at rates 1.4-2.8 ml (30-60 drops) per minute.
Infants and children: In infants & children, a maximal rate of infusion of 30 ml/kg body weight/day is recommended, with a step-wise increase in the rate of administration during the first week of treatment.
Infants and children: In infants & children, a maximal rate of infusion of 30 ml/kg body weight/day is recommended, with a step-wise increase in the rate of administration during the first week of treatment.
Side effectsView
This preparation is usually well tolerated. Nausea occurs rarely. Vomiting, flushing and sweating have been observed during infusion of the solution at rates exceeding the recommended maximal rate. Transient increases in liver test during intravenous nutrition have been reported. The reasons are at present unclear. The underlying disease and the components and their amount in the intravenous feeding regimens have been suggested. Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. As with all hypertonic infusion solution, thrombophlebitis may occur when peripheral veins are used. The incidence may be reduced by the simultaneous infusion of 10% fat emulsion.
ContraindicationsView
This preparation is contraindicated in patients with inborn errors of amino acids metabolism, severe liver damage & severe uremia when dialysis facilities are not available. Due to the content of the glucose, this preparation is contraindicated in patients with hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma. This preparation is also contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to any of its ingredients.
PrecautionsView
Hyperphenylalaninemia has been noted in severely ill, premature infants. In these patients, monitoring of the phenylalanine level is recommended and the infusion rate to be adjusted as needed. This preparation should be used with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus, severe heart failure or with renal function in combination with fluid restriction or oliguria/anuria of other origin. In patient with hyperglycemia, administration of exogenous insulin might be necessary. Do not use if the solution is turbid or contains particles. Discard any unused portion.
InteractionsView
At the recommended dosage this solution has no pharmacological effect and is expected not to interact with other medicaments.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Successful and safe administration of amino acid solution during pregnancy in human has been reported. Animal reproduction studies have not been carried out with 7% amino acid IV infusion with 10% glucose & electrolytes.
StorageView
Protect from light and store between 15°C to 25°C temperature. Avoid freezing. Keep away from the reach of children.
Clinosol IV
Amino Acid + D-Sorbitol + Electrolytes
Clinosol IV
Amino Acid + D-Sorbitol + Electrolytes
Indications
Protein supply for peritoneal nutrition
Indication detailsView
Amino acid is indicated as a source of amino acids for protein synthesis in patients needing intravenous nutrition. Amino acid is particularly suitable for patients with basal amino acid requirements. Amino acid is also indicated in faster recovery in surgery, burns, renal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency and effective management of cancer.
Therapeutic classView
Parenteral nutritional preparations
PharmacologyView
This IV solution is a sterile aqueous solution of crystalline Amino Acid and D-Sorbitol with electrolytes, which are necessary as the nitrogen source for parenteral nutrition. Nitrogen provided in the form of essential and non-essential amino acids. This IV solution contains all 18 essential and non-essential amino acids needed for protein synthesis. The amino acid composition is such that positive nitrogen balance can be achieved in the postoperative period and during extended periods of intravenous nutrition. The solution is clear, colorless to pale yellow colored, having a p H lying in the range of 5.0 to 7.0.
DosageView
The nitrogen requirement for maintenance of body protein mass depends on the patient's condition (nutritional state and degree of metabolic stress).
In obese patients, the dose should be based on the estimated ideal weight. Depending upon patients requirements, 1000-2000 ml Amino acids IV may be infused intravenously per 24 hours. Amino acids IV should be infused slowly, at rates 1.4-2.8 ml (30-60 drops) per minute.
In children and infants: The rate of infusion is 28-35 ml/kg body weight per day is recommended, with a step-wise increase in the rate of administration during the frst week.
- No or minor metabolic stress and normal nutritional state: 0.10-0.15 g nitrogen/kg/day,
- Moderate metabolic stress with or without malnutrition: 0.15-0.20 g nitrogen/kg/day,
- Severe catabolism as in burns, sepsis and trauma: up to 0.20-0.25 g nitrogen/kg/day.
In obese patients, the dose should be based on the estimated ideal weight. Depending upon patients requirements, 1000-2000 ml Amino acids IV may be infused intravenously per 24 hours. Amino acids IV should be infused slowly, at rates 1.4-2.8 ml (30-60 drops) per minute.
In children and infants: The rate of infusion is 28-35 ml/kg body weight per day is recommended, with a step-wise increase in the rate of administration during the frst week.
Side effectsView
This preparation is usually well tolerated. Nausea occurs rarely. Vomiting, flushing and sweating have been observed during infusion of Amino acid at rates exceeding the recommended maximal rate. Transient increases liver test during intravenous nutrition have been reported. The reasons are at present unclear. Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. As with all hypertonic infusion solutions, thrombophlebitis may occur when peripheral veins are used. The incidence may be reduced by the simultaneous infusion of 10% fat emulsion. If given to severely ill, premature infants, hyperphenylalaninemia may occur.
ContraindicationsView
This is contraindicated in patients with inborn errors of amino acids metabolism, severe liver dysfunction and in severe uremia when dialysis facilities are not available. Due to the content of glucose, Amino Acids IV infusion and 10% Glucose with Electrolytes is contraindicated in patients with hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma.
PrecautionsView
IV infusion of amino acids is accompanied by increased urinary excretion of the trace elements copper and in particular zinc, which should be taken into account in the dosing of trace elements, particularly during long-term IV nutrition. Hyperphenylalaninemia may occur in severely ill, premature infants. In these patients, monitoring of the phenylalanine level is recommended and the infusion rate adjusted as needed. Amino Acids IV infusion and 10% Glucose with Electrolytes should be used with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus, severe heart failure or with renal function in combination with fluid restrictions or oliguria/anuria of another origin. In patients with hyperglycemia, administration of exogenous insulin might be necessary. In severely malnourished patients refeeding carbohydrates can trigger thiamine (vitamin B1 ) deficiency syndrome. Those at high risk are patients with a history of alcohol abuse, anorexia nervosa, prolonged fasting or starvation and pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum. In this kind of patients, parenteral nutrition containing glucose should be given with caution and parenteral administration of thiamine should be considered before and during the administration of glucose. Monitoring of serum potassium and blood glucose is recommended if Amino Acids IV infusion and 10% Glucose with electrolytes is infused rapidly or in a large quantity. For patients with hypophosphatemia, an additional supply of phosphate is recommended.
InteractionsView
At the recommended dosage the amino acid have no pharmacological effects and is not expected to interact with other medicaments.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Successful and safe administration of amino acid solutions during pregnancy in the human has been reported. Animal reproduction studies have not been carried out with Amino acid.
Overdose effectsView
If Amino Acids IV infusion and 10% Glucose with Electrolytes is administered at a higher rate than recommended, there is an augmented risk for nausea, vomiting and sweating. When peripheral veins are used thrombophlebitis may occur. Osmotic diuresis with dehydration may occur if the dosage recommendations are exceeded. There is also a risk of symptoms related to hyperglycemia with Amino Acids IV infusion and 10% Glucose with Electrolytes. In case of symptoms due to overdose, the infusion should be slowed down or discontinued.
StorageView
Protect from light and store between 15°C to 25°C temperature. Avoid freezing. Keep out of reach of children.
Clinosol Vit
Amino Acid + D-Sorbitol + Electrolytes
Clinosol Vit
Amino Acid + D-Sorbitol + Electrolytes
Indications
Protein supply for peritoneal nutrition
Indication detailsView
Amino acid is indicated as a source of amino acids for protein synthesis in patients needing intravenous nutrition. Amino acid is particularly suitable for patients with basal amino acid requirements. Amino acid is also indicated in faster recovery in surgery, burns, renal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency and effective management of cancer.
Therapeutic classView
Parenteral nutritional preparations
PharmacologyView
This IV solution is a sterile aqueous solution of crystalline Amino Acid and D-Sorbitol with electrolytes, which are necessary as the nitrogen source for parenteral nutrition. Nitrogen provided in the form of essential and non-essential amino acids. This IV solution contains all 18 essential and non-essential amino acids needed for protein synthesis. The amino acid composition is such that positive nitrogen balance can be achieved in the postoperative period and during extended periods of intravenous nutrition. The solution is clear, colorless to pale yellow colored, having a p H lying in the range of 5.0 to 7.0.
DosageView
The nitrogen requirement for maintenance of body protein mass depends on the patient's condition (nutritional state and degree of metabolic stress).
In obese patients, the dose should be based on the estimated ideal weight. Depending upon patients requirements, 1000-2000 ml Amino acids IV may be infused intravenously per 24 hours. Amino acids IV should be infused slowly, at rates 1.4-2.8 ml (30-60 drops) per minute.
In children and infants: The rate of infusion is 28-35 ml/kg body weight per day is recommended, with a step-wise increase in the rate of administration during the frst week.
- No or minor metabolic stress and normal nutritional state: 0.10-0.15 g nitrogen/kg/day,
- Moderate metabolic stress with or without malnutrition: 0.15-0.20 g nitrogen/kg/day,
- Severe catabolism as in burns, sepsis and trauma: up to 0.20-0.25 g nitrogen/kg/day.
In obese patients, the dose should be based on the estimated ideal weight. Depending upon patients requirements, 1000-2000 ml Amino acids IV may be infused intravenously per 24 hours. Amino acids IV should be infused slowly, at rates 1.4-2.8 ml (30-60 drops) per minute.
In children and infants: The rate of infusion is 28-35 ml/kg body weight per day is recommended, with a step-wise increase in the rate of administration during the frst week.
Side effectsView
This preparation is usually well tolerated. Nausea occurs rarely. Vomiting, flushing and sweating have been observed during infusion of Amino acid at rates exceeding the recommended maximal rate. Transient increases liver test during intravenous nutrition have been reported. The reasons are at present unclear. Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. As with all hypertonic infusion solutions, thrombophlebitis may occur when peripheral veins are used. The incidence may be reduced by the simultaneous infusion of 10% fat emulsion. If given to severely ill, premature infants, hyperphenylalaninemia may occur.
ContraindicationsView
This is contraindicated in patients with inborn errors of amino acids metabolism, severe liver dysfunction and in severe uremia when dialysis facilities are not available. Due to the content of glucose, Amino Acids IV infusion and 10% Glucose with Electrolytes is contraindicated in patients with hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma.
PrecautionsView
IV infusion of amino acids is accompanied by increased urinary excretion of the trace elements copper and in particular zinc, which should be taken into account in the dosing of trace elements, particularly during long-term IV nutrition. Hyperphenylalaninemia may occur in severely ill, premature infants. In these patients, monitoring of the phenylalanine level is recommended and the infusion rate adjusted as needed. Amino Acids IV infusion and 10% Glucose with Electrolytes should be used with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus, severe heart failure or with renal function in combination with fluid restrictions or oliguria/anuria of another origin. In patients with hyperglycemia, administration of exogenous insulin might be necessary. In severely malnourished patients refeeding carbohydrates can trigger thiamine (vitamin B1 ) deficiency syndrome. Those at high risk are patients with a history of alcohol abuse, anorexia nervosa, prolonged fasting or starvation and pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum. In this kind of patients, parenteral nutrition containing glucose should be given with caution and parenteral administration of thiamine should be considered before and during the administration of glucose. Monitoring of serum potassium and blood glucose is recommended if Amino Acids IV infusion and 10% Glucose with electrolytes is infused rapidly or in a large quantity. For patients with hypophosphatemia, an additional supply of phosphate is recommended.
InteractionsView
At the recommended dosage the amino acid have no pharmacological effects and is not expected to interact with other medicaments.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Successful and safe administration of amino acid solutions during pregnancy in the human has been reported. Animal reproduction studies have not been carried out with Amino acid.
Overdose effectsView
If Amino Acids IV infusion and 10% Glucose with Electrolytes is administered at a higher rate than recommended, there is an augmented risk for nausea, vomiting and sweating. When peripheral veins are used thrombophlebitis may occur. Osmotic diuresis with dehydration may occur if the dosage recommendations are exceeded. There is also a risk of symptoms related to hyperglycemia with Amino Acids IV infusion and 10% Glucose with Electrolytes. In case of symptoms due to overdose, the infusion should be slowed down or discontinued.
StorageView
Protect from light and store between 15°C to 25°C temperature. Avoid freezing. Keep out of reach of children.
Clintrix
Clindamycin + Tretinoin
Clintrix
Clindamycin + Tretinoin
Indications
Acne vulgaris
Indication detailsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin gel is indicated for the topical treatment of Acne vulgaris.
Therapeutic classView
Topical antibiotic & retinoid preparations
PharmacologyView
This is a combination of lincosamide antibiotic Clindamycin phosphate and retinoid Tretinoin. Clindamycin binds with the 50s ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria and prevents elongation of peptide chain by interfering with the peptidyl transfer, thereby suppressing bacterial protein synthesis. Clindamycin inhibits the activity of Propionibacterium acne as reduces the occurrence of acne. Tretinoin decreases the cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells and increases the turn over thereby brings the comedones out.
DosageView
Before sleep: Wash the face gently with a mild soap and water, then pat the skin dry. Apply the Gel with finger tips through the face gently.
In the morning: Apply a sunscreen after the application of Gel. Do not wash your face more than 2 or 3 times a day. Apply the sunscreen cream as needed.
Safety and effectiveness in children below 12 years of age have not been established.
In the morning: Apply a sunscreen after the application of Gel. Do not wash your face more than 2 or 3 times a day. Apply the sunscreen cream as needed.
Safety and effectiveness in children below 12 years of age have not been established.
Side effectsView
Erythema, scaling, nasopharyngitis, dry skin, cough, sinusitis and diarrhea are the common side effects.
ContraindicationsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin should not be administered to individuals who are hypersensitive to Clindamycin or Tretinoin or any other component of the Gel.
PrecautionsView
Clindamycin and Tretinoin should not be applied to eyes, nose, ear, lips, cut, burn and other infections. After the application of the Gel, keep away from sunlight.
InteractionsView
- Concomitant use of other potentially irritating topical products (medicated or abrasive soaps and cleansers, soaps and cosmetics that have a strong drying effect, products with high concentrations of alcohol, astringents, spices or lime) should be approached with caution.
- While using concomitantly with Erythromycin, the activity of both Clindamycin and Erythromycin are decreased. So, Clindamycin should not be used with Erythromycin concomitantly.
- While using concomitantly with neuromuscular medicine, the activity of the neuromuscular medicine is increased. So, care should be taken during these concomitant uses.
Pregnancy & lactationView
It is not known whether Clindamycin or Tretinoin is excreted in human milk. Exercise special caution while applying Clindamycin or Tretinoin to a nursing mother.
StorageView
Keep below 25°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Cliomet
Clioquinol + Flumetasone Pivalate
Cliomet
Clioquinol + Flumetasone Pivalate
Indications
Inflammation of the external ear
Indication detailsView
This combination is indicated for the treatment of external ear inflammation and infections (otitis externa) and fungal infections of the outer ear (otomycosis).
Therapeutic classView
Aural steroid & antibiotic combined preparations, Ophthalmic steroid - antibiotic combined preparations
PharmacologyView
Flumetasone Pivalate is a potent difluorinated glucocorticoid designed for local application. It exerts an anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, vasoconstrictive and anti-proliferative effect. In inflammatory skin diseases of the external auditory meatus it affords prompt relief and eliminates symptoms such as pruritus and also reduces swelling.
Clioquinol is a halogenated hydroxyquinoline derivative which exerts bacteriostatic action. It is active against a broad spectrum of microorganisms including fungi (e.g., Candida, Microsporum, Trichophyton) and Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Staphylococci). It is also effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
Clioquinol is a halogenated hydroxyquinoline derivative which exerts bacteriostatic action. It is active against a broad spectrum of microorganisms including fungi (e.g., Candida, Microsporum, Trichophyton) and Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Staphylococci). It is also effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
DosageView
For adults and children (aged 2 years and over): The recommended dose is 2 to 3 drops twice daily for the prescribed period of time (usually not longer than 10 days). Before you apply the medication, you should warm the ear drops to body temperature by holding the bottle in the palm of your hands. Do not heat it above body temperature.
Side effectsView
Occasionally burning sensation, itching or skin rash may occur. Treatment should be discontinued if severe irritation or sensitization develops.
ContraindicationsView
This medication is contraindicated in patients with: Punctured eardrum, Pre-existing tuberculosis of the skin, Fungal or viral infections of the skin(Chickenpox, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster), Known hypersensitivity to corticosteroids, Iodine, Clioquinol, Flumetasone pivalate, Hydroxyquinolones or Quinolone derivatives or any of the ingredients of this formulation.
PrecautionsView
Prior to the beginning of therapy, the ear-drum should be checked by the physician. If there is a risk that perforation of the ear-drum may occur, this ear drops should not be used. If no improvement occurs within about 1 week, the therapy should be discontinued. It is then advisable to identify the pathogens and to institute an appropriate treatment. This ear drop should not be allowed to come in contact with the conjunctiva.
InteractionsView
Topical use of Clioquinol-containing preparations may lead to a marked increase in protein-bound iodine (PBI).
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy: No reports of adverse effects in human pregnancy have been received to date. However, when using this product in pregnancy, the risk-benefit relationship should be carefully considered.
Lactation: It is not known whether Flumetasone Pivalate or Clioquinol passes into breast milk. Caution should be exercised when Flumetanol is administered to a nursing mother.
Lactation: It is not known whether Flumetasone Pivalate or Clioquinol passes into breast milk. Caution should be exercised when Flumetanol is administered to a nursing mother.
Pediatric usageView
Children under 2 years of age is contraindicated.
Overdose effectsView
Application to extensive or eroded areas of skin may lead to increased PBI values within 1 week. If signs and symptoms resembling those of thyrotoxicosis occur, the preparation should be withdrawn at once.
StorageView
Keep out of the reach of children. Store in a cool, dry place, away from heat and direct light. Do not use more than 4 weeks after opening.
Clioquin
Fluocinolone Acetonide + Clioquinol
Clioquin
Fluocinolone Acetonide + Clioquinol
Indications
Psoriasis
Indication detailsView
This cream is indicated in inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis or psoriasis that are infected or likely to become infected.
Therapeutic classView
Fluocinolone & Combined Preparations, Topical Antifungal preparations
PharmacologyView
Fluocinolone is a type of medicine called a topical corticosteroid. Corticosteroids are medicines used for reducing inflammation. Inflammation of the skin happens as a result of allergy or irritation of the skin, and is caused by the release of various substances that are important in the immune system. These substances cause blood vessels to widen and result in the irritated area becoming red, swollen, itchy and painful, such as is seen in dermatitis or eczema.
When fluocinolone is applied to the skin it works by acting inside the cells to decrease the release of these inflammatory substances. This reduces swelling, redness and itch.
There is a range of potencies of corticosteroids available for application to the skin. This medicine contains fluocinolone 0.025% and is classed as a potent corticosteroid. It is prescribed to treat various inflammatory skin disorders, such as eczema and dermatitis, that have not responded to milder steroids.
Clioquinol has antifungal and antibacterial actions. It works by preventing the growth and multiplication of the organisms.
The combination of fluocinolone and clioquinol is used to treat inflammatory skin disorders that are either infected or likely to become infected.
This cream is more suitable for moist, weeping areas of skin, while the thicker, more greasy ointment is more suitable for dry, scaly areas of skin.
When fluocinolone is applied to the skin it works by acting inside the cells to decrease the release of these inflammatory substances. This reduces swelling, redness and itch.
There is a range of potencies of corticosteroids available for application to the skin. This medicine contains fluocinolone 0.025% and is classed as a potent corticosteroid. It is prescribed to treat various inflammatory skin disorders, such as eczema and dermatitis, that have not responded to milder steroids.
Clioquinol has antifungal and antibacterial actions. It works by preventing the growth and multiplication of the organisms.
The combination of fluocinolone and clioquinol is used to treat inflammatory skin disorders that are either infected or likely to become infected.
This cream is more suitable for moist, weeping areas of skin, while the thicker, more greasy ointment is more suitable for dry, scaly areas of skin.
DosageView
This medicine is for external use on the skin only. The cream or ointment should be applied thinly and evenly to the affected area(s). Avoid getting the medicine in the eyes, or in contact with the inside of the mouth or nose. Rinse with cold water if accidental contact occurs. Wash your hands thoroughly after applying this medicine, unless the hands are the area being treated. If your doctor has advised you to use dressings with this medicine, the skin should be cleansed before applying the cream/ointment under a fresh dressing.
Side effectsView
Medicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. Just because a side effect is stated here, it does not mean that all people using this medicine will experience that or any side effect. The following side effects are known to be associated with this medicine.
- Skin irritation at site of application, such as burning, itching and redness.
- Allergic inflammation of the skin (contact dermatitis).
- Thinning of the skin.
- Changes in skin pigmentation.
- Stretch marks (striae).
- Groupings of fine blood vessels becoming prominent under the skin (telangiectasia).
ContraindicationsView
This cream should not be used in
- Children under one year of age.
- Allergy to iodine.
- Primary bacterial skin infections, such as impetigo.
- Primary fungal skin infections such as thrush, ringworm, athlete's foot.
- Viral skin infections, such as chickenpox, shingles, cold sores or herpes simplex.
- Acne.
- Chronic inflammatory disorder of the facial skin (acne rosacea).
- Inflammatory rash around the mouth (perioral dermatitis).
- Itching around the back passage and genitals.
- Nappy rash.
- Widespread plaque psoriasis.
InteractionsView
This medicine is not known to affect other medicines. However, as with all medicines, it is important to tell your doctor or pharmacist what medicines you are already using, including those bought without a prescription and herbal medicines, before you start treatment with this medicine. Similarly, check with your doctor or pharmacist before using any new medicines while using this one, to make sure that the combination is safe.
If you are using other medicines on the same area of skin it is recommended that you leave several minutes between applying each product. This is to allow each product time to be absorbed and avoid them mixing on the skin.
If you apply moisturisers shortly before or after applying this medicine these can dilute the corticosteroid and potentially make it less effective. Try to apply your moisturisers at a different time of day, or at least 30 minutes before or after this one.
If you are using other medicines on the same area of skin it is recommended that you leave several minutes between applying each product. This is to allow each product time to be absorbed and avoid them mixing on the skin.
If you apply moisturisers shortly before or after applying this medicine these can dilute the corticosteroid and potentially make it less effective. Try to apply your moisturisers at a different time of day, or at least 30 minutes before or after this one.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Certain medicines should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, other medicines may be safely used in pregnancy or breastfeeding providing the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the unborn baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.
This medicine should not be used during pregnancy unless considered essential by your doctor. If it is prescribed by your doctor it should not be used on large areas of skin, underneath airtight dressings, or for prolonged periods of time. Consult your doctor for further information.
This medicine should not be used during breastfeeding unless considered essential by your doctor. If it is prescribed by your doctor it should not be used on large areas of skin, underneath airtight dressings or for prolonged periods of time. If it is applied to the breasts it should be washed off carefully before breastfeeding and then reapplied afterwards.
This medicine should not be used during pregnancy unless considered essential by your doctor. If it is prescribed by your doctor it should not be used on large areas of skin, underneath airtight dressings, or for prolonged periods of time. Consult your doctor for further information.
This medicine should not be used during breastfeeding unless considered essential by your doctor. If it is prescribed by your doctor it should not be used on large areas of skin, underneath airtight dressings or for prolonged periods of time. If it is applied to the breasts it should be washed off carefully before breastfeeding and then reapplied afterwards.
StorageView
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Clit
Chloroquine Phosphate
Clit
Chloroquine Phosphate
Indications
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Indication detailsView
Chloroquine Phosphate is indicated in the following cases:
- Treatment of malaria
- Prophylaxis and suppression of malaria
- Treatment of amoebic hepatitis and abscess
- Treatment of discoid and systemic and systemic lupus erythematosus
- Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Therapeutic classView
Anti-malarial drugs
PharmacologyView
Chloroquine is used for malarial prophylaxis (as a suppressive) and in managing acute attacks of malaria. It is highly active against erythrocytic forms of P. vivax, P. malariae and P. falciparum. It influences Hb digestion by increasing intravesicular pH in malaria parasite cells and interferes with the nucleoprotein synthesis of the patient. It is also effective in extra intestinal amoebiasis. In RA chloroquine and more effectively hydroxychloroquine have a disease-modifying effect.
DosageView
Treatment of Malaria-
Partially immune adults:
A single dose of 4 tablets. In severe attacks, the dosage schedule for non-immune adults should be adopted.
Partially immune children:
- Under 1 year: 1-2 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 1-3 years: 3-4 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 3-6 years: 4-6 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 6-9 years: 6-9 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
Non-immune adults:
- P. falciparum infections: 4 tablets initially, 2 tablets after 6 to 8 hours and then 2 tablets per day for 2 days
- P. vivax group infections: A single dose of four tablets followed by a course of treatment with primaquine phosphate (15 mg base daily for fourteen days)
Non-immune Children:
Under 1 year:- 1-2 initial dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 1 dose to be taken 6 hours later and then daily for 2 days (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 3-4 initial dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 1-2 dose to be taken 6 hours later and then daily for 2 days (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 4-6 initial dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 2-3 dose to be taken 6 hours later and then daily for 2 days (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 6-9 initial dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 3-5 dose to be taken 6 hours later and then daily for 2 days (in 5 ml spoonful)
Prophylaxis and suppression of Malaria-
Adults: 2 tablets taken once a week, on the same day each week, during exposure to risk and continued for 6 weeks after leaving the malarious area.Children (Syrup): The following doses should be taken once a week, on the same day each week, during exposure to risk and continued for 6 weeks after leaving the malarious area.
- Under 1 year: 1 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 1-3 years: 2 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 3-6 years: 2-3 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 6-9 years: 3-5 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- Under 1 year: ⅛ adult dose (¼ tablet)
- 1-4 years: ¼ adult dose (½ tablet)
- 4-8 years: ½ adult dose (1 tablet)
- 8-12 years: ¾ adult dose (1.5 tablet)
Side effectsView
Choroquine is well tolerated at the standard dosage regimens, side effects such as headache and gastrointestinal disturbances which may occur are not of a serious nature. Where prolonged high dose is required side effects can be of greater severity and patients may develop skin eruptions, occasional depigmentation or loss of hair, difficulty in accommodation, blurring of vision. Corneal opacities disappear completely when the drug is stopped. Rarely thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia have been reported.
The most serious toxic hazard of prolonged therapy with doses is the occasional development of irreversible retinal damage. For this reason considerable caution is needed in the use of choroquine for long-term high dosage therapy and such use should only be considered when no other drug is available. Defects in visual accommodation may occur on first taking choloquine and patients should be warned regarding driving or operating machinery.
The most serious toxic hazard of prolonged therapy with doses is the occasional development of irreversible retinal damage. For this reason considerable caution is needed in the use of choroquine for long-term high dosage therapy and such use should only be considered when no other drug is available. Defects in visual accommodation may occur on first taking choloquine and patients should be warned regarding driving or operating machinery.
ContraindicationsView
There is no absolute contraindication to the use of chloroquine.
PrecautionsView
Caution is necessary when giving choroquine to patients with porphyria who also have hepatic dysfunction or cirrhosis as the drug may precipitate severe constitutional symptoms and an increase in the amount of porphyrins excreted in the urine. This reaction is especially apparent in alcoholics. Patients receiving choloquine continuously at higher dose levels for a period longer than 12 months or at weekly intervals for a period of more than 3 years as prophylactic against malaria (or the consumption exceeds 1.6 g/Kg) should undergo ophthalmic examination at three months interval.
InteractionsView
Concomitant therapy with phenylbutazone predisposes to dermatitis, antagonises effect of neostigmine and pyridostigmine, reduces bioavailability of ampicillin. Cimetidine inhibits metabolism of chloroquine raising plasma levels.
Pregnancy & lactationView
As with all other drugs, the use of choroquine during pregnancy should be avoided if possible, unless in the case of threatening infections, in the judgment of the physician, when the potential benefit outweighs the risk.
Pediatric usageView
Amoebic hepatitis: Four tablets daily for two days followed by one tablet twice daily for two or three weeks.
Lupus erythomatosus: One tablet twice daily for one to two weeks followed by a maintenance dose of one tablet daily.
Lupus erythomatosus: One tablet twice daily for one to two weeks followed by a maintenance dose of one tablet daily.
StorageView
Store at room temperature in a dry place, away from light.
Clit
Chloroquine Phosphate
Clit
Chloroquine Phosphate
Indications
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Indication detailsView
Chloroquine Phosphate is indicated in the following cases:
- Treatment of malaria
- Prophylaxis and suppression of malaria
- Treatment of amoebic hepatitis and abscess
- Treatment of discoid and systemic and systemic lupus erythematosus
- Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Therapeutic classView
Anti-malarial drugs
PharmacologyView
Chloroquine is used for malarial prophylaxis (as a suppressive) and in managing acute attacks of malaria. It is highly active against erythrocytic forms of P. vivax, P. malariae and P. falciparum. It influences Hb digestion by increasing intravesicular pH in malaria parasite cells and interferes with the nucleoprotein synthesis of the patient. It is also effective in extra intestinal amoebiasis. In RA chloroquine and more effectively hydroxychloroquine have a disease-modifying effect.
DosageView
Treatment of Malaria-
Partially immune adults:
A single dose of 4 tablets. In severe attacks, the dosage schedule for non-immune adults should be adopted.
Partially immune children:
- Under 1 year: 1-2 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 1-3 years: 3-4 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 3-6 years: 4-6 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 6-9 years: 6-9 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
Non-immune adults:
- P. falciparum infections: 4 tablets initially, 2 tablets after 6 to 8 hours and then 2 tablets per day for 2 days
- P. vivax group infections: A single dose of four tablets followed by a course of treatment with primaquine phosphate (15 mg base daily for fourteen days)
Non-immune Children:
Under 1 year:- 1-2 initial dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 1 dose to be taken 6 hours later and then daily for 2 days (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 3-4 initial dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 1-2 dose to be taken 6 hours later and then daily for 2 days (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 4-6 initial dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 2-3 dose to be taken 6 hours later and then daily for 2 days (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 6-9 initial dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 3-5 dose to be taken 6 hours later and then daily for 2 days (in 5 ml spoonful)
Prophylaxis and suppression of Malaria-
Adults: 2 tablets taken once a week, on the same day each week, during exposure to risk and continued for 6 weeks after leaving the malarious area.Children (Syrup): The following doses should be taken once a week, on the same day each week, during exposure to risk and continued for 6 weeks after leaving the malarious area.
- Under 1 year: 1 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 1-3 years: 2 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 3-6 years: 2-3 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- 6-9 years: 3-5 single dose (in 5 ml spoonful)
- Under 1 year: ⅛ adult dose (¼ tablet)
- 1-4 years: ¼ adult dose (½ tablet)
- 4-8 years: ½ adult dose (1 tablet)
- 8-12 years: ¾ adult dose (1.5 tablet)
Side effectsView
Choroquine is well tolerated at the standard dosage regimens, side effects such as headache and gastrointestinal disturbances which may occur are not of a serious nature. Where prolonged high dose is required side effects can be of greater severity and patients may develop skin eruptions, occasional depigmentation or loss of hair, difficulty in accommodation, blurring of vision. Corneal opacities disappear completely when the drug is stopped. Rarely thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia have been reported.
The most serious toxic hazard of prolonged therapy with doses is the occasional development of irreversible retinal damage. For this reason considerable caution is needed in the use of choroquine for long-term high dosage therapy and such use should only be considered when no other drug is available. Defects in visual accommodation may occur on first taking choloquine and patients should be warned regarding driving or operating machinery.
The most serious toxic hazard of prolonged therapy with doses is the occasional development of irreversible retinal damage. For this reason considerable caution is needed in the use of choroquine for long-term high dosage therapy and such use should only be considered when no other drug is available. Defects in visual accommodation may occur on first taking choloquine and patients should be warned regarding driving or operating machinery.
ContraindicationsView
There is no absolute contraindication to the use of chloroquine.
PrecautionsView
Caution is necessary when giving choroquine to patients with porphyria who also have hepatic dysfunction or cirrhosis as the drug may precipitate severe constitutional symptoms and an increase in the amount of porphyrins excreted in the urine. This reaction is especially apparent in alcoholics. Patients receiving choloquine continuously at higher dose levels for a period longer than 12 months or at weekly intervals for a period of more than 3 years as prophylactic against malaria (or the consumption exceeds 1.6 g/Kg) should undergo ophthalmic examination at three months interval.
InteractionsView
Concomitant therapy with phenylbutazone predisposes to dermatitis, antagonises effect of neostigmine and pyridostigmine, reduces bioavailability of ampicillin. Cimetidine inhibits metabolism of chloroquine raising plasma levels.
Pregnancy & lactationView
As with all other drugs, the use of choroquine during pregnancy should be avoided if possible, unless in the case of threatening infections, in the judgment of the physician, when the potential benefit outweighs the risk.
Pediatric usageView
Amoebic hepatitis: Four tablets daily for two days followed by one tablet twice daily for two or three weeks.
Lupus erythomatosus: One tablet twice daily for one to two weeks followed by a maintenance dose of one tablet daily.
Lupus erythomatosus: One tablet twice daily for one to two weeks followed by a maintenance dose of one tablet daily.
StorageView
Store at room temperature in a dry place, away from light.
Clix
Clarithromycin
Clix
Clarithromycin
Indications
Tonsillitis
Indication detailsView
Clarithromycin is indicated in-
- Streptococcal pharyngitis
- Sinusitis
- Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Atypical pneumonia
- Skin and soft tissue infection
- Adjunct in the treatment of duodenal ulcers by eradication of H.pylori.
Therapeutic classView
Macrolides
PharmacologyView
Clarithromycin acts by inhibiting microsomal protein synthesis in susceptible organisms mainly by binding to the donor site on the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing translocation to that site. Clarithromycin is active against most Gram-positive bacteria and Chlamydia, some Gram-negative bacteria and Mycoplasmas. Clarithromycin's activity is the same as, or greater than, that of Erythromycin in vitro against most Gram-positive bacteria. Clarithromycin is more acid-stable than Erythromycin and therefore, is better tolerated. Clarithromycin has twice the activity of Erythromycin against H. influenzae. Most species of Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to Clarithromycin because of failure to penetrate the target.
DosageView
Adults:
- Pharyngitis / Tonsillitis 250 mg every 12 hours for 10 days.
- Acute maxillary sinusitis 500 mg every 12 hours for 14 days.
- Chronic bronchitis 250-500 mg every 12 hours for 7-14 days.
- Pneumonia 250 mg every 12 hours for 7-14 days.
- Uncomplicated skin & skin structure infections 250 mg every 12 hours for 7-14 days.
- Community-acquired upper and lower respiratory tract infections 250-500 mg every 12 hours for 5-14 days.
- Bodyweight under 8 kg: 7.5 mg/kg twice daily.
- Bodyweight of 8-11 kg (1-2 years): 2.5 ml (Half teaspoonful) twice daily.
- Bodyweight of 12-19 kg (3-6 years): 5 ml (One teaspoonful) twice daily.
- Bodyweight of 20-29 kg (7-9 years): 7.5 ml (One & half teaspoonfuls) twice daily.
- Bodyweight of 30-40 kg (10-12 years): 10 ml (Two teaspoonfuls) twice daily.
AdministrationView
Clarithromycin may be given with or without meals.
Side effectsView
Clarithromycin is generally well tolerated. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Stomatitis and glossitis have also been reported. Other side effects include headache, allergic reactions ranging from urticaria and mild skin reactions to anaphylaxis. Taste perversion may occur. There have been reports of transient central nervous system side effects including anxiety, dizziness, insomnia and hallucination.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity to Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, or any of the macrolide antibiotics. Patients receiving Terfenadine who have pre-existing cardiac abnormalities or electrolyte disturbances.
PrecautionsView
Clarithromycin is principally excreted by the liver and kidney. Caution should be taken in administering this antibiotic to patients with impaired hepatic and renal function. Prolonged or repeated use of Clarithromycin may result in an overgrowth of non-susceptible bacteria or fungi. If superinfection occurs, Clarithromycin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be instituted.
InteractionsView
Theophylline: Concomitant use of Clarithromycin who are receiving Theophylline may be associated with an increase in serum Theophylline concentrations. Terfenadine: Clarithromycin may alter the metabolism of Terfenadine.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The drug may be used in neonates and children in appropriate doses. Breast milk from mothers receiving Clarithromycin should not be given to infants until treatment is completed. There is as yet little experience in the treatment of pregnant patients and Clarithromycin is not recommended.
Overdose effectsView
Reports indicate that the ingestion of large amounts of clarithromycin can be expected to produce gastro-intestinal symptoms. One patient who had a history of bipolar disorder ingested 8 grams of clarithromycin and showed altered mental status, paranoid behaviour, hypokalemia and hypoxemia. Adverse reactions accompanying overdosage should be treated by the prompt elimination of unabsorbed drug and supportive measures. As with other macrolides, clarithromycin serum levels are not expected to be appreciably affected by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place, protected from light & moisture. The reconstituted suspension must be used within 7 days if kept at room temperature and within 14 days when stored in a refrigerator. Keep out of reach of children.
Clix
Clarithromycin
Clix
Clarithromycin
Indications
Tonsillitis
Indication detailsView
Clarithromycin is indicated in-
- Streptococcal pharyngitis
- Sinusitis
- Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Atypical pneumonia
- Skin and soft tissue infection
- Adjunct in the treatment of duodenal ulcers by eradication of H.pylori.
Therapeutic classView
Macrolides
PharmacologyView
Clarithromycin acts by inhibiting microsomal protein synthesis in susceptible organisms mainly by binding to the donor site on the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing translocation to that site. Clarithromycin is active against most Gram-positive bacteria and Chlamydia, some Gram-negative bacteria and Mycoplasmas. Clarithromycin's activity is the same as, or greater than, that of Erythromycin in vitro against most Gram-positive bacteria. Clarithromycin is more acid-stable than Erythromycin and therefore, is better tolerated. Clarithromycin has twice the activity of Erythromycin against H. influenzae. Most species of Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to Clarithromycin because of failure to penetrate the target.
DosageView
Adults:
- Pharyngitis / Tonsillitis 250 mg every 12 hours for 10 days.
- Acute maxillary sinusitis 500 mg every 12 hours for 14 days.
- Chronic bronchitis 250-500 mg every 12 hours for 7-14 days.
- Pneumonia 250 mg every 12 hours for 7-14 days.
- Uncomplicated skin & skin structure infections 250 mg every 12 hours for 7-14 days.
- Community-acquired upper and lower respiratory tract infections 250-500 mg every 12 hours for 5-14 days.
- Bodyweight under 8 kg: 7.5 mg/kg twice daily.
- Bodyweight of 8-11 kg (1-2 years): 2.5 ml (Half teaspoonful) twice daily.
- Bodyweight of 12-19 kg (3-6 years): 5 ml (One teaspoonful) twice daily.
- Bodyweight of 20-29 kg (7-9 years): 7.5 ml (One & half teaspoonfuls) twice daily.
- Bodyweight of 30-40 kg (10-12 years): 10 ml (Two teaspoonfuls) twice daily.
AdministrationView
Clarithromycin may be given with or without meals.
Side effectsView
Clarithromycin is generally well tolerated. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Stomatitis and glossitis have also been reported. Other side effects include headache, allergic reactions ranging from urticaria and mild skin reactions to anaphylaxis. Taste perversion may occur. There have been reports of transient central nervous system side effects including anxiety, dizziness, insomnia and hallucination.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity to Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, or any of the macrolide antibiotics. Patients receiving Terfenadine who have pre-existing cardiac abnormalities or electrolyte disturbances.
PrecautionsView
Clarithromycin is principally excreted by the liver and kidney. Caution should be taken in administering this antibiotic to patients with impaired hepatic and renal function. Prolonged or repeated use of Clarithromycin may result in an overgrowth of non-susceptible bacteria or fungi. If superinfection occurs, Clarithromycin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be instituted.
InteractionsView
Theophylline: Concomitant use of Clarithromycin who are receiving Theophylline may be associated with an increase in serum Theophylline concentrations. Terfenadine: Clarithromycin may alter the metabolism of Terfenadine.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The drug may be used in neonates and children in appropriate doses. Breast milk from mothers receiving Clarithromycin should not be given to infants until treatment is completed. There is as yet little experience in the treatment of pregnant patients and Clarithromycin is not recommended.
Overdose effectsView
Reports indicate that the ingestion of large amounts of clarithromycin can be expected to produce gastro-intestinal symptoms. One patient who had a history of bipolar disorder ingested 8 grams of clarithromycin and showed altered mental status, paranoid behaviour, hypokalemia and hypoxemia. Adverse reactions accompanying overdosage should be treated by the prompt elimination of unabsorbed drug and supportive measures. As with other macrolides, clarithromycin serum levels are not expected to be appreciably affected by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
StorageView
Store in a cool and dry place, protected from light & moisture. The reconstituted suspension must be used within 7 days if kept at room temperature and within 14 days when stored in a refrigerator. Keep out of reach of children.