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Acipam
Escitalopram Oxalate
Acipam
Escitalopram Oxalate
Indications
Trichotillomania
Indication detailsView
Escitalopram Oxalate is indicated in the-
- Treatment of major depressive episodes.
- Treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia.
- Treatment of social anxiety disorder (social phobia).
- Treatment of generalised anxiety disorder.
- Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Therapeutic classView
SSRIs & related anti-depressant drugs
PharmacologyView
Escitalopram is an orally administered selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Escitalopram is the pure S-enantiomer of the racemic bicyclic phthalate derivative citalopram. Escitalopram is at least 100 fold more potent than the R-enantiomer with respect to inhibition of 5-HT reuptake. Escitalopram has no or very low affinity for serotonergic or other receptors including alpha- and beta-adrenergic Dopamine, Histamine, Muscarinic and benzodiazepine receptors.
DosageView
Safety of daily doses above 20 mg has not been demonstrated. Escitalopram Oxalate is administered as a single daily dose and may be taken with or without food.
Major depressive episodes: Usual dosage is 10 mg once daily. Depending on individual patient response, the dose may be increased to a maximum of 20 mg daily. Usually, 2-4 weeks are necessary to obtain an antidepressant response. After the symptoms resolve, treatment for at least 6 months is required for consolidation of the response.
Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: An initial dose of 5 mg is recommended for the first week before increasing the dose to 10 mg daily. The dose may be further increased, up to a maximum of 20 mg daily, dependent on individual patient response. Maximum effectiveness is reached after about 3 months. The treatment lasts several months.
Social anxiety disorder: Usual dosage is 10 mg once daily. Usually, 2-4 weeks are necessary to obtain symptom relief. The dose may subsequently, depending on individual patient response, be decreased to 5 mg or increased to a maximum of 20 mg daily. Social anxiety disorder is a disease with a chronic course, and treatment for 12 weeks is recommended to consolidate response. Long-term treatment of responders has been studied for 6 months and can be considered on an individual basis to prevent relapse; treatment benefits should be re-evaluated at regular intervals. Social anxiety disorder is a well-defined diagnostic terminology of a specific disorder, which should not be confounded with excessive shyness. Pharmacotherapy is only indicated if the disorder interferes significantly with professional and social activities. The place of this treatment compared to cognitive behavioural therapy has not been assessed. Pharmacotherapy is part of an overall therapeutic strategy.
Generalised anxiety disorder: Initial dosage is 10 mg once daily. Depending on the individual patient response, the dose may be increased to a maximum of 20 mg daily. Long term treatment of responders has been studied for at least 6 months in patients receiving 20 mg/day. Treatment benefits and dose should be re-evaluated at regular intervals.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Initial dosage is 10 mg once daily. Depending on the individual patient response, the dose may be increased to a maximum of 20 mg daily. As OCD is a chronic disease, patients should be treated for a sufficient period to ensure that they are symptom-free. Treatment benefits and dose should be re-evaluated at regular intervals.
Major depressive episodes: Usual dosage is 10 mg once daily. Depending on individual patient response, the dose may be increased to a maximum of 20 mg daily. Usually, 2-4 weeks are necessary to obtain an antidepressant response. After the symptoms resolve, treatment for at least 6 months is required for consolidation of the response.
Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: An initial dose of 5 mg is recommended for the first week before increasing the dose to 10 mg daily. The dose may be further increased, up to a maximum of 20 mg daily, dependent on individual patient response. Maximum effectiveness is reached after about 3 months. The treatment lasts several months.
Social anxiety disorder: Usual dosage is 10 mg once daily. Usually, 2-4 weeks are necessary to obtain symptom relief. The dose may subsequently, depending on individual patient response, be decreased to 5 mg or increased to a maximum of 20 mg daily. Social anxiety disorder is a disease with a chronic course, and treatment for 12 weeks is recommended to consolidate response. Long-term treatment of responders has been studied for 6 months and can be considered on an individual basis to prevent relapse; treatment benefits should be re-evaluated at regular intervals. Social anxiety disorder is a well-defined diagnostic terminology of a specific disorder, which should not be confounded with excessive shyness. Pharmacotherapy is only indicated if the disorder interferes significantly with professional and social activities. The place of this treatment compared to cognitive behavioural therapy has not been assessed. Pharmacotherapy is part of an overall therapeutic strategy.
Generalised anxiety disorder: Initial dosage is 10 mg once daily. Depending on the individual patient response, the dose may be increased to a maximum of 20 mg daily. Long term treatment of responders has been studied for at least 6 months in patients receiving 20 mg/day. Treatment benefits and dose should be re-evaluated at regular intervals.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Initial dosage is 10 mg once daily. Depending on the individual patient response, the dose may be increased to a maximum of 20 mg daily. As OCD is a chronic disease, patients should be treated for a sufficient period to ensure that they are symptom-free. Treatment benefits and dose should be re-evaluated at regular intervals.
AdministrationView
Escitalopram should generally be administered once daily, morning or evening with or without food.
Side effectsView
SSRIs are less sedating and have fewer antimuscarinic and cardiotoxic effects than tricyclic antidepressants. Side-effects of the SSRIs include gastrointestinal effects (dose-related and fairly common include nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, constipation), anorexia with weight loss (increased appetite and weight gain also reported) and hypersensitivity reactions including rash, urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, arthralgia, myalgia, and photosensitivity; other side-effects include dry mouth, nervousness, anxiety, headache, insomnia, tremor, dizziness, asthenia, hallucinations, drowsiness, convulsions, galactorrhoea, sexual dysfunction, urinary retention, sweating, hypomania or mania, movement disorders and dyskinesias, visual disturbances.
ContraindicationsView
Escitalopram is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to Escitalopram or Citalopram or any of the inactive ingredients of the drug product. Concomitant use of escitalopram in patients taking monoamine oxidase/pimozide is contraindicated.
PrecautionsView
SSRIs should be used with caution in patients with epilepsy (avoid if poorly controlled, discontinue if convulsions develop), concurrent electroconvulsive therapy (prolonged seizures reported with fluoxetine), history of mania, cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, angle-closure glaucoma, concomitant use of drugs that increase risk of bleeding, history of bleeding disorders (especially gastro-lntestinal bleeding), hepatic and renal impairment.
InteractionsView
As SSRI or related antidepressants should not be started until 2 weeks after stopping an MAOI. Conversely, an MAOI should not. be started until at least a week after an SSRI or related antidepressant has been stopped (2 weeks in the case of paroxetine and sertraline, at least 5 weeks in the case of fluoxetine).
Pregnancy & lactationView
When treating a pregnant woman with Escitalopram during the third trimester, the physician should carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of treatment. It is excreted in human breast milk. The decision whether to continue or discontinue either nursing or Escitalopram therapy should take into account the risk of citalopram exposure for the infant and the benefits Escitalopram treatment for the mother.
Pediatric usageView
Elderly patients (>65 years of age): Initial dosage is 5 mg once daily. Depending on the individual patient response the dose may be increased to 10 mg daily. The efficacy of escitalopram in social anxiety disorder has not been studied in elderly patients.
Children and adolescents (<18 years): Escitalopram Oxalate should not be used in the treatment of children and adolescents under the age of 18 years.
Reduced renal function: Dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. Caution is advised in patients with severely reduced renal function (CLCR less than 30 ml/min).
Reduced hepatic function: An initial dose of 5 mg daily for the first two weeks of treatment is recommended in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Depending on individual patient response, the dose may be increased to 10 mg daily. Caution and extra careful dose titration is advised in patients with severely reduced hepatic function.
Poor metabolizers of CYP2C19: For patients who are known to be poor metabolisers with respect to CYP2C19, an initial dose of 5 mg daily during the first two weeks of treatment is recommended. Depending on individual patient response, the dose may be increased to 10 mg daily. Discontinuation symptoms seen when stopping treatment. Abrupt discontinuation should be avoided.
When stopping treatment with escitalopram the dose should be gradually reduced over a period of at least one to two weeks in order to reduce the risk of discontinuation symptoms. If intolerable symptoms occur following a decrease in the dose or upon discontinuation of treatment, then resuming the previously prescribed dose may be considered. Subsequently, the physician may continue decreasing the dose, but at a more gradual rate.
Children and adolescents (<18 years): Escitalopram Oxalate should not be used in the treatment of children and adolescents under the age of 18 years.
Reduced renal function: Dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. Caution is advised in patients with severely reduced renal function (CLCR less than 30 ml/min).
Reduced hepatic function: An initial dose of 5 mg daily for the first two weeks of treatment is recommended in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Depending on individual patient response, the dose may be increased to 10 mg daily. Caution and extra careful dose titration is advised in patients with severely reduced hepatic function.
Poor metabolizers of CYP2C19: For patients who are known to be poor metabolisers with respect to CYP2C19, an initial dose of 5 mg daily during the first two weeks of treatment is recommended. Depending on individual patient response, the dose may be increased to 10 mg daily. Discontinuation symptoms seen when stopping treatment. Abrupt discontinuation should be avoided.
When stopping treatment with escitalopram the dose should be gradually reduced over a period of at least one to two weeks in order to reduce the risk of discontinuation symptoms. If intolerable symptoms occur following a decrease in the dose or upon discontinuation of treatment, then resuming the previously prescribed dose may be considered. Subsequently, the physician may continue decreasing the dose, but at a more gradual rate.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: Symptoms seen in a reported overdose of escitalopram include symptoms mainly related to the central nervous system (ranging from dizziness, tremor, and agitation to rare cases of serotonin syndrome, convulsion, and coma), the gastrointestinal system (nausea/vomiting), and the cardiovascular system (hypotension, tachycardia, QT interval, prolongation, and arrhythmia) and electrolyte/fluid balance conditions (hypokalaemia, hyponatremia).
Management: There is no specific antidote. Establish and maintain an airway, ensure adequate oxygenation and respiratory function. Gastric lavage and the use of activated charcoal should be considered. Gastric lavage should be carried out as soon as possible after oral ingestion. Cardiac and vital signs monitoring are recommended along with general symptomatic supportive measures. ECG monitoring is advised in case of overdose, in patients with congestive heart failure/bradyarrhythmias, in patients using concomitant medications that prolong the QT-interval, or in patients with altered metabolism, e.g. liver impairment.
Management: There is no specific antidote. Establish and maintain an airway, ensure adequate oxygenation and respiratory function. Gastric lavage and the use of activated charcoal should be considered. Gastric lavage should be carried out as soon as possible after oral ingestion. Cardiac and vital signs monitoring are recommended along with general symptomatic supportive measures. ECG monitoring is advised in case of overdose, in patients with congestive heart failure/bradyarrhythmias, in patients using concomitant medications that prolong the QT-interval, or in patients with altered metabolism, e.g. liver impairment.
StorageView
Store below 30°C temperature and protect from light & moisture. Keep the medicine out of the reach of children.
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Indications
Urinary tract infection
Indication detailsView
Ceftriaxone is indicated for the treatment of the following major infections:
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Acute Bacterial Otitis Media
- Skin and skin structure infections
- Urinary tract infections
- Gonorrhea
- Bacterial Septicemia
- Bone and joint infections
- Meningitis
- Prevention of postoperative infections
- Perioperative prophylaxis of infections associated with surgery
Therapeutic classView
Third generation Cephalosporins
PharmacologyView
Ceftriaxone is a 3rd generation broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic. It has potent bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Like other cephalosporins and penicillins, Ceftriaxone kills bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Ceftriaxone has a high degree of stability in the presence of beta lactamases. A remarkable feature of Ceftriaxone is its relatively long plasma elimination half-life of about 6 to 9 hours, which makes single or once-daily dosage of the drug appropriate for most patients. Ceftriaxone is not metabolized in the body. About 40-65% of a dose of Ceftriaxone is excreted unchanged in the urine; the remainder is excreted in the bile and ultimately found in the feces as unchanged drug and microbiologically inactive compound. The drug is highly protein bound (95%).
DosageView
Adult: The usual dose is 1 to 2 gm by intravenous or intramuscular administration once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day).
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Acute bacterial otitis media, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections, Meningitis: 1 to 2 g IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
- Uncomplicated gonococcal infections: 250 mg IM as a single dose
- Surgical prophylaxis: 1 g IV as a single dose 30 to 120 minutes before surgery
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections: 50 to 75 mg/kg IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 2 gm/day
- Acute bacterial otitis media: 50 mg/kg IM in single dose; Maximum dose: 1 gm/day
- Meningitis: 100 mg/kg IV or IM in single daily dose or (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
AdministrationView
Preparation of Solutions for Intramuscular / Intravenous Injections:
- For Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 2 ml Lidocaine HCI 1% injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 3.5 ml of Lidocaine HCI 1% injection.
- For Intravenous Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 5 ml of Water for injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 10 ml of Water for injection USP or 2 g Ceftriaxone in 20 ml of Water for injection.
Side effectsView
Ceftriaxone is generally well tolerated. A few side effects such as gastro-intestinal effects including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis and glossitis; cutaneous reactions including rash, pruritus, urticaria, edema and erythema multiforme; hematologic reactions including eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, anemia and neutropenia; hepatic reactions including elevations of SGOT or SGPT, bilirubinemia; CNS reactions including nervousness, confusion, sleep disturbances, headache, hyperactivity, convulsion, hypertonia and dizziness were reported. Local phlebitis occurs rarely following intravenous administration but can be minimized by slow injections over 2-4 minutes.
ContraindicationsView
Ceftriaxone should not be given to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics.
PrecautionsView
As with other cephalosporins, anaphylactic shock cannot be ruled out even if a thorough patient history is taken. Anaphylactic shock requires immediate countermeasures such as intravenous epinephrine followed by a glucocorticoid. In rare cases, shadows suggesting sludge have been detected by sonograms of the gallbladder. This condition was reversible on discontinuation or completion of Ceftriaxone therapy. Even if such findings are associated with pain, conservative, nonsurgical management is recommended. During prolonged treatment the blood picture should be checked at regular intervals.
InteractionsView
No drug interactions have been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Its safety in human pregnancy has not been established. Therefore, it should not be used in pregnancy unless absolutely indicated. Low concentrations of Ceftriaxone are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Ceftriaxone is administered to a lactating mother.
Pediatric usageView
Ceftriaxone must not be given to neonates if the neonates is premature and newborn (up to 28 days of age).
Overdose effectsView
There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overdosage should be symptomatic.
StorageView
Vial store in a cool, dry place (below 30° C), away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Indications
Urinary tract infection
Indication detailsView
Ceftriaxone is indicated for the treatment of the following major infections:
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Acute Bacterial Otitis Media
- Skin and skin structure infections
- Urinary tract infections
- Gonorrhea
- Bacterial Septicemia
- Bone and joint infections
- Meningitis
- Prevention of postoperative infections
- Perioperative prophylaxis of infections associated with surgery
Therapeutic classView
Third generation Cephalosporins
PharmacologyView
Ceftriaxone is a 3rd generation broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic. It has potent bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Like other cephalosporins and penicillins, Ceftriaxone kills bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Ceftriaxone has a high degree of stability in the presence of beta lactamases. A remarkable feature of Ceftriaxone is its relatively long plasma elimination half-life of about 6 to 9 hours, which makes single or once-daily dosage of the drug appropriate for most patients. Ceftriaxone is not metabolized in the body. About 40-65% of a dose of Ceftriaxone is excreted unchanged in the urine; the remainder is excreted in the bile and ultimately found in the feces as unchanged drug and microbiologically inactive compound. The drug is highly protein bound (95%).
DosageView
Adult: The usual dose is 1 to 2 gm by intravenous or intramuscular administration once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day).
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Acute bacterial otitis media, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections, Meningitis: 1 to 2 g IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
- Uncomplicated gonococcal infections: 250 mg IM as a single dose
- Surgical prophylaxis: 1 g IV as a single dose 30 to 120 minutes before surgery
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections: 50 to 75 mg/kg IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 2 gm/day
- Acute bacterial otitis media: 50 mg/kg IM in single dose; Maximum dose: 1 gm/day
- Meningitis: 100 mg/kg IV or IM in single daily dose or (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
AdministrationView
Preparation of Solutions for Intramuscular / Intravenous Injections:
- For Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 2 ml Lidocaine HCI 1% injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 3.5 ml of Lidocaine HCI 1% injection.
- For Intravenous Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 5 ml of Water for injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 10 ml of Water for injection USP or 2 g Ceftriaxone in 20 ml of Water for injection.
Side effectsView
Ceftriaxone is generally well tolerated. A few side effects such as gastro-intestinal effects including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis and glossitis; cutaneous reactions including rash, pruritus, urticaria, edema and erythema multiforme; hematologic reactions including eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, anemia and neutropenia; hepatic reactions including elevations of SGOT or SGPT, bilirubinemia; CNS reactions including nervousness, confusion, sleep disturbances, headache, hyperactivity, convulsion, hypertonia and dizziness were reported. Local phlebitis occurs rarely following intravenous administration but can be minimized by slow injections over 2-4 minutes.
ContraindicationsView
Ceftriaxone should not be given to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics.
PrecautionsView
As with other cephalosporins, anaphylactic shock cannot be ruled out even if a thorough patient history is taken. Anaphylactic shock requires immediate countermeasures such as intravenous epinephrine followed by a glucocorticoid. In rare cases, shadows suggesting sludge have been detected by sonograms of the gallbladder. This condition was reversible on discontinuation or completion of Ceftriaxone therapy. Even if such findings are associated with pain, conservative, nonsurgical management is recommended. During prolonged treatment the blood picture should be checked at regular intervals.
InteractionsView
No drug interactions have been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Its safety in human pregnancy has not been established. Therefore, it should not be used in pregnancy unless absolutely indicated. Low concentrations of Ceftriaxone are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Ceftriaxone is administered to a lactating mother.
Pediatric usageView
Ceftriaxone must not be given to neonates if the neonates is premature and newborn (up to 28 days of age).
Overdose effectsView
There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overdosage should be symptomatic.
StorageView
Vial store in a cool, dry place (below 30° C), away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Indications
Urinary tract infection
Indication detailsView
Ceftriaxone is indicated for the treatment of the following major infections:
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Acute Bacterial Otitis Media
- Skin and skin structure infections
- Urinary tract infections
- Gonorrhea
- Bacterial Septicemia
- Bone and joint infections
- Meningitis
- Prevention of postoperative infections
- Perioperative prophylaxis of infections associated with surgery
Therapeutic classView
Third generation Cephalosporins
PharmacologyView
Ceftriaxone is a 3rd generation broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic. It has potent bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Like other cephalosporins and penicillins, Ceftriaxone kills bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Ceftriaxone has a high degree of stability in the presence of beta lactamases. A remarkable feature of Ceftriaxone is its relatively long plasma elimination half-life of about 6 to 9 hours, which makes single or once-daily dosage of the drug appropriate for most patients. Ceftriaxone is not metabolized in the body. About 40-65% of a dose of Ceftriaxone is excreted unchanged in the urine; the remainder is excreted in the bile and ultimately found in the feces as unchanged drug and microbiologically inactive compound. The drug is highly protein bound (95%).
DosageView
Adult: The usual dose is 1 to 2 gm by intravenous or intramuscular administration once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day).
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Acute bacterial otitis media, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections, Meningitis: 1 to 2 g IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
- Uncomplicated gonococcal infections: 250 mg IM as a single dose
- Surgical prophylaxis: 1 g IV as a single dose 30 to 120 minutes before surgery
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections: 50 to 75 mg/kg IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 2 gm/day
- Acute bacterial otitis media: 50 mg/kg IM in single dose; Maximum dose: 1 gm/day
- Meningitis: 100 mg/kg IV or IM in single daily dose or (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
AdministrationView
Preparation of Solutions for Intramuscular / Intravenous Injections:
- For Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 2 ml Lidocaine HCI 1% injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 3.5 ml of Lidocaine HCI 1% injection.
- For Intravenous Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 5 ml of Water for injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 10 ml of Water for injection USP or 2 g Ceftriaxone in 20 ml of Water for injection.
Side effectsView
Ceftriaxone is generally well tolerated. A few side effects such as gastro-intestinal effects including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis and glossitis; cutaneous reactions including rash, pruritus, urticaria, edema and erythema multiforme; hematologic reactions including eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, anemia and neutropenia; hepatic reactions including elevations of SGOT or SGPT, bilirubinemia; CNS reactions including nervousness, confusion, sleep disturbances, headache, hyperactivity, convulsion, hypertonia and dizziness were reported. Local phlebitis occurs rarely following intravenous administration but can be minimized by slow injections over 2-4 minutes.
ContraindicationsView
Ceftriaxone should not be given to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics.
PrecautionsView
As with other cephalosporins, anaphylactic shock cannot be ruled out even if a thorough patient history is taken. Anaphylactic shock requires immediate countermeasures such as intravenous epinephrine followed by a glucocorticoid. In rare cases, shadows suggesting sludge have been detected by sonograms of the gallbladder. This condition was reversible on discontinuation or completion of Ceftriaxone therapy. Even if such findings are associated with pain, conservative, nonsurgical management is recommended. During prolonged treatment the blood picture should be checked at regular intervals.
InteractionsView
No drug interactions have been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Its safety in human pregnancy has not been established. Therefore, it should not be used in pregnancy unless absolutely indicated. Low concentrations of Ceftriaxone are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Ceftriaxone is administered to a lactating mother.
Pediatric usageView
Ceftriaxone must not be given to neonates if the neonates is premature and newborn (up to 28 days of age).
Overdose effectsView
There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overdosage should be symptomatic.
StorageView
Vial store in a cool, dry place (below 30° C), away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Indications
Urinary tract infection
Indication detailsView
Ceftriaxone is indicated for the treatment of the following major infections:
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Acute Bacterial Otitis Media
- Skin and skin structure infections
- Urinary tract infections
- Gonorrhea
- Bacterial Septicemia
- Bone and joint infections
- Meningitis
- Prevention of postoperative infections
- Perioperative prophylaxis of infections associated with surgery
Therapeutic classView
Third generation Cephalosporins
PharmacologyView
Ceftriaxone is a 3rd generation broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic. It has potent bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Like other cephalosporins and penicillins, Ceftriaxone kills bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Ceftriaxone has a high degree of stability in the presence of beta lactamases. A remarkable feature of Ceftriaxone is its relatively long plasma elimination half-life of about 6 to 9 hours, which makes single or once-daily dosage of the drug appropriate for most patients. Ceftriaxone is not metabolized in the body. About 40-65% of a dose of Ceftriaxone is excreted unchanged in the urine; the remainder is excreted in the bile and ultimately found in the feces as unchanged drug and microbiologically inactive compound. The drug is highly protein bound (95%).
DosageView
Adult: The usual dose is 1 to 2 gm by intravenous or intramuscular administration once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day).
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Acute bacterial otitis media, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections, Meningitis: 1 to 2 g IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
- Uncomplicated gonococcal infections: 250 mg IM as a single dose
- Surgical prophylaxis: 1 g IV as a single dose 30 to 120 minutes before surgery
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections: 50 to 75 mg/kg IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 2 gm/day
- Acute bacterial otitis media: 50 mg/kg IM in single dose; Maximum dose: 1 gm/day
- Meningitis: 100 mg/kg IV or IM in single daily dose or (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
AdministrationView
Preparation of Solutions for Intramuscular / Intravenous Injections:
- For Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 2 ml Lidocaine HCI 1% injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 3.5 ml of Lidocaine HCI 1% injection.
- For Intravenous Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 5 ml of Water for injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 10 ml of Water for injection USP or 2 g Ceftriaxone in 20 ml of Water for injection.
Side effectsView
Ceftriaxone is generally well tolerated. A few side effects such as gastro-intestinal effects including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis and glossitis; cutaneous reactions including rash, pruritus, urticaria, edema and erythema multiforme; hematologic reactions including eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, anemia and neutropenia; hepatic reactions including elevations of SGOT or SGPT, bilirubinemia; CNS reactions including nervousness, confusion, sleep disturbances, headache, hyperactivity, convulsion, hypertonia and dizziness were reported. Local phlebitis occurs rarely following intravenous administration but can be minimized by slow injections over 2-4 minutes.
ContraindicationsView
Ceftriaxone should not be given to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics.
PrecautionsView
As with other cephalosporins, anaphylactic shock cannot be ruled out even if a thorough patient history is taken. Anaphylactic shock requires immediate countermeasures such as intravenous epinephrine followed by a glucocorticoid. In rare cases, shadows suggesting sludge have been detected by sonograms of the gallbladder. This condition was reversible on discontinuation or completion of Ceftriaxone therapy. Even if such findings are associated with pain, conservative, nonsurgical management is recommended. During prolonged treatment the blood picture should be checked at regular intervals.
InteractionsView
No drug interactions have been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Its safety in human pregnancy has not been established. Therefore, it should not be used in pregnancy unless absolutely indicated. Low concentrations of Ceftriaxone are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Ceftriaxone is administered to a lactating mother.
Pediatric usageView
Ceftriaxone must not be given to neonates if the neonates is premature and newborn (up to 28 days of age).
Overdose effectsView
There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overdosage should be symptomatic.
StorageView
Vial store in a cool, dry place (below 30° C), away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Indications
Urinary tract infection
Indication detailsView
Ceftriaxone is indicated for the treatment of the following major infections:
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Acute Bacterial Otitis Media
- Skin and skin structure infections
- Urinary tract infections
- Gonorrhea
- Bacterial Septicemia
- Bone and joint infections
- Meningitis
- Prevention of postoperative infections
- Perioperative prophylaxis of infections associated with surgery
Therapeutic classView
Third generation Cephalosporins
PharmacologyView
Ceftriaxone is a 3rd generation broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic. It has potent bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Like other cephalosporins and penicillins, Ceftriaxone kills bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Ceftriaxone has a high degree of stability in the presence of beta lactamases. A remarkable feature of Ceftriaxone is its relatively long plasma elimination half-life of about 6 to 9 hours, which makes single or once-daily dosage of the drug appropriate for most patients. Ceftriaxone is not metabolized in the body. About 40-65% of a dose of Ceftriaxone is excreted unchanged in the urine; the remainder is excreted in the bile and ultimately found in the feces as unchanged drug and microbiologically inactive compound. The drug is highly protein bound (95%).
DosageView
Adult: The usual dose is 1 to 2 gm by intravenous or intramuscular administration once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day).
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Acute bacterial otitis media, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections, Meningitis: 1 to 2 g IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
- Uncomplicated gonococcal infections: 250 mg IM as a single dose
- Surgical prophylaxis: 1 g IV as a single dose 30 to 120 minutes before surgery
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections: 50 to 75 mg/kg IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 2 gm/day
- Acute bacterial otitis media: 50 mg/kg IM in single dose; Maximum dose: 1 gm/day
- Meningitis: 100 mg/kg IV or IM in single daily dose or (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
AdministrationView
Preparation of Solutions for Intramuscular / Intravenous Injections:
- For Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 2 ml Lidocaine HCI 1% injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 3.5 ml of Lidocaine HCI 1% injection.
- For Intravenous Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 5 ml of Water for injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 10 ml of Water for injection USP or 2 g Ceftriaxone in 20 ml of Water for injection.
Side effectsView
Ceftriaxone is generally well tolerated. A few side effects such as gastro-intestinal effects including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis and glossitis; cutaneous reactions including rash, pruritus, urticaria, edema and erythema multiforme; hematologic reactions including eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, anemia and neutropenia; hepatic reactions including elevations of SGOT or SGPT, bilirubinemia; CNS reactions including nervousness, confusion, sleep disturbances, headache, hyperactivity, convulsion, hypertonia and dizziness were reported. Local phlebitis occurs rarely following intravenous administration but can be minimized by slow injections over 2-4 minutes.
ContraindicationsView
Ceftriaxone should not be given to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics.
PrecautionsView
As with other cephalosporins, anaphylactic shock cannot be ruled out even if a thorough patient history is taken. Anaphylactic shock requires immediate countermeasures such as intravenous epinephrine followed by a glucocorticoid. In rare cases, shadows suggesting sludge have been detected by sonograms of the gallbladder. This condition was reversible on discontinuation or completion of Ceftriaxone therapy. Even if such findings are associated with pain, conservative, nonsurgical management is recommended. During prolonged treatment the blood picture should be checked at regular intervals.
InteractionsView
No drug interactions have been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Its safety in human pregnancy has not been established. Therefore, it should not be used in pregnancy unless absolutely indicated. Low concentrations of Ceftriaxone are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Ceftriaxone is administered to a lactating mother.
Pediatric usageView
Ceftriaxone must not be given to neonates if the neonates is premature and newborn (up to 28 days of age).
Overdose effectsView
There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overdosage should be symptomatic.
StorageView
Vial store in a cool, dry place (below 30° C), away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Indications
Urinary tract infection
Indication detailsView
Ceftriaxone is indicated for the treatment of the following major infections:
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Acute Bacterial Otitis Media
- Skin and skin structure infections
- Urinary tract infections
- Gonorrhea
- Bacterial Septicemia
- Bone and joint infections
- Meningitis
- Prevention of postoperative infections
- Perioperative prophylaxis of infections associated with surgery
Therapeutic classView
Third generation Cephalosporins
PharmacologyView
Ceftriaxone is a 3rd generation broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic. It has potent bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Like other cephalosporins and penicillins, Ceftriaxone kills bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Ceftriaxone has a high degree of stability in the presence of beta lactamases. A remarkable feature of Ceftriaxone is its relatively long plasma elimination half-life of about 6 to 9 hours, which makes single or once-daily dosage of the drug appropriate for most patients. Ceftriaxone is not metabolized in the body. About 40-65% of a dose of Ceftriaxone is excreted unchanged in the urine; the remainder is excreted in the bile and ultimately found in the feces as unchanged drug and microbiologically inactive compound. The drug is highly protein bound (95%).
DosageView
Adult: The usual dose is 1 to 2 gm by intravenous or intramuscular administration once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day).
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Acute bacterial otitis media, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections, Meningitis: 1 to 2 g IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
- Uncomplicated gonococcal infections: 250 mg IM as a single dose
- Surgical prophylaxis: 1 g IV as a single dose 30 to 120 minutes before surgery
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections: 50 to 75 mg/kg IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 2 gm/day
- Acute bacterial otitis media: 50 mg/kg IM in single dose; Maximum dose: 1 gm/day
- Meningitis: 100 mg/kg IV or IM in single daily dose or (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
AdministrationView
Preparation of Solutions for Intramuscular / Intravenous Injections:
- For Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 2 ml Lidocaine HCI 1% injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 3.5 ml of Lidocaine HCI 1% injection.
- For Intravenous Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 5 ml of Water for injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 10 ml of Water for injection USP or 2 g Ceftriaxone in 20 ml of Water for injection.
Side effectsView
Ceftriaxone is generally well tolerated. A few side effects such as gastro-intestinal effects including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis and glossitis; cutaneous reactions including rash, pruritus, urticaria, edema and erythema multiforme; hematologic reactions including eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, anemia and neutropenia; hepatic reactions including elevations of SGOT or SGPT, bilirubinemia; CNS reactions including nervousness, confusion, sleep disturbances, headache, hyperactivity, convulsion, hypertonia and dizziness were reported. Local phlebitis occurs rarely following intravenous administration but can be minimized by slow injections over 2-4 minutes.
ContraindicationsView
Ceftriaxone should not be given to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics.
PrecautionsView
As with other cephalosporins, anaphylactic shock cannot be ruled out even if a thorough patient history is taken. Anaphylactic shock requires immediate countermeasures such as intravenous epinephrine followed by a glucocorticoid. In rare cases, shadows suggesting sludge have been detected by sonograms of the gallbladder. This condition was reversible on discontinuation or completion of Ceftriaxone therapy. Even if such findings are associated with pain, conservative, nonsurgical management is recommended. During prolonged treatment the blood picture should be checked at regular intervals.
InteractionsView
No drug interactions have been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Its safety in human pregnancy has not been established. Therefore, it should not be used in pregnancy unless absolutely indicated. Low concentrations of Ceftriaxone are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Ceftriaxone is administered to a lactating mother.
Pediatric usageView
Ceftriaxone must not be given to neonates if the neonates is premature and newborn (up to 28 days of age).
Overdose effectsView
There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overdosage should be symptomatic.
StorageView
Vial store in a cool, dry place (below 30° C), away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Aciphin
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Indications
Urinary tract infection
Indication detailsView
Ceftriaxone is indicated for the treatment of the following major infections:
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Acute Bacterial Otitis Media
- Skin and skin structure infections
- Urinary tract infections
- Gonorrhea
- Bacterial Septicemia
- Bone and joint infections
- Meningitis
- Prevention of postoperative infections
- Perioperative prophylaxis of infections associated with surgery
Therapeutic classView
Third generation Cephalosporins
PharmacologyView
Ceftriaxone is a 3rd generation broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic. It has potent bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Like other cephalosporins and penicillins, Ceftriaxone kills bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Ceftriaxone has a high degree of stability in the presence of beta lactamases. A remarkable feature of Ceftriaxone is its relatively long plasma elimination half-life of about 6 to 9 hours, which makes single or once-daily dosage of the drug appropriate for most patients. Ceftriaxone is not metabolized in the body. About 40-65% of a dose of Ceftriaxone is excreted unchanged in the urine; the remainder is excreted in the bile and ultimately found in the feces as unchanged drug and microbiologically inactive compound. The drug is highly protein bound (95%).
DosageView
Adult: The usual dose is 1 to 2 gm by intravenous or intramuscular administration once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day).
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Acute bacterial otitis media, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections, Meningitis: 1 to 2 g IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
- Uncomplicated gonococcal infections: 250 mg IM as a single dose
- Surgical prophylaxis: 1 g IV as a single dose 30 to 120 minutes before surgery
- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Skin and skin structure infection, Urinary tract infections, Bacterial Septicemia, Bone and joint infections: 50 to 75 mg/kg IV or IM once a day (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 2 gm/day
- Acute bacterial otitis media: 50 mg/kg IM in single dose; Maximum dose: 1 gm/day
- Meningitis: 100 mg/kg IV or IM in single daily dose or (or in equally divided doses twice a day); Maximum dose: 4 gm/day
AdministrationView
Preparation of Solutions for Intramuscular / Intravenous Injections:
- For Intramuscular Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 2 ml Lidocaine HCI 1% injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 3.5 ml of Lidocaine HCI 1% injection.
- For Intravenous Injection: 250 mg or 500 mg Ceftriaxone should be dissolved in 5 ml of Water for injection or 1 g Ceftriaxone in 10 ml of Water for injection USP or 2 g Ceftriaxone in 20 ml of Water for injection.
Side effectsView
Ceftriaxone is generally well tolerated. A few side effects such as gastro-intestinal effects including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis and glossitis; cutaneous reactions including rash, pruritus, urticaria, edema and erythema multiforme; hematologic reactions including eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, anemia and neutropenia; hepatic reactions including elevations of SGOT or SGPT, bilirubinemia; CNS reactions including nervousness, confusion, sleep disturbances, headache, hyperactivity, convulsion, hypertonia and dizziness were reported. Local phlebitis occurs rarely following intravenous administration but can be minimized by slow injections over 2-4 minutes.
ContraindicationsView
Ceftriaxone should not be given to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics.
PrecautionsView
As with other cephalosporins, anaphylactic shock cannot be ruled out even if a thorough patient history is taken. Anaphylactic shock requires immediate countermeasures such as intravenous epinephrine followed by a glucocorticoid. In rare cases, shadows suggesting sludge have been detected by sonograms of the gallbladder. This condition was reversible on discontinuation or completion of Ceftriaxone therapy. Even if such findings are associated with pain, conservative, nonsurgical management is recommended. During prolonged treatment the blood picture should be checked at regular intervals.
InteractionsView
No drug interactions have been reported.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Its safety in human pregnancy has not been established. Therefore, it should not be used in pregnancy unless absolutely indicated. Low concentrations of Ceftriaxone are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Ceftriaxone is administered to a lactating mother.
Pediatric usageView
Ceftriaxone must not be given to neonates if the neonates is premature and newborn (up to 28 days of age).
Overdose effectsView
There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overdosage should be symptomatic.
StorageView
Vial store in a cool, dry place (below 30° C), away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Acitrin
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
Acitrin
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
It is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal & perennial allergic rhinitis. It is also indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergen induced asthma.
Therapeutic classView
Sedating Anti-histamine
PharmacologyView
Cetirizine Hydrochloride is a potent H1 receptor antagonist without any significant anticholinergic and antiserotonic effects. At pharmacologically active dose levels, it has almost no drowsiness effect and does not cause behavioral changes. It inhibits the histamine-mediated early phase of the allergic reaction and also reduces the migration of inflammatory cells and the release of mediators associated with the late phase of the allergic reaction.
Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
DosageView
Adults and Children 6 years and older: 1 tablet or 2 teaspoonfuls daily (or 1 teaspoonful twice daily).
Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.
Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.
Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
Side effectsView
The most common side effects that occurred more frequently on Cetirizine is somnolence.
ContraindicationsView
It is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to Cetirizine or hydroxyzine.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised when driving a car or operating a heavy machinery.
InteractionsView
No clinically significant drug interactions have been found with Theophylline, Azithromycin, Pseudoephedrine, Ketoconazole or Erythromycin and with other drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy Category of Cetirizine Hydrochloride is B. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Cetirizine Hydrochloride has been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Cetirizine Hydrochloride is administered to a nursing woman.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Acitrin
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
Acitrin
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
It is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal & perennial allergic rhinitis. It is also indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergen induced asthma.
Therapeutic classView
Sedating Anti-histamine
PharmacologyView
Cetirizine Hydrochloride is a potent H1 receptor antagonist without any significant anticholinergic and antiserotonic effects. At pharmacologically active dose levels, it has almost no drowsiness effect and does not cause behavioral changes. It inhibits the histamine-mediated early phase of the allergic reaction and also reduces the migration of inflammatory cells and the release of mediators associated with the late phase of the allergic reaction.
Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
DosageView
Adults and Children 6 years and older: 1 tablet or 2 teaspoonfuls daily (or 1 teaspoonful twice daily).
Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.
Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.
Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
Side effectsView
The most common side effects that occurred more frequently on Cetirizine is somnolence.
ContraindicationsView
It is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to Cetirizine or hydroxyzine.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised when driving a car or operating a heavy machinery.
InteractionsView
No clinically significant drug interactions have been found with Theophylline, Azithromycin, Pseudoephedrine, Ketoconazole or Erythromycin and with other drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy Category of Cetirizine Hydrochloride is B. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Cetirizine Hydrochloride has been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Cetirizine Hydrochloride is administered to a nursing woman.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Acitrin
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
Acitrin
Cetirizine Hydrochloride
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
It is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal & perennial allergic rhinitis. It is also indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergen induced asthma.
Therapeutic classView
Sedating Anti-histamine
PharmacologyView
Cetirizine Hydrochloride is a potent H1 receptor antagonist without any significant anticholinergic and antiserotonic effects. At pharmacologically active dose levels, it has almost no drowsiness effect and does not cause behavioral changes. It inhibits the histamine-mediated early phase of the allergic reaction and also reduces the migration of inflammatory cells and the release of mediators associated with the late phase of the allergic reaction.
Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
Pharmacokinetics: Cetirizine 10 mg achieves peak plasma concentrations of 257 mcg/L within one hour of administration (980 mcg/L in children). Food does not affect the extent of absorption, but it may slightly reduce the rate. Peak blood levels 0.3 micrograms/ml are reached between thirty & sixty minutes after administration of 10 mg dose of Cetirizine. Its plasma half-life is approximately 11 hours. Absorption is very consistent from one subject to the next. Its renal clearance is 30 ml/minute and the excretion half-life is approximately nine hours.
DosageView
Adults and Children 6 years and older: 1 tablet or 2 teaspoonfuls daily (or 1 teaspoonful twice daily).
Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.
Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
Children 2-6 years: 1 teaspoonful once daily or 1/2 teaspoonful twice daily.
Children 6 months to 2 years : 1/2 teaspoonful once daily. The dose in children 12-23 months of age can be increased to a maximum dose as 1/2 teaspoonful every 12 hours.
Side effectsView
The most common side effects that occurred more frequently on Cetirizine is somnolence.
ContraindicationsView
It is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to Cetirizine or hydroxyzine.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised when driving a car or operating a heavy machinery.
InteractionsView
No clinically significant drug interactions have been found with Theophylline, Azithromycin, Pseudoephedrine, Ketoconazole or Erythromycin and with other drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
US FDA Pregnancy Category of Cetirizine Hydrochloride is B. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Cetirizine Hydrochloride has been shown to be excreted in human milk. So, caution should be exercised when Cetirizine Hydrochloride is administered to a nursing woman.
StorageView
Keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.
Acitrin-L
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
Acitrin-L
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
Levocetirizine is indicated in the treatment of symptoms associated with allergic conditions such as perennial allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria.
Therapeutic classView
Non-sedating antihistamines
PharmacologyView
This preparation contains Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride. Levocetirizine is the active (Levo) isomer of cetirizine. It is a new highly effective and well-tolerated nonsedating antihistamine with potent antiallergic properties. It has a two-fold higher affinity for H1 receptors than cetirizine. Levocetirizine has a rapid and long-acting action, allowing once-a-day administration.
DosageView
Adult and children 12 years of age and older: The recommended dose is 5 mg once daily.
Children 6 to 11 years of age: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg (1/2 tablet or 1 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 months to 5 years of age: The recommended dose is 1.25 mg (1/2 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 to 11 years of age: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg (1/2 tablet or 1 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 months to 5 years of age: The recommended dose is 1.25 mg (1/2 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Side effectsView
Generally, levocetirizine is well tolerated. However, a few side effects like headache, dry mouth, fatigue and skin rash have been reported rarely.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity to levocetirizine, cetirizine or its parent compound hydroxyzine. Patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: <10 ml/min) should not be administered levocetirizine.
PrecautionsView
Epileptic patients and patients at risk of convulsions. Renal impairment. Pregnancy and lactation.
InteractionsView
Levocetirizine is not known to have any interactions with other drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Catagory B. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, levocetirizine should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Since levocetirizine is excreted in breast milk it is not recommended for use by nursing mothers.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric use: The recommended dose for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in patients 6 months to 17 years of age is based on extrapolation of efficacy from adults 18 years of age and older.
Geriatric use: In clinical studies, each approved indication did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with solely hepatic impairment.
Renal impairment:
Geriatric use: In clinical studies, each approved indication did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with solely hepatic impairment.
Renal impairment:
- Mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 50-80 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg once daily is recommended.
- Moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 30-50 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg once every other day is recommended.
- Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 10-30 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg twice weekly (administered once every 3-4 days) is recommended.
- End-stage renal disease patients (creatinine clearance: <10 ml/min) and patients undergoing hemodialysis: should not receive Levocetirizine.
Overdose effectsView
No clinically relevant adverse events have been reported in case of overdose. However in the event of overdosage, symptomatic and supportive treatment is recommended.
StorageView
Store at a temperature not exceeding 30°C in a dry place. Protect from light.
Acitrin-L
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
Acitrin-L
Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride
Indications
Urticaria
Indication detailsView
Levocetirizine is indicated in the treatment of symptoms associated with allergic conditions such as perennial allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria.
Therapeutic classView
Non-sedating antihistamines
PharmacologyView
This preparation contains Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride. Levocetirizine is the active (Levo) isomer of cetirizine. It is a new highly effective and well-tolerated nonsedating antihistamine with potent antiallergic properties. It has a two-fold higher affinity for H1 receptors than cetirizine. Levocetirizine has a rapid and long-acting action, allowing once-a-day administration.
DosageView
Adult and children 12 years of age and older: The recommended dose is 5 mg once daily.
Children 6 to 11 years of age: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg (1/2 tablet or 1 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 months to 5 years of age: The recommended dose is 1.25 mg (1/2 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 to 11 years of age: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg (1/2 tablet or 1 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Children 6 months to 5 years of age: The recommended dose is 1.25 mg (1/2 teaspoon oral solution) once daily.
Side effectsView
Generally, levocetirizine is well tolerated. However, a few side effects like headache, dry mouth, fatigue and skin rash have been reported rarely.
ContraindicationsView
Hypersensitivity to levocetirizine, cetirizine or its parent compound hydroxyzine. Patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: <10 ml/min) should not be administered levocetirizine.
PrecautionsView
Epileptic patients and patients at risk of convulsions. Renal impairment. Pregnancy and lactation.
InteractionsView
Levocetirizine is not known to have any interactions with other drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Catagory B. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, levocetirizine should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Since levocetirizine is excreted in breast milk it is not recommended for use by nursing mothers.
Pediatric usageView
Pediatric use: The recommended dose for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in patients 6 months to 17 years of age is based on extrapolation of efficacy from adults 18 years of age and older.
Geriatric use: In clinical studies, each approved indication did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with solely hepatic impairment.
Renal impairment:
Geriatric use: In clinical studies, each approved indication did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Hepatic impairment: No dosage adjustment is required in patients with solely hepatic impairment.
Renal impairment:
- Mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 50-80 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg once daily is recommended.
- Moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 30-50 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg once every other day is recommended.
- Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance: 10-30 ml/min): a dose of 2.5 mg twice weekly (administered once every 3-4 days) is recommended.
- End-stage renal disease patients (creatinine clearance: <10 ml/min) and patients undergoing hemodialysis: should not receive Levocetirizine.
Overdose effectsView
No clinically relevant adverse events have been reported in case of overdose. However in the event of overdosage, symptomatic and supportive treatment is recommended.
StorageView
Store at a temperature not exceeding 30°C in a dry place. Protect from light.
Aclasta
Zoledronic Acid [For osteoporosis]
Aclasta
Zoledronic Acid [For osteoporosis]
Indications
Post-menopausal osteoporosis
Indication detailsView
Zoledronic Acid is indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women to reduce the incidence of hip, vertebral and non-vertebral fractures; prevention of clinical fractures after a hip fracture; treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; treatment of osteoporosis in men and for the treatment of paget's disease of bone. Treatment should be restricted to three annual doses.
Therapeutic classView
Bisphosphonate preparations
PharmacologyView
Zoledronic acid belongs to the class of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates and acts primarily on bone. It is an inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. The action of bisphosphonates on bone is based on their high affinity for mineralized bone. Intravenously administered Zoledronic acid is rapidly distributed to bone. The main molecular target of Zoledronic acid in the osteoclast is the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, but this does not exclude other mechanisms. There was no accumulation of the active substance in plasma after multiple doses given every 28 days. Zoledronic acid is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged via the kidney.
DosageView
Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: Recommended dose is a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg Zoledronic Acid administered once a year. Adequate supplemental Calcium and Vitamin-D intake is important in women with osteoporosis if dietary intake is inadequate.
Prevention of clinical fractures after a hip fracture: Recommended dose is a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg Zoledronic Acid administered once a year. In patients with a recent low-trauma hip fracture, it is recommended to give the first Zoledronic Acid solution for infusion two or more weeks after hip fracture repairs. It is also recommended to have a loading dose of 50,000 to 125,000 IU of Vitamin-D given orally or via intramuscular route prior to the first administration of Zoledronic Acid solution for infusion. Supplemental Calcium and Vitamin-D intake is recommended for patients treated to prevent clinical fractures after a hip fracture.
Treatment of osteoporosis in men: Recommended dose is a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg Zoledronic Acid administered once a year. Adequate supplemental Calcium and Vitamin-D intake is important in men with osteoporosis if dietary intake is inadequate.
Treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Recommended dose is a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg Zoledronic Acid administered once a year. Adequate supplemental Calcium and Vitamin-D intake is important in patients with osteoporosis if dietary intake is inadequate.
Treatment of paget's disease of bone: Recommended dose is a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg Zoledronic Acid. Re-treatment with Zoledronic Acid may be considered in patients who have relapsed, based on increases in serum alkaline phosphatase, in patients who failed to achieve normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase, or in patients with symptoms, as dictated by medical practice 12 months after the initial dose.
In patients with paget's disease, adequate Vitamin-D intake is recommended in association with Zoledronic Acid administration. In addition, it is strongly advised that adequate supplemental Calcium corresponding to at least 500 mg elemental Calcium twice daily is ensured in patients with paget's disease for at least 10 days following Zoledronic Acid administration.
Prevention of clinical fractures after a hip fracture: Recommended dose is a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg Zoledronic Acid administered once a year. In patients with a recent low-trauma hip fracture, it is recommended to give the first Zoledronic Acid solution for infusion two or more weeks after hip fracture repairs. It is also recommended to have a loading dose of 50,000 to 125,000 IU of Vitamin-D given orally or via intramuscular route prior to the first administration of Zoledronic Acid solution for infusion. Supplemental Calcium and Vitamin-D intake is recommended for patients treated to prevent clinical fractures after a hip fracture.
Treatment of osteoporosis in men: Recommended dose is a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg Zoledronic Acid administered once a year. Adequate supplemental Calcium and Vitamin-D intake is important in men with osteoporosis if dietary intake is inadequate.
Treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Recommended dose is a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg Zoledronic Acid administered once a year. Adequate supplemental Calcium and Vitamin-D intake is important in patients with osteoporosis if dietary intake is inadequate.
Treatment of paget's disease of bone: Recommended dose is a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg Zoledronic Acid. Re-treatment with Zoledronic Acid may be considered in patients who have relapsed, based on increases in serum alkaline phosphatase, in patients who failed to achieve normalization of serum alkaline phosphatase, or in patients with symptoms, as dictated by medical practice 12 months after the initial dose.
In patients with paget's disease, adequate Vitamin-D intake is recommended in association with Zoledronic Acid administration. In addition, it is strongly advised that adequate supplemental Calcium corresponding to at least 500 mg elemental Calcium twice daily is ensured in patients with paget's disease for at least 10 days following Zoledronic Acid administration.
AdministrationView
The dose of 5 mg Zoledronic acid must be administered over at least 15 minutes. Zoledronic Acid should be administered intravenously via a infusion line, given at a constant infusion rate. The infusion time must not be less than 15 minutes.
Side effectsView
The post-dose side-effects are fever, myalgia, flu-like symptoms, arthralgia and headache, the majority of which occur within the first 3 days following Zoledronic Acid administration. The majority of these symptoms were mild to moderate in nature and resolved within 3 days of the event onset. The incidence of these symptoms occurring within the first 3 days after administration of Zoledronic Acid, can be reduced with the administration of Paracetamol or Ibuprofen shortly following Zoledronic Acid administration. Severe and occasionally incapacitating bone, joint, and/or muscle pain have been infrequently reported in patients taking Zoledronic Acid.
ContraindicationsView
The drug is contraindicated if patients have hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients or to any bisphosphonates, hypocalcaemia, renal impairment (creatinine clearance <35 mL/min), current or recent uveitis, or a history of bisphosphonate-associated uveitis, pregnancy and lactation.
PrecautionsView
Patients must be appropriately hydrated prior to administration of Zoledronic Acid. This is especially important in the elderly and for patients receiving diuretic therapy. Adequate hydration can be achieved by the patient drinking two glasses of fluid (such as water) before and after the infusion. Pre-existing hypocalcaemia must be treated by adequate intake of Calcium and Vitamin-D before initiating therapy with Zoledronic Acid. Other disturbances of mineral metabolism must also be effectively treated (e.g. diminished parathyroid reserve, thyroid surgery, parathyroid surgery, intestinal Calcium malabsorption). Physicians should consider clinical monitoring for these patients.
InteractionsView
Specific drug-drug interaction studies have not been conducted with Zoledronic acid. Zoledronic acid is eliminated by renal excretion. Caution is indicated when Zoledronic Acid is administered in conjunction with drugs that can significantly impact renal function (e.g. aminoglycosides or diuretics that may cause dehydration).
Pregnancy & lactationView
Zoledronic Acid is contraindicated during pregnancy and in breast-feeding women. It is also not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 18 years of age.
Pediatric usageView
Patients with renal impairment: The use of Zoledronic Acid in patients with creatinine clearance <35 mL/min is not recommended due to limited clinical safety data in such patients. No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with creatinine clearance >35 mL/min.
Patients with hepatic impairment: No dose adjustment is required for patients with hepatic impairment.
Elderly patients: No dose adjustment is required. However, because decreased renal function occurs more commonly in the elderly, special care should be taken to monitor renal function.
Zoledronic Acid must not be mixed or given intravenously with any other medication and must be given through a separate infusion line at a constant infusion rate. If refrigerated, allow the refrigerated solution to reach room temperature before administration. Aseptic techniques must be followed during the preparation of the infusion. Any unused solution should be discarded. Only clear solution free from particles and discoloration should be used.
After opening, the solution is chemically and physically stable for at least 24 hours at 2°C to 8°C. From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. Zoledronic Acid solution for infusion must not be allowed to come into contact with any Calcium or other divalent cation-containing solutions.
Patients with hepatic impairment: No dose adjustment is required for patients with hepatic impairment.
Elderly patients: No dose adjustment is required. However, because decreased renal function occurs more commonly in the elderly, special care should be taken to monitor renal function.
Zoledronic Acid must not be mixed or given intravenously with any other medication and must be given through a separate infusion line at a constant infusion rate. If refrigerated, allow the refrigerated solution to reach room temperature before administration. Aseptic techniques must be followed during the preparation of the infusion. Any unused solution should be discarded. Only clear solution free from particles and discoloration should be used.
After opening, the solution is chemically and physically stable for at least 24 hours at 2°C to 8°C. From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. Zoledronic Acid solution for infusion must not be allowed to come into contact with any Calcium or other divalent cation-containing solutions.
Overdose effectsView
Clinical experience with acute over dosage is limited. Patients who have received doses higher than those recommended should be carefully monitored. In the event of overdose leading to clinically significant hypocalcaemia, reversal may be achieved with supplemental oral Calcium and/or an infusion of Calcium.
StorageView
Store below 30° C prior to opening. Protect from moisture and light. Zoledronic Acid must be kept out of the reach and sight of children.
Aclene
Adapalene
Aclene
Adapalene
Indications
Keratosis pilaris
Indication detailsView
Adapalene cream or gel is indicated for topical treatment of acne vulgaris.
Therapeutic classView
Topical retinoid and related preparations
PharmacologyView
Adapalene acts on retinoid receptors that are commonly found in the skin of face, back and chest. Biochemical and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Adapalene is a modulator of cellular differentiation, keratinization, and inflammatory processes, all of that represent important features in the pathology of acne vulgaris. Adapalene binds with specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors that normalize the differentiation of follicular epithelial cells resulting in decreased microcomedone formation. Absorption of Adapalene through human skin is low.
DosageView
Adapalene 0.1%: It should be applied to the affected areas of skin, once daily at night-time.
Adapalene 0.3%: It should be applied to the entire face and any other affected areas of the skin, once daily in the evening.
Children below 12 years of age: Safety and effectiveness in children below 12 years of age have not been established.
Adapalene 0.3%: It should be applied to the entire face and any other affected areas of the skin, once daily in the evening.
Children below 12 years of age: Safety and effectiveness in children below 12 years of age have not been established.
AdministrationView
A thin film of gel or cream should be applied to the skin areas where lesions present, using enough to cover the entire affected areas lightly.
Side effectsView
Erythema, scaling, dryness, pruritus, burning sensation, skin irritation, stinging unburn, acne flares, etc. are commonly seen during the first month of therapy but usually lessen with continued use of the medication.
ContraindicationsView
Adapalene should not be administered to individuals who are hypersensitive to Adapalene or any of its components.
PrecautionsView
Adapalene should not be applied to cuts, abrasions, eczematous or sunburned skin.
InteractionsView
Concomitant use of other potentially irritating topical products (medicated or abrasive soaps and cleansers, soaps and cosmetics that have a strong drying effect, products with high concentrations of alcohol, astringents, spices or lime) should be approached with caution. Exercise particular caution in using preparations containing sulfur, resorcinol or salicylic acid in combination with Adapalene. If any of these preparations have been used, it is advisable not to start therapy with Adapalene until the effects of such preparations in skin have subsided. If combined use of both medications is important, it is better to use in two different times.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Use Adapalene during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in breast milk. Exercise caution when administering Adapalene to a nursing mother.
StorageView
Store in a cool (below 25°C) and dry place protected from light and moisture. Keep out of the reach of children. Keep the tube tightly closed after use.
Aclene Plus
Adapalene + Benzoyl peroxide
Aclene Plus
Adapalene + Benzoyl peroxide
Indications
Acne vulgaris
Indication detailsView
Adapalene & Benzoyl peroxide gel is indicated for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in patients 12 years of age and older.
Therapeutic classView
Topical retinoid and related preparations
PharmacologyView
Adapalene & Benzoyl peroxide gel is indicated for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in patients 12 years of age and older. Adapalene binds to specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors but does not bind to cytosolic receptor protein. Biochemical and pharmacological profile studies have demonstrated that Adapalene is a modulator of cellular differentiation, keratinization and inflammatory processes. Adapalene binds with specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors that normalize the differentiation of follicular epithelial cells resulting in decreased microcomedone formation. Benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizing agent with bacteriocidal and keratolytic effects.
DosageView
Apply a thin film of Adapalene & Benzoyl peroxide gel to affected areas of the face and/or trunk once daily after washing. Use a pea-sized amount for each area of the face (e.g., forehead, chin, each cheek). Avoid the eyes, lips and mucous membranes. Adapalene & Benzoyl peroxide is not for oral, ophthalmic, or intravaginal use.
Pediatric use: The safety and effectiveness of Adapalene and Benzoyl peroxide gel in pediatric patients under the age of 12 years have not been established.
Pediatric use: The safety and effectiveness of Adapalene and Benzoyl peroxide gel in pediatric patients under the age of 12 years have not been established.
Side effectsView
Erythema, scaling, dryness, and stinging/ burning may occur. Most commonly reported adverse events are dry skin, contact dermatitis, application site burning, application site irritation, and skin irritation.
ContraindicationsView
Should not be administered to individuals who are hypersensitive to any of its component.
PrecautionsView
Avoid exposure to sunlight and sunlamps. Wear sunscreen when sun exposure cannot be avoided.
InteractionsView
Concomitant topical acne therapy should be used with caution because a possible cumulative irritancy effect may occur, especially with the use of peeling, desquamating, or abrasive agents. No formal drug-drug interaction studies were conducted.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no well-controlled trials in pregnant women treated with Adapalene and Benzoyl peroxide. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with the combination gel or Benzoyl peroxide. Furthermore, such studies are not always predictive of human response; therefore, this preparation should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. It is not known whether Adapalene or Benzoyl peroxide is excreted in human milk following use. Caution should be exercised when administered to a nursing woman.
StorageView
Store in a cool (below 25°C) and dry place protected from light and moisture. Keep out of the reach of children. Keep the tube tightly closed after use.
Aclitol
Aclidinium Bromide + Formoterol Fumarate
Aclitol
Aclidinium Bromide + Formoterol Fumarate
Indication detailsView
It is indicated for the maintenance treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Therapeutic classView
Combined bronchodilators
PharmacologyView
Aclidinium bromide: Aclidinium bromide is a long-acting anti-muscarinic agent, which is often referred to as an anticholinergic. It has similar affinity to the subtypes of muscarinic receptors M1 to M5. In the airways, it exhibits pharmacological effects through inhibition of M3 receptors at the smooth muscle leading to bronchodilation. The competitive and reversible nature of antagonism was shown with human and animal origin receptors and isolated organ preparations. In preclinical, in vitro as well as in vivo studies, prevention of acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction effects was dose-dependent and lasted longer than 24 hours. The clinical relevance of these findings is unknown. The bronchodilation following inhalation of aclidinium bromide is predominantly a site-specific effect.
Formoterol fumarate: Formoterol fumarate is a long-acting selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA) (beta 2-agonist). Inhaled formoterol fumarate acts locally in the lung as a bronchodilator. The pharmacologic effects of beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs, including formoterol, are at least in part attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Increased cyclic AMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells.
Formoterol fumarate: Formoterol fumarate is a long-acting selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA) (beta 2-agonist). Inhaled formoterol fumarate acts locally in the lung as a bronchodilator. The pharmacologic effects of beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs, including formoterol, are at least in part attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Increased cyclic AMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells.
DosageView
For oral inhalation only. Should be taken by revolizer. 400 mcg/12 meg, twice daily (One inhalation capsule in the morning and one in the evening ). Do not take more than one inhalation twice daily.
Side effectsView
Most common adverse reactions (incidence 3% and more common than with placebo) include: upper respiratory tract infection and headache.
ContraindicationsView
- Use of a long-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist (LABA), including formoterol fumarate, one of the active ingredients in this combination, without an inhaled corticosteroid is contraindicated in patients with asthma.
- Hypersensitivity to aclidinium bromide or formoterol fumarate or to any component of this product.
PrecautionsView
- Asthma-related death: Long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists as monotherapy (without an inhaled corticosteroid) for asthma increase the risk of serious asthma-related events.
- Do not initiate in acutely deteriorating COPD or to treat acute symptoms.
- Do not use in combination with additional medicine containing a LABA because of risk of overdose.
- If paradoxical bronchospasm occurs, discontinue this combination and institute alternative therapy.
- Use with caution in patients with convulsive disorders, thyrotoxicosis, diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis.
- Be alert to hypokalemia and hyperglycemia.
- Use with caution in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma and instruct patients to contact a physician immediately if symptoms occur.
- Worsening urinary retention may occur. Use with caution in patients with prostatic hyperplasia or bladder-neck obstruction and instruct patients to consult a physician immediately if symptoms occur.
InteractionsView
Use of other adrenergic by any route may potentiate the effect of this combination. Use with caution.
- Xanthine derivatives, steroids, diuretics or non-potassium sparing diuretics may potentiate hypokalemia or ECG changes. Use with caution.
- Diuretics: Electrocardiographic changes and/or hypokalemia associated with non-potassium sparing diuretics may worsen with concomitant beta2-agonists. Use with caution.
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants: Use with extreme caution. May potentiate effect of formoterol fumarate on cardiovascular system.
- Beta-blockers: Use with caution and only when medically necessary.
- Anticholinergics: May interact additively with concomitantly used anticholinergic medications. Avoid administrations of this combination with other anticholinergic-containing drugs.
Pregnancy & lactationView
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Aclitol or its individual components, formoterol fumarate or aclidinium bromide, in pregnant women to inform drug-associated risks. There are no available data on the effects of aclidinium bromide, or formoterol fumarate on the breastfed child or on milk production or presence in human milk.
StorageView
Keep out of reach of children. Protect from light & moisture, Store below 25°C.
Acliz
Meclizine Hydrochloride
Acliz
Meclizine Hydrochloride
Indications
Vertigo
Indication detailsView
Meclizine Hydrochloride is indicated in nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, vertigo.
Therapeutic classView
Anti-emetic drugs
PharmacologyView
Meclizine has antiemetic, anticholinergic and antihistaminic properties. It reduces the sensitivity of the labyrinthine apparatus. The action may be mediated through nerve pathways to the vomiting center (VC) from the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), peripheral nerve pathways, the VC, or other CNS centers. Meclizine has an onset of action of 30 to 60 minutes, depending on dosage; their duration of action is 12 to 24 hours.
DosageView
Adult & children over 12 years of age:
Use in elderly: There is no specific information available. However older people may be especially sensitive to the anticholinergic effects of medicine.
- Nausea and vomiting: 25-50 mg once daily.
- Motion sickness: Take an initial dose of 25 to 50 mg, 1 hour prior to travel. May repeat dose every 24 hours for the duration of the journey. Children: Age 6-12 years, 12.5 mg once daily. Age 2-6 years, 6.25 mg once daily.
- Vertigo: 25 to 100 mg daily in divided doses.
- Radiotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: 50 mg two to twelve hours prior to radiotherapy.
- Emergency contraception: 25-50 mg, 1 hour before first ECP dose; repeat if needed in 24 hours.
Use in elderly: There is no specific information available. However older people may be especially sensitive to the anticholinergic effects of medicine.
Side effectsView
Common side effects are Drowsiness, dry mouth, and on rare occasions, blurred vision have been reported.
ContraindicationsView
Meclizine is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to Meclizine or any of its excipeints.
PrecautionsView
Patients with asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, enlarged prostate, glaucoma or urinary tract blockage should take Meclizine (like other antiemetics) with caution.
InteractionsView
Meclizine may increase the toxicity with CNS depressants, neuroleptics and anticholinergic. Alcohol, sedatives and tranquilizers can increase the drowsiness of the patient.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Meclizine shows no risk of birth defects or abnormalities when administered during pregnancy. Although Meclizine may excrete into the milk, it causes no harm in nursing babies.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: Extreme excitability, seizures, drowsiness and hallucinations.
Treatment: Appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment. Consider dialysis.
Treatment: Appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment. Consider dialysis.
StorageView
Store in a cool & dry place and away from children.
Acliz Plus
Meclizine + Pyridoxine
Acliz Plus
Meclizine + Pyridoxine
Indications
Pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting
Indication detailsView
Prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, motion sickness, radiation sickness and vertigo associated with diseases of the vestibular system (e.g. Meniere's syndrome, labyrinthitis and other vestibular disturbances).
Therapeutic classView
Anti-emetic drugs
PharmacologyView
Meclizine is a piperazine-derivative antihistamine that is used as an antiemetic. It has antiemetic, anticholinergic and antihistaminic properties. It reduces the sensitivity of the labyrinthine apparatus. The action may be mediated through nerve pathways to the vomiting center (VC) from the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), peripheral nerve pathways, the VC, or other CNS centers. Pyridoxine is vitamin B-6. It has been added to enhance the anti-emetic effects & as a dietary suppliment.
DosageView
Adult and Children 12 years of age & over:
- Nausea and vomiting: 25-50 mg daily or as directed by a physician.
- Motion sickness: Take an initial dose of 25-50 mg, 1 hour prior to travel. May repeat the dose every 24 hours for the duration of the journey.
- Radiation sickness: 50 mg administered 2-12 hours prior to radiation treatment.
- Vertigo: 25-100 mg daily in divided doses.
- Prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emergency contraceptive pill (ECP): 25-50 mg, 1 hour before first ECP dose; repeat if needed in 24 hours.
Side effectsView
Drowsiness, dry mouth and, on rare occasions, blurred vision have been reported.
ContraindicationsView
Meclizine Hydrochloride and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to these ingredients.
PrecautionsView
Patients should be warned that Meclizine Hydrochloride may impair their ability to perform hazardous activities requiring mental alertness or physical coordination (e.g., operating machinery, driving a motor vehicle). Patients should avoid alcoholic beverages while taking this drug. Due to its potential anticholinergic action, this drug should be used with caution in patients with asthma, glaucoma or enlargement of the prostate gland.
InteractionsView
The CNS depressant effects of Meclizine can be potentiated by concurrent use of Ethanol or other CNS depressant agents such as Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Tricyclic antidepressants, opiate agonists, skeletal muscle relaxants and antihistamines. Concurrent use of other anticholinergics can potentiate the anticholinergic effects of Meclizine. Meclizine can increase the absorption of digoxin by decreasing gastrointestinal motility.
Pregnancy & lactationView
Pregnancy Category B. Large-scale human studies have not demonstrated adverse fetal effects. It has been suggested that based on available data, Meclizine presents the lowest risk of teratogenicity and is the drug of first choice in treating nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Safety for use in the nursing mother has not been established.
Overdose effectsView
Symptoms: Extreme excitability, seizures, drowsiness and hallucinations.
Treatment: Appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment. Consider dialysis
Treatment: Appropriate supportive and symptomatic treatment. Consider dialysis
StorageView
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Aclo
Aceclofenac
Aclo
Aceclofenac
Indications
Spondylitis
Indication detailsView
Aceclofenac is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, toothache, trauma and lumbago.
Therapeutic classView
Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
PharmacologyView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
DosageView
Extended release tablet: The recommended dose in adults is one 200 mg Aceclofenac tablet daily or as prescribed by the physician.
Film coated tablet: The recommended dose in adults is 100 mg, twice daily.
Side effectsView
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandin. After oral administration, it is rapidly and completely absorbed an unchanged drug.
ContraindicationsView
Aceclofenac is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to it or in whom aspirin or NSAIDs precipitate attacks of asthma.
PrecautionsView
Caution should be exercised to patients with active or suspected peptic ulcer or gastro-intestinal bleeding moderate to severe hepatic impairment and cardiac or renal impairment. Caution should also be exercised in patients suffering from dizziness or urticaria.
InteractionsView
No significant drug interactions has not been observed but close monitoring of patients is required when it is used with:
- Lithium and Digoxin: may increase plasma concentration of lithium and digoxin.
- Diuretics: may interact the activity of diuretics.
- Anticoagulants: may enhance the activity of anticoagulant.
- Methotrexate: may increase the plasma level of methotrexate.
Pregnancy & lactationView
The use of Aceclofenac should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation unless the potential benefits to the other outweigh the possible risks to the fetus.
Pediatric usageView
There are no clinical data on the use of Aceclofenac in children.
StorageView
keep in a dry place away from light and heat. Keep out of the reach of children.